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BY JOHN D. OGILBY, 

PaiNCIPAL OP THE GRAMMAR SOHOOI. OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEWTORK. 



PART FIRST, 

FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 



EIGHTH NEW YORK EDITION. 




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THIS LITTLE WORK 

IS INSCBIBED 

AS A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT 

FOB 
DISTINGUISHED TALENTS AND UNBLEMISHED INTEGRITY. 



PREFACE 



The Latin Reader, now oflfered to the public, forms part of a 
work well known in Germany, under the title of " Lateinisches 
Elementarbuch zum offentlichen und Privat-Gebrauche von 
Friedrich Jacobs und Friedrich Wilhelm Doring." The Ger- 
man edition consists of six parts, of which the 1st and 2nd are 
comprised in this volume. The 3rd contains extracts from 
Caesar, Curtius Rufus, Livy, Sallust, and Tacitus ; the 4th is 
made up of excerpts from Cicero's Epistles and Orations ; the 
5th is composed ofl selections from Ovid, Martial, and the An- 
thologia Latina ; and the 6th embraces parts of Catullus, Ti- 
bullus, Propertius, Lucretius, Virgil, and Seneca. As this lit- 
tle book is intended merely to give the learner such an ac- 
quaintance with the fundamental principles of the Latin lan- 
guage as will enable him to enter with advantage upon the 
study of the preparatory course for our College, it has been 
deemed advisable to omit the contents of the last four volumes. 
A part of them is contained in the course for entrance, and the 
rest is too difficult for mere beginners. 

It may be necessary here to state the reason for publishing 
a New York edition, when one has already been issued from 
the Boston press. It will be readily acknowledged, that if the 
assistance of notes is necessary to the learner in Germany, 
where the advantages in classical instruction are incomparably 
greater than in our country, they are much more requisite to 
the American pupil. It has been the object of the editor, there- 
fore, to supply this deficiency in the previous American edi- 
tions. Most of the Notes have been translated from the Ger- 
man ; others have been supplied, which the superior state of in- 
struction on the Continent would render unnecessary there. 

It is hoped that this little work may be found serviceable to 
those who use it, and contribute in some degree to the advance- 
ment of sound elementary education. 

Grammar School, Columbia College. 
New York, Jan. 1830. 



CONTENTS OF PART FIRST. 



First Division 


Second 


do. 


Third 


do. 


Fourth 


do. 


Fifth 


do. 


Sixth 


do. 


Seventh do. 


Eighth 


do. 



Introductory Exercises, - - - . .'*^ 
Fables from ^sop, ----- . 14 

Mythological Extracts, - . - - . .35 
Anecdotes of Eminent Persons of Antiquity, 31 
Roman History, ------ 39 

The Geography and Nations of Antiquity, - 58 
Notes, ------..77 

Dictionaiy« • • • « . . . jjg 



FIRST DIVISION. 



INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 

SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 

• Bed. 1. Lingua Graeca. Silva umbrosa. Hora ultima. 
Divitiae incertae. Tenebrae spissae, Latebrae tutae. 

Poeta bonus. Agricola laboriosus, Auriga peritus. Col- 
legae optimi. 

Boreas violentus Pyrites durus. Cometes rutilus. Pla^ 
netae vagi. 

Crambe recocta. Epitome accurata, brevis. 

Decl. II. Amicus carus. Servus infidus. Liber bonus. 
Vir generosus. Ager fructuosus. Silentium altum. Vincu- 
lum firmum. Verba vera. 

Humus humida. Dialectus Attica. Diphthongus longa. 
Periodus concinna. Methodus optima. 

Decl. III. Sermo Latinus. Sermones prudentissimi. Pa- 
vo pictus. Pavones splendidi. Pugio cruentus. Pudor inge- 
nuus. Flos caducus. Ros matutinus. Mores antiqui. Pes 
claudus. Pedes graciles. Frater germanus. Anser tardus. 
Mus parvus. Mures albi. Lepus timidus. Lepores pavidi. 
Paries proximus. Parietes picti. 

Orlgo incerta. Consuetudo optima. Gens barbara. Gentes 
remotae. 

Ordo primus. Ordines densi. Cardo ferreus. Marmor can- 
didum. Marmora maculosa. Iter longum. Itinera longinqua. 
Rus amoenum. Rura jucundissima. Crus dextrum. Papa- 
ver rubrum. Ver jucundum. 

Seges laeta. Merces larga. duies exoptata. Lex divina. 
Leges severae. Faex sordida. 

Aestas calida. Aetas aurea. Laus jucunda. Fraus im- 
pr6ba. Turris alta. Vulpes astilta. Fames dira. Mors cita. 
Nox longa. Noctes gelidae. Plebs infima. 

Amnis limpidus. Axis ferrous. Cinis tepidus. Crinis fla- 



2 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 

vus, Crines rutili. Finis optatus. Ignis lucid us. Lapis du- 
rus. Lapides asperi. Mensis ultimus. Piscis mutus. VeC- 
lis robustus. 

Grex magnus. Apex summus. Rex potentissimus. 

Mens altissimus. Fons clarus. Fontes frigidi. Pons lig- 
neus. Dens acutus. Dentes validi. Rudens crassus. 

Mare vastum. Maria alta. Poema longum. Aenigma 
inexplicabile. Nomen infaustum. Nomina illustria. Caput 
crassum. Capita cana. Corpus obesum. Corpora formosa. 
Vas aureum. 

Senectus morosa. Salus insperata. Palus profunda. Pa- 
ludes vastae. Incus dura. Incudes ferreae. Virtus eximia. 

Decl. IV. Gradus tardus. Casus insolitus. Sensus acerri» 
mus. Fructus maturus. 

Cornu rigidum. Cornua alta. Tonitru raucum. Gelu sae- 
vum. 

Manus sinistra. Manus validae. Porticus spatiosa. Mag- 
nificae porticus. Acus acuta. Domus ampla. 

Decl. V. Res magna. Spes carta. Species veniKta. Gla- 
cies lubrica. Dies serena. Dies longissimi. 

A Substantive depending upon another Substantive. 

Coruscum lumen stellarum. Motus continuus siderum. 
Magna vis consuetudinis. Suavis recordatio praeteriti tempo- 
ris. Scientia utilissimarum rerum. Hostilium,armorum stre- 
pitus. Summa altissimorum montium cacumina. Altae pro- 
cerarum arborum radices. Acutissimus dentium molarium 
dolor. Fabrica vasorum fictilium. Romulus primus Romano- 
rum rex. Antiquissimae decemvirorum leges. Acerrimum lit- 
terarum studium. 

A Substantive depending upon an Adjective. 

Dux belli peritissimus. Gens artium rudis. Puer praecep- 
torum immemor. Regio fecunda pecorum. Ingenium simi- 
marum rerum capax. Cista librorum plena. Homines labo- 
ris patientes. 

Canis similis lupo. Lex omnibus utilis. Medicina corpori 
salutaris. Disciplina pueris necessaria. Terra apta vitibus. 
Labor acconwnodatus viribus. Sermo omnibus auditoribus 
gratus. Patria mihi gratissima. Verba honestati contraria. 
Domus nostrae domui proxima. Mors omnibus communis. 
Vita periculis obnoxia. 



L EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 



SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. 

Subject and Predicate* 

Terra est rotunda. Vera amicitia est sempitema. Euro- 
pa est peninsula. Fames et sitis sunt molestae. Plurimae 
stellae soles sunt. Ebrietas est \'itanda.^ Nemo semper fe- 
lix est. Non omnes milites sunt fortes. MsLximum animal 
terrestre est elephas. 

Tarquinius Superbus fuit ultimus rex Romanorum. Roma 
aliquamdiu fuit caput orbis terrarum. Athenae^ olim illustres 
fuerunt. Avar us nunquam erit contentus. Ubi fuisti, cessa- 
tor ? quare nec^ tu nee frater adfuistis pompae 1 Estote at- 
tenti, tranquilli, diligentes. 

Bonus laudatur, improbus vituperatur. Oves non ublque 
tondentur. In India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hyaenae 
plurimae gignuntur in Africa. In Africa nee cervi, nee apri, 
nee ursi inveniuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. 
Apud Romanos mortui^ plerumque cremabantur. Fortes 
laudabantur, ignavi vituperabuntur. Litterae^ a Phoenicibus 
inventae sunt. Carthago, Corinthus, Numantia, et multae 
aliae urbes a Romanis eversae sunt. 

Innocentia mea me consolabitur. Multa polliceris, nihil ex- 
sequeris. Aliier psittacus loquitur, aliter homo. Omnes mo- 
riemur ; alii citius, alii^ serius. Oculi saepe mentiuntur. 

Usage of Prepositions. 

Proper© ad finem. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. 
Nulla est firma amicitia inter malos. Galli^ habitant trans 
Rhenum. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. Cometae oh ra- 



• Three things are required to constitute a proposition, i. e. the aubject, the 
pr^dicntp, and the cojmla. 

Thf^ subject is that concerning which any thine is alBrmed or denied ; so in the 
proposition. Terra est rotunda, Terra '\s the subject. 

The predicate (prsfllco, are,) is that which is afllrmed or denied of the siih- 
jecf : so rotunda is the predicate of the above-mentioned proposition, since it is 
declared or affirmed of llie earth that it is round. 

The copula is the form of a proposition; it represents the act of the mind af- 
finnine, or denyinji, and accordingly joins or disjoins the terms or ideas wlurh 
con.-<riirite the projiosilion, or, in other word.s, the su/jject and predicate: so, in 
the phrase quot»'d, est is the ropula. since it joins the subject, terra, with the 
preilicatp, rotunda. In the phrase, Vera amicitia est aempiterna, vera amicitia 
IS the subject, aempiterna the predicate, and est the copula. Maximum animal 
terrestre est elephas ; elephas is the subject, maximum animal terreatre, the pre- 
dicate, and eat the copula. 



4 EXERCISES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

ritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles. Send parent jfropter me- 
tum, boni propter officium. Navigatio juxta litus saepe est 
periculosa. 

Imperium populorumest^e?ie5 regeset magistratus. Pisces 
extra aquam exspirant. Res praeter opinionem cecidit.^ 

Aqailae nidificant in rupibus et arboribus. Coccyx semper 
parit in alienis nidis. In senectute hebescunt sensus ; visus, 
auditus debilitatur. Quidam homines nati sunt cum dentibus. 
Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Graecia aufugit. L. 
Metellus^ primus elephantos ex primo Punico bello duxit in 
triumpho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Sidera ab 
ortu ad occasum commeant. Britannia a Phoenicibus^ in- 
venta est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt. Infans nihil sin6 
aliena ope potest. Dulceest^ro patria mori. Venenum ali- 
quando pro remedio fuit. 

The Accusative governed by Verbs. 

' Crocodilus ova parit. Elephantus odit* murem et suem. 
Cameli diu sitim tolerant. Accipitres non edunt corda avium. 
Lanae nigrae nullum colorem bibunt. Senes minime sentiunt 
morbos contagiosos. Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Ceres 
frumentum invenit ; Bacchus vinum ; Mercurius litteras. Ca- 
nes soli dominos suos bene novere f soli nomina sua agnos- 
cunt. Culices acida^ petunt, ad dulcia? non advolant. Hys- 
trix aculeos longe jaculatur. Crocodilus dies in terra agit, 
noctes in aqua. 

The Accusative of Measure. 

Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso saepe tres pedes longum. 
Elephas altus est duodecim vel quatuordecim pedes. Quae- 
dam bestiolae nonnisi unum diem vivunt. duaedam anima- 
lia totam hiemem dormiunt. Alexander Magnus tredecim 
annos regnavit. 

The Genitive depending upon Substantives. 

Infinita est multitudo morborum. Litterarum usus est anti- 
quissimus. Asia et Africa greges ferorum asinorum alit. 
Magna est linguarum inter homines varietas. Innumerabilia 
sunt mortis signa, salutis paucissima. Cyrus omnium in ex- 
ercitu suo militum nomina tenebat. Canis vestigia ferarum 
diligentissime scrutatur et persequitur. Nemo non^ benignus 
•^.^t sui judex. Leonum ahimi index cauda.^ 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 5 

The Genitive depending upon Adjectives. 

Mens criminis conscia tranquilla esse non potest. Inter ve- 
teres belli duces Caesar rei militaris peritissimus fuit. Germa- 
nisifrugum et vini fertilissima est. Non semper veritatis satis 
araantes sumus. Veteres Romani gloriae fuerunt cupidissimi. 

The Genitive depending upon Verbs, and answering to the 
question, tchere ? 

In omni officio maximi^ aestimatur dantis voluntas. 

Pergdmi^ quot annis publicum spectaculum gallorum pug- 
nantium edebatur. 

Pausanias, rex Spartae, proditionis accusabatur. Cur tarn 
probum virum insimulas furii? Alcibiades absens capitis est 
damnatus. Nemo se timoris prorsus absolvere poterit. 

The Dative answering to the question, to whom ? and to what? 

Antiquissimus hominibus specus erant^ pro domibus. Nulli 
animali memoria major est quam cani. Gallinacei leonibus 
terrori sunt.^ Homini plurima ex homine fiunt mala. Avaro 
omnia desunt, inopi pauca, sapienti nihil. Ira insaniae est 
simillima. 

The Dative answering to the question, for what ? 

Non nobis'^ tantum vivimus, sed patriae etiam et amicis. 
Prospicite patriae, consul ite amicis, parcite hostibus. Homo 
furiosus ne liberis quidem*^ parcit suis. Nee sacris nee pro-* 
fanis'' milites pepercerunt.^ Deus rebus humanis consulit. 
Vir sapiens et probus invidet" nemini. 

The Ablative answering to the question, by what means ? 
loherewith ? 

Apri in morbis sibi medentur'" hedera. Pyrrhus rex tactu 
pollicis in dextro pede lienosis medebatur. Olco insecta exani- 
mantur. Ferae domantur favie atque vcrberibus. Anacreon 
poeta aclno uvae passae exstinctus est. Crocodilus 'pelle 
ditrissiw,a contra omncs ictus munltur. In Africa elephanti 
capiuntur/o??ci5. Elephanti spirant, bibunt, odorantur probos- 
cide. Populi quidam vescuntur" locustis. Dentes usu atte- 
runtur, sed ignc non cremantur. • Mures alplni,^j?iw pedibus 
gradiuntur, prioribus,'^ ut manibus, utuntur.'^ 

PART I. D 



9 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

The Ablative answering to the question, wherein? 

Leaenae juha carent.^ Leones facile per triduum cibo ca- 
rent. Elephanti maxime amnihus gaudent. Apes tinnitu 
aeris gaudent, eoque convocantur. 

The Ablative of time answering to the question, when? 

Gluibusdam in locis anseres bis anno velluntur. Color lusci- 
niaruni autumno mutatur. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Ne- 
mo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Primores dentes septimo 
mense gignuntur; septimo anno iidem decidunt. Antipater 
Sidonius, poeta, quotannis, die natali suo, febre corripiebatur. 

The Ablative of Quality. 

Reperiuntur interdum cervi candido colore. Hippopotamus 
in Nilo habitat, magna bellua, ungulis binis, dorso, juba, hin- 
nltu, ut equus, rostro reslmo, cauda et dentibus, ut aper. 
Halc^^on est colore cyaneo, collo graclli et procero. Genus 
quoddam earum magnitudine distinguitur et caniu. 

The AblaMve of price answering to the question, for what ? 

Isocrates orator unam orationem viginti talentis vendidit. 
Luscinia Candida sex sestertiis Romae venit.^ Multo plerum- 
que sanguine constat victoria. Victi saepe pacem ingeni^ 
pecunia emunt. Tranquillitas animi neque auro neque gem- 
mis est venalis. 

■' The Ablative of names of towns ansioering to the question, 

where ? 

Carihagine^ interdum pueri diis immolabantur ; Spartae 
pueri ad aram Dianae loris caedebantur. Aulide Iphigenia. 
Agamemnonis filia, Dianae caesa est. vVlexander Babylone 
mortuus est. Athenis eloquentia et philosophia nata est. 
Thebis Pindarus floruit, Syracusis Theocritus. Sardibus 
regiiavit Croesus. Gadibus in Hispania antiquissimis tem- 
poribus Phoenices habitabant. 

^ The Infinitive as the subject. 

Errare est humanum. Turpe est, beneficium repetere} 
Beneficiis gratiam non referre etiam turpius est. Parentes 
non amare est impium. Laus est, bonis placere. Melius est, 
sere discere quam nunquam. 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 7 

The Infinitive as the complement of the Predicates. 

Mala tacere quam temere loqui. Non poenae metus, sed 
virtutis amor nos ab injuria prohibere debet. Et prodesse^ vo- 
lant et delectare poetae. Vir prudens niJiil solet temere 
neque dicere nequ.e facere. 

The Infinitive as an Accusative governed by a Verb, 

Equo vehi^ Bellerophon invenit ; ex equo pugnar^ Thes- 
sali. Aurum vestibus intexere, invenit rex Attains. Romae 
elephantes docebantur per funes incedere. 

The Nominative of the Gerund, or the Gerund of necessity. 

Semper pugnandum est contra cupiditates et lubidinem. 
Juveni* parandum est, seni utendum. Apud Pythagoram 
discipulis per quinque annos tacendum erat. Senibus quoque 
discendum est. 

The Genitive of the Gerund. 

Honestissima est contentio beneficia beneficiis vincendi.^ 
Parsimonia est scientia viiandi sumtus supervacuos, et re fa- 
miliari recte utendi.^ Justitia est constans et perpetua volun- 
tas suum cuique tribuendi. 

Homo natura^ est cupidus nova" semper videndi et audien- 
di. Ut equus^ equitandi imperito ita libri sunt inutiles igna- 
ro legendi. 

The Dative of the Gerund. * 

Olim calamus adhibcbatur scribendo, hodie pennae^" anse- 
rum. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Culex habet telum 
et" fodiendo et sorbendo idoneum. 

The Accusative of the Gerund. 

Non omnes aequaliter ad discendum propensi sumus. Ut 
equus ad cursum, bos ad arandum, canis ad indagandum, sic 
homo natus est ad intelligendum et ad agendum. Puerorum 
ingenium primum se inter ludendum aperit. 

The Ablative of the Gerund. 

Funcm abrumpes nimium tendendo. Doccndo discimus. 
Mens alitur discendo et cogitando. Lacedaemonii exerce- 



8 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

bant juvenes venando^ currendo, esuriendo, sitiendOf algendot 
aestuando. 

In jocando adhibenda est moderatio. Virtus cernitur in 
agendo. Poenis mali a feccando absterrentur. In legendo 
apum prudentiam imitari debemus. 

Exercises upon the Verbs, Miscellaneous Sentences, 

Festina lente. Ne temere jurato. Sapere aude. Ptieri 
parento majoribus. Nosce te ipsum. Ne repellite salubria 
consilia. Fatere si quid^ peccavisti. Loquere rarius, Imi- 
tare bones. Obsequere prudentibus. Ne quasvis injurias 
ulciscimini. 

Si probitatem amabis, et ipse'^ a probis amaberis. Mox 
nabis sine cortice. In quibus sedibus habitabimus post mor- 
tem ? Sequere me, nee errabis. Qui se ipsum non coercet, 
carcere et vinculis coercebitur. Virtus neque incendio, ne- 
que naufragio amittetur. Tempus ruit, et cito ultima hora 
superveniet. Improbum et scelestum mala conscientia nun- 
quam non comitabitur et cruciabit. Bonus bonos imitabitur, 
eorumque vestigia sequetur. 

Surdum et stupidum docendo operam perdidisti. Recte ju- 
dicas, et, ut veteres loquuntur, rem acu tetigisti. Stultos arti- 
bus tuis fefellisti, prudentes non falles. Romani antiquissi- 
mis temporibus foedera cum Carthaginiensibus pepigerunt. 
Res male cedidit, non vestra culpa, sed fortunae casu. 

Catilina ausus est consulatum vi et armis petere. Alexan- 
der nunquam non fortunae et fortitudini suae confisus est. 
Frustra inimici caede gavisus es. Captivi apud Romanos 
sub hasta^ venierunt. Pueri non morigeri vapulant. Gigan- 
tes coelum armis petere ausi sunt. 

THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

jBy Comparison. 

Canes Indici grandiores sunt, quam caeteri. Nullum ma- 
lum est vehementius et importunius quam invidia. Praestat 
mori quam servire. In montibus aer purior est et tenuior 
quam in vallibus. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam hieme. 
Margaritarum Indicarum color est purior, quam reliquarum 
omnium. 

Abridged Comparison. 
Nihil ei^t dementia'^ divinius. Aurum gravius est argento 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITipNS. 9 

Adamas durior est ferro ; ferrum durius caeteris meiallis. 
Ut animus corpore est nobilior, ita virtus praestantior est robore 
et externa, specie. Quanto honesta mors turpi vita est potior ! 

Apposition. 

Carthago atque Corinthus, opulentissimae urbes,^ eodem an- 
no a Romanis eversae sunt. Q,uam brevi tempore populi Ro- 
mani, omnium gentium victoris, libertas fracta est ! Lacedae- 
monios, fortissimos mortalium, non ferrum sed aurum vicit. 
Athenas, artium olim et litterarum domicilium, philosophiae 
et eloquentiae altrices,^ barbari everterunt. Pythagoras dis- 
cipulis suis nullam aliam rem magis commendabat, quam 
frugalitatem, caeterarum virtutum genitricem. Thebae,^ 
Boeotiae caput, sub monte Cithaerone sitae sunt. 

Sentences subjoined by means of the relative Pronoun. 

Non omnis ager, qui seritur, fert fruges. Psittacus, quern, 
India mittit, reddit verba, quae accepit. Achilles, cujus res 
gestas Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus 
est. Myrmecides quidam quadrigam fecit ex ebore, quam 
musca alis integebat. Qui bonis non recte utitur,* ei bona ma- 
la fiunt. Qui non facit, quod^ spopondit, mendax vocatur et 
perfidus. 

By Adverbs of time. 

Ager, quum plures annos quievit, uberiores fructus efferre 
solet. Gaudemus, quum res vjdemus insolitas, quas antea non 
videramus. Nunquam non doleo, quando horam inani ser- 
mone perdidi. Ceres frumenta invenit, quum antea homines 
glandibus vescerentur. Nave primus in Graeciam Danaus 
advenit, quurn, antea ratibus navigaretur. Alexander, rex 
Macedoniae, quum Thebas cepisset, Pindari vatis familiae pe- 
percit. Magna debemus suscipere, dum vires suppetunt. Cer- 
^^, quamdiu cornibus carent,' noctu ad pabula procedunt. 

By Conjunctions denoting a cause or reason. 

Frustra tibi vires elephanti optas, quum ratione sis praeditus, 
qua veP elephantus domatur. Quum sit in hominibus ratio et 
prudentia, deus haec^ procul dubio etiam majora habet. Pla- 
to Socratis sermones litteris mandavit, quum ipsg Socrates lit- 
teram reliquisset nullam. 

b2 



10 TH^ COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 



By Conjunctions denoting a purpose and a consequence. 

Tanta est in India ubertas soli, ut sub una ficu turmae equi- 
tum condantur.^ Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premun- 
tur, ut ne vulneribus quidem^ excitentur. Delphini tanta in- 
ternum vi e mari exsiliunt, ut vela navium transvolent. In 
India serpentes ad tantam magnitudineift adolescunt, ut inte- 
gros hauriant cervos taurosque. Fac, ut homines animum 
tuum pluris faciant, quam omnia, quae^ illis tribuere possis. 
Unde factum est, ut tantas divitias tam cito amiseris ? Nemo 
unquam tam potens fiiit, ut nullius auxilio egeret. 

Note. — The relative pronoun is also used in the 
following manner, as a substitute for ut. Nulla terra 
tam fertilis est, quae omnia largiatur. Nulla gens 
tam fera est, tamque barbara, quae non habeat sen- 
sum religionis. Bestiis deus motum et sensimi de- 
dit, quo vitam tuerentur ; hominibus rationem addi- 
dit, qua regerentur appetitus. 

Alexander edixit, ne quis* ipsum praeter Apellem pingeret. 
Pythagoreis inter dictum fuit, ne fabis vescerentur. Oculi pal- 
pebris sunt muniti, ne quid incidat. Nihil fere tam reconditum 
est, quin^ .quaerendo inveniri possit. Nunquam tam mane 
egredior, neque tam vesperi domum revertor, quin^ teinfundo 
conspicer fodere, aut arare, aut aliquid facere. Xerxes non 
dubitabat, quiri' copiis suis Graecos facile superaturus esset 

By interrogatives. 

Gluaeritur unuswe^ sit mundus, an plures. Disputabant ve- 
teres philosophi, casu?ie factus sit mundus, an mente divina. 
Augustus cum amicis suis consultabat, utrum imperium ser- 
varet, an deponeret. Quis numerare potest, quoties per totam 
vitamlacrymasfuderit; aut quot morbis homo sit obnoxius? 

Fortunae munera, honores, divitiae, forma, quamdiu nobis 
adfutura sint, nullo modo sciri potest. Moriendum certe est; 
sed quo te loco mors exspectet, incertum. Gentes, quae igno- 
rant, qua de caussa,^ Sol Lunaque deficiat, defectum horum lu- 
minum pro malo omine habent. 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 11 

By the Acciisative with the Infinitive. 

Aristoteles tradit, in Latmo, Cariae monte, hospites a scor- 
pionibus non laedi, indigenas interimi. M. Varro narrat, a 
cuniculis suffossum} in Hispania oppidum, a talpis in Thessa- 
lia ; ab ranis incolas urbis in Gallia pulsos, ab locustis in 
Africa ; ex Gyaro insula incolas a TOMiihus fugatos, in Italia 
Amyclas a serpentibus deletas esse. 

Homerus Pygn^aeos populum ad Oceanum, a gruibus in- 
festari prodidit ; Aristoteles eosdem in cavernis vivere narrat. 
Virgiiius per testaiaientuin jusserat ccurmina sua cremari;^ id 
Augustus fieri vetuit. Aristippus philosophus, quum per de- 
serta Libyae iter faceret, servos, qui pecuniam aegre porta- 
bant, earn abjicere jussit. Pj'lhagoras discipulos jubebat, un- 
umquemque diem precibus ad deos incipere. Darius rex Nito- 
cridis reginae sepulcrum aperiri jusserat, quod speraverat, se 
multum ibi auri inventurum esse. 

Sertorius cervam alebat candidam, quavf Hispaniae gentes 
fatidicam esse credebant. Illustre est inter philosophos nomen 
Anaxagorae, quern veteres nunquam in vita risisse ferunt. No- 
li* facere quidquam, quod dubites justumne sit, an iniquum. 

Note. — Some passive verbs are accompanied by a 
Twminative with the infinitive. Perperam Homerus' a 
quibusdam Lycurgi temporibus vixisse traditur. Tha- 
les Milesius primus defectionem Solis praedixisse fer- 
tur. Romulus ad deos transiisse dicitur. Noli mirari, 
sapientes stultis stultos videri. Multa, quae stulti ad- 
mirantur, sapientibus (^bsurda esse videntur. Contem- 
nere videmini, quae nobis laude videntur dignissima. 

Use of Participles. 

Exempla fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Galli galli- 
nacei diem venientem cantu nuntiant. Cecrops urbem a se 
conditam appellabat Cecropiam. Augustus primus Romae 
tigrin ostendit mansuefactam. 

The union of several Propositions by Participles. 

Gymnosophistae in India totos dies' ferventibus arenis in- 
sistunt, Solem intuentes. Epimenides puer, aestu et itinera 
fessus^ septem et quinquaginta annos in specu dormivisse di- 
citur. Julius Caesar simuidictare, et hgentem? audire solebat. 
Leo prostratis parcit. 

Ayes aduncos ungues habente^ came vescuntur, nee unquam 



12 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 

congregantur. Canis venaticus venatorem comitantem loro 
ad ferarum lustra trahit. Beneficium non in eo consistit, quod 
datur, sed in ipso dantis animo. Struthiocameli Africi alti- 
tudinem equitis equo insidentis excedunt. Interdum delphini 
conspecti sunt, defunctum del^hiimm portantes, et quasi funus 
agentes. 

Multa, quae de infantibus ferarum lacte nutritis produntur, 
fabulosa videntur. Homo quidam, lapide ictus, oblitus est 
litteras ; alius ex praealto tecto lapsus, matris et affinium no- 
mina dicere non potuit; L. Siccius Delitatus, centies vicies 
proeliatus,^ quinquaginta quinque cicatridfes adverso corpore'^ 
habebat, nullam in tergo. 

Leones satiati^ innoxii sunt. Elephantes amnem transituri* 
minimos praemittunt. Pavo laudatus gemmatam pandit cau- 
dam. Gallus, ab adversario victus, occultatur silens et ser- 
vitium patitur. Leo vulneratus percussorem intelligit, et in 
quantalibet multitudine appetit. Olores iter facientes colla im- 
ponunt praecedentibus, fessos duces ad terga recipiunt.^ Tes- 
tudines in mari degentes conchyliis vivunt ; in terram egressae, 
herbis. Sarmatae longinqua itineia facturi, inedia pridie prae- 
parant equos, potum exiguum impertientes, atque ita longissi- 
mam viam continuo cursu conficiunt. Eiephanti, equitatu 
circumventi, infirmos aut fessos aut vulneratos in medium ag- 
men recipiunt. Multos morientes cura sepulturae angit. 

Danaus ex Aegypto in Graeciam advectus, rex Argivorum 
factus est. Alexander Bucephalo equo defuncto duxit exse- 
quias, urbemque Bucephalon appellatam ejus tumulo circum- 
dedit.^ P. Catienus Plotinus patronum'' adeo dilexit, ut, heres 
omnibus ejus bonis institutus,^ in rogum ejus se conjiceret et 
concremaretur. Erinacei volutati super poma, humi jacen- 
tia, ilia spinis affixa in cavas arbores portant. 

Beneficia non in vulgus effundenda sunt, Indicum mare 
testudines tantae magnitudinis^ alit, ut singulae tugurio tegen- 
do^^ sufRciant. Leones, senes facti, appetunt homines, quo- 
niam ad peo'sequendas feras vires non suppetunt. Struthioca- 
melis ungulae sunt cervinis similes, comprehendendis lapidibus 
utiles, quos in fuga contra sequentes jaculantur. 

Ablative absolute. 

Senescente Luna, ostrea, tabescere dicuntur, crescente eddem 
gliscunt. Caepe contra, Luna dejiciente, revirescere, adoles- 
cente, inarescere dicitur. Geryone interemto, Hercules in Ita- 
liam venit. Sabinis debellatis, Tarquinius triumphans Romam 
rediit. Jasone Lycio interfecto, canis, quem habebat, cibum 



THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 13 

capere noluit, inediaque confectus est. Regis Lysimachi ca- 
nis, corjpore domini accensae pyrae impcsito, in flammas se 
conjecit. Nicomede rege inierfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit 
inedia. Chile, unus e septem sapientibus,^Zio victore^ Olym- 
piae, prae gaudio expiravit. Apes, aculeo amisso, statim 
emori existimantur. Eaedam, rege interfecto aut morbo con 
sumto, fame luctuque moriuntur. Pavo, cauaa amissa pu- 
dibundus ac moerens quaerit latebram. Erinacei, ubi sen- 
sere venantem, conlracto ore pedibusque convoiviintur'^ in for 
mam pilae, ne quid comprehendi . possit praeter aculeos. 
Anaxagoram nuntiata morte filii dixisse ferunt : sciebar^ me 
genuisse mortalem. 



t 
IL FABLES FROM ^SOP. 



1. Accipiter et Columbae. 

Columbae milvii metu^ accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas defen- 
deret. lUe annuit. At in columbare receptus,^ uno die ma- 
jbrem stragem edidit, quam milvius longo tempore potuisset 
edere. — Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse. 

2. Mus et Milvius. 

Milvius laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit,^ ut eum corro- 
sis plagis* liberaret. Quo facto,^ milvius liberatus murem ar- 
ripuit et devoravit. — Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali 
pro beneficiis reddere soleant.^ 

3. Hoedus et Lupus. 

Hoedus stans in tecto domus lupo praetereunti"' maledixit. 
Cui^ lupus, non tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi maledicit.^ — Sae|B 
locus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 

4 Grus et Pavo. 

Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicans, quanta est, inquit, 
formositas mea et tua deformitas ! At grus evolans, et quanta 
est, inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas ! — Monet haec fabula, 
ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contem- 
namus, quibus natura alia et fortasse majora dedit. 

5. Pavo. 

Pavo graviter conquerebatur apud Junonem,^" dominam su- 
am, quod^^ vocis suavitas sibi negata esset,^'^ dum luscinia, avis 
tam parum decora, cantu excellat.^^ q^^ Juno, et merito, in- 
quit ; non enim^^ omnia bona in unum conferri oportuit. 

6. Anseres et Grues. 

In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Ad- 
vemente domino prati,^* grues facile avolabant ; sed anseres, im- 



IL FABLES FROM JESOP. 15 

pediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt. — Sic sae- 
pe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crimine deprehensi, 
soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. ' 

7. Ccupra et Lupus. 

Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus, cur non, 
inquit, relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue descendis in 
herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt 1 Cui' res- 
pondit capra: mihi non est in animo^ dulcia tuti^ praeponere. 

8. Venter et Membra. 

Membra quondam dicebantventri: nosne'^te semper ministe- 
rio nostra alentus, dum ipse summo otiofrueris?^ Nonfaciemus. 
Dum igitur ventri cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, et 
membra sero invidiae suae poenituit.^ 

9. Canis et Boves. 

Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando' a pabulo arce- 
bat. Cui unus bourn, quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod^ 
non pateris, ut eo cibo vescamur,^ quern tu ipse capere nee velis 
nee possis!^° — Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 

10. Vulpes et Leo. 

Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occur- 
risset leo, ita est perterrita, ut paene moreretur formidine. 
Eundem" conspicata^'^ iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam 
ut antea. Tertio illi obviam facta,^ ausa est^^ etiam propius 
accedere, eumque alloqui. 

11. Cancri. 

Cancer dicebat filio : mifili, ne sic obliquis semper gressibus 
incede,'sed recta via^* perge. Cui'^ ille, mi pater, respondit, 
libenter tuis praeceptis obscquar, si te prius idem facientem^^ 
videro.^'' — Docet haec fabula, adolescentiam nulla re magiS; 
quam exemplis, instrui. 

12. Boves. 

In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima concor- 
dia, et sic'^ ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissi- 
dio inter illos orto,'° singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. — Fa- 
bula docet, quantum boni^ sit'^' concordia. 



16 IL FABLES FROM iSSOP. 



13. Asinus, 

Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias, 
tanquam leo esset.^ Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures 
eminebant : unde agnitus,^ in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poe- 
nas petulantiae dedit. — Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui imme- 
ritis honoribus superbiunt 

14. Mulier et Gallina. 

Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae ei quotidie ovum 
pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam^ auri massam 
intus celare, et gallinam occidit. Sed nihil in^ea reperit, nisi 
quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus 
divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. 

15. Viator es et Asinus. 

Duo qui una* iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitu- 
dine conspicati, accurrunt laeti,^ et uterque eum sibi vindicare 
coepit, quod eum prior^ conspexisset.^ Dum vero conten- 
dunt' et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit, 
et neuter eo potitur. 

16. Corvus et Lupi. 

Corvus partem praedae petebat a lupis, quod eos totum di- 
em comitatus esset.^ Cui illi, non tu nos, inquiunt, sed prae- 
daro^ sectatus es, idque^ eo animo ut ne nostris quidem corpo- 
rihus^^ parceres, si exanimcurentur. 

Merito in actionibus non spectatur, quid fiat," sed quo ani-. 
mo fiat. 

17. P aster es et Lupus. 

Pastores caesa ove convivium celebrabant. Quod quum^ 
lupus cerneret, ego, inquit, si agnum rapuissem, quantus tu- 
multus fieret ! At isii impune ovem comedunt! Tum unus 
illorum, nos eiiim}^ inquit, nostra, non aliena ove epulamur. 

18. Carbonarius et Fullo. 

Carbonarius, qui spatiosam habebat domum, invitavit fullo- 
nem, uf ad se commigraret. Ille respondit : quaenam inter 
nos esse possit societas? quum tu vestes, quas egonitidas^^ red- 



II. FABLES FROM iBSOP. 17 

didissem^ fuligine et maculis inquinaturus esses. — Haec fa- 
bula docet, dissimilia non debere conjungi. 

19. Tibbie tn, 

Tubicen ab hostibus captus, ne me, inquit, interficite f- nam 
inermis sum, neque quidquam haheo praeter hanc tubam. At 
hostes, propter hoc ipsum,^ inquiunt, te interimemus ; quod^ 
quum ipse pugnandi sis imperitus,^ alios ad pugnam incitare 
soles. — Fabula docet, non solum malef icos esse puuiendos, 
sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendunn irritent.^. 

20. Accipitres et Columbae. 
» 
Accipitres quondam acerrime inter se belligerabant, Hos 
columbae in gratiam reducere conatae effecerunt, ut illi pacem 
inter se facerent. Q,ua firmata, accipitres vim suam in ipsas 
columbas converterunt. — Haec fabula docet, potentiorum dis- 
cordias imbecillioribus saepe prodesse. 

21. Mulier et Gallina. 

Mulier vidua gallinam habebat, quae ei quotidie unum 
ovum pariebat. Ilia existimabat, si gallinam diligentius sa- 
ginaret, fore, ut ilia bina aut terna^ ova quotidie pareret.' 
Q,uum autem cibo superfluo gallina pinguis esset facta, planB 
ova parere desiit. — Haec fabula docet, avaritiam saepe dam- 
nosam esse. 

22. Vulpes et Uva, 

Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiliit omnium 
virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. 
Tandem defatigata inani laborc, discedens dixit: af nunc 
eiiam^ acerbac sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem. Haec 
fabula docet, multos ca contemnere, qtiae'° se assequi posse 
desperent.^^ 

23. Vulpes et Leaena. 

Vulpes leaenam exprobrabat, quod non nisi unum catulum 
pareret. Huic dicitur respondisse,"^ unum, sed leoncm. — 
Haec fabula, non copiam, sed bonitatcm rerum aestimandam 
docet. 

PART I. C 



18 II. FABLES FROM -ESOP. 



24. Mures. 



Mures aliquando hatuerunt consilium, quomodo a fele ca- 
verent.^ Multis aliis propositis,^ omnibus placuit, ut ei tintin- 
nabulum annecteretur : sic enim ipsos,^ sonitu admonitos, 
eam fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, 
qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. — Fabula 
docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo 
timidos. 

.25. Canis Mordax. 

Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex aere ap- 
pendi,* ut omnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnitu 
gaudebat, et quasi A?irtutis suae praemium esset,^ alios canes 
prae se contemnere coepit. Cui unus senior, o te stolidum,^ 
inquit, qui ignorare videris,'' isto tinnitu pravitatem morum 
tuorum indicari ! — Haec fabula scripta est in eos, qui sibi in- 
signibus flagitiorum suorum placent.^ 

26. Canis et Lupis. 

Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta est, inquit, fe- 
licitas tua! Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. 
Tum canis, licet, inquit, mecum in urhem venias et eadem feli- 
citate fruaris.^ Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, 
animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos piles. Quid hoc 
est ? inquit. Num jugum sustines ? cervix enim tua tota est 
glabra. Nihil est, canis respondit. Sed inter diu me alliga7it, 
ut noctu sim vigilantior ; atque haec sunt vestigia collaris, 
quod cervlci circumddri solet. Tum lupus, vale, inquit 
amice ! nihil moror^° felicitatem servituie emtam ! — Haec fa 
bula docet, liberis nullum commodum tanti esse,^^ quod ser\d 
tutis calamitatem compensare possit.^^ 

27. Lupus et Grus. 

In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit^' 
gruem, qui illud extrahat.^"* Hoc grus longitudine colli facile 
effecit. Q,uum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus 
et dentibus infrendens, num tibi, inqnit, parva merces videtur, 
quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti ? 



II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 19 



28. Agricola et Anguis. 

Agricola anguem reperit, frigore paene exstinctum. Mise- 
ricordia motus/ eum fovit sinu et subter alas recondidit. Mox 
angnis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae, pro beneficio, le- 
tale vulnus inflixit. — Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem 
mali pro beneficiis reddere soleant.^ 

29. Asinus et Equus. 

Asinus equum beatum praedicabat, qui tam copiose pasce- 
retur,^ quum sibi post molestissimos labores ne paleae quidem 
satis^ praeberetnr. Forte autem bello exorto, equus in proe- 
'ium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles la- 
bores tandem, multis vulneribus confossus/ collabitur. Haec 
omnia asinus conspicatus, o me stolidum,^ inquit, qui beatitudi- 
nem ex praeseniis temporis fortuna aestimaverim P 

30. Agricola et Filii. 

Agricola senex, quum mortem sibi a^ropinquare sentiret, 
filios convocavit, quos, ut fieri solet, interdum discordare no- 
verat,^ et fascem virgularum afferri jubet.^ Quibus allatis,'" 
filios hortabatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. Quod quum^^ 
facere non possent, distribuit singulis singulas virgas, iisque 
celeriter fractis, docuit illos, quam firma res esset concordia, 
quamque imbecillis discordia. 

31. Equus et Asinus. 

Asinus, onustus sarcinis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte'^ 
oneris se levaret,'' si se vivum videre vellet. Sed ille asini 
preces repudiavit. Paulo post igitur asinus labore consumtus 
in via corruit et efflavit animam. Tum agitator omnes sar- 
cinas, quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asino 
detractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero priorem super- 
biam deplorans, o me miserum,^* inquit, qui parvulum onus in 
me recipcre noluerim,^^ quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas fer- 
re, una cum pelle comitis mei, cujus preces tam superb^ con- 
temseram. 

32. Mulier et Ancillae. 

Mulier vidua, quae texendo'® vitam sustentabat, solebat ancil- 
lassuasde nocte" excitare ad opus,'' quum primum gallicantum 



20 II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 

audivisset. At illae, diuturno labore fatigatae, statuerunt gal- 
lum interficere. duo facto,^ deteriore conditioned quam prius 
esse coeperunt. Nam domina, de hora noctis incerta,^ nunc 
famulas saepe jam prima nocte* excitabat. ^ 

33. Testudo et Aquila. 

Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese^ volare^ do- 
ceret. Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, eam rem petere naturae 
suae contrariam ; sed ilia nihilo minus instabat, et obsecrabat 
aquilam, ut se volucrem facere vellet. Itaque ungulis arrep- 
tam aquila sustulit' in sublime, et demisit illam, ut per aerem 
ferretur. Tum in saxa incidens comminuta interiit.^ Haec 
fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus suis occoecatos consilia pru- 
dentiorum respuere, et in exitium ruere stultitia sua. 

34. Luscinia et Acapiter, 

Accipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. Gluae quum^ intelli- 
geret, sibi mortem impendere, ad preces conversa, orat accipi- 
trem, ne se^° perdat sine causa. Se enim avidissimum ventrem 
illius non posse explere, et suadere adeo, ut grandiores aliquas 
volucres venetur}^ Cui accipiter,^ insanirem, inquit, si par- 
tarn praedarn}^ amittere, et incerta pro certis sectari vellem. 

35. Senex et Mors. 

Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, iisque sublatis^^ domum^^ re- 
dire coepit. Gluum aliquantum viae^^ progressus esset, et 
onere et" via defatigatus,^^ fascem deposuit, et secum aetatis 
et inopiae mala contemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocat, 
quae ipsum ab omnibus his malis liberet.^^ Tum Mors, senis 
precibus auditis subito adstitit, et quid vellet, percunctatur. 
At Senex, quem jam votorum suorum poenitebat,^ nihil, inquit, 
sed requiro^^ qui onus paululurn allevet^dum ego rursus subeo. 

36. Inimici. 

In eadam navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia 
exercebant. Unus eorum in prora, alter in puppi residebat. 
Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, 
interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, utram par- 



II. FABLES FROM jESOP. 2f 

iem navis prius submersum iri^ existimaret? Cui gubema- 
tor, proram^ respondit. Turn ille, jam mors mihi non moles' 
ia est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim. 

37. Hinnuleus et Cervus. 

Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis mterrogasse 
dicitur : Mi pater, quum multo sis major canibu^ et tarn ar- 
dua cornua habeas, quibus a te vim propulsare possis,^ qui 
jit^ ut canes tantopere metuas ? Ibi cervus ridens, mi nate, 
inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, n-escio quo pacto, semper 
accidit, ut, audita canum voce, in fug am statim convertar. — 
Haec fabula docet, natura formidolosos^ nuliis rationibus for- 
tes reddi posse. 

38. Hoedus et Lupus. 

Q,uum hoedus evasisset lupum et confugisset in caulam 
ovium, quid iu, stulte, inquit ille,"' hie te salvum futurwrri? 
speras, ubi^ quotidie pecudes rapi et diis mactari videas ? 
Non euro, inquit hoedus; nam si moriendum sit,^^ quanta 
praeclarius mihi erit, meo cruore aspergi^^ aras deorum im- 
mortalium, quam irrigari siccas lupi fauces. — Haec fabula 
docet, bonos mortem, quae omnibus imminet, non timere, si 
cum honestate et laude conjuncta sit. 

39. Corvus et Vulpes. 

Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam 
arborem subvolarat. Vulpecula, ilium caseum appetens, 
corvum blandis verbis adoritur ; quumque primum formam 
ejus pennarumque nitorem laudasset, pol,^^ inquit, te avium 
regem esse dicerem, si cantus pulchritudini tuae responderet. 
Tum ille, laudibus vulpis inflatus, etiam cantu se valere de- 
monstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus 
est, quern vulpes arreptuni devoravit.'^ — Haec fabula docet, 
vitandas esse adulatorum voces, qui blanditiis suis nobis in- 
sidiantur. 

40. Leo. 

Societatem junxcrant Leo, Juvcnca, Capra, Ovis. Prae- 
da autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes acquales divisa," 
leo, prima, ait, mea est; dcbetur enim haec praestantiae 
meae. Tollam et secundam, quam meretur robur meum. 

c 2 



22 II. FABLES FROM iESOP. 

Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor meus.^ Q,uartam qui 
sibi arrogare voluerit,^ is sciat, se habiturum me inimicum 
sibi. Quid facerent imbecilles bestiae, aut quae^ sibi leonem 
infestum habere vellet ? 

41. Mus et Rusticus. 

Mus a Rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tarn acrj 
morsu ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, dicens : 
nihil, mehercule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute desperare 
debeat,^ modo^ se defendere et vim depulsare velit. 

42. Vultur ct Aviculae. 

Vultur aliquando aviculas invitavit ad convivium, quod iJ- 
lis daturus esset^ die natali suo. Quae"' quum ad tempus 
adessent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi de invitatis 
instruere coepit. 

43. Ranae. 

Ranae laetabantur, quum nuntiatum esset, Solem uxorem 
duxisse. Sed una caeteris^ prudentior, O vos stolidos P in- 
quit ; nonne meininisiis, quantofere vos saejpe unius Solis aes- 
tus ezcruciet ?^° Quid igitur fiet, quum liberos etiam pro- 
ereaverit? 

■m 

44. Ranae et Jupiter. 

Ranae aliquando regem sibi a Jove petivisse dicuntur." 
Gluarum^'^ ille precibus e^oratus trabem ingentem in lacum 
dejecit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere, deinde 
vero, trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae, magno cum con- 
temtu in ea consederunt aliumque sibi novis clamoribus re- 
gem expetiverunt. Turn Jupiter, earum stultitiam punitu- 
rus,^3 hydrum illis misit, a quo^* quum plurimae captae peri- 
rent, sero eas stolidarum precum poenitur.^^ 

45. Lupi et Pastores. 

Cluum Philippus, rex Macedoniae, cum Atheniensibus foe- 
dus initurus esset, ea conditione, ut oratores suos^^ ipsi tra 
derent, Demosthenes" populo narravit fabulam, qua^^ iis cal- 
lidum regis consilium ante ocuios poneret. Dixit enim, lu- 
pos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse, se nunquam in 
posterum greges esse impugnaturos, si canes ipsis dederen- 



11. FABLES FROM JESOP. 23^ 

tur. Placuisse stultis pastoribus conditionem ; sed quum lupi 
caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos impetu facto^ omnem 
gregem dilaniasse. 



46. Puer mendax. 

Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamoribus 
opem rusticorum imploraveret, lupos gregem suum aggressos 
esse fingens. Saepe autem frustratus"^ eos, qui auxilium latu- 
ri advenerant, tandem lupo revera irruente^ multis cum lacry- 
mis vicinos orare coepit,^ ut sibi et gregi subvenirent. At 
illi eum pariter ut antea ludere existimantes, preces ejus et 
lacrymas neglexerunt, ita ut lupus libera in oves grassaretur, 
plurimasque earum dilaniaret. 



47. Corvus. 

Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alta voce sig- 
nificavit. Q.uo sono' allecti^ plures corvi famelici advola- 
verunt, impetuque in ilium facto,' opimam ei dapem eripue- 
runt. 



48. Comix et Columha. 

Cornix columbae gratulabatur foecunditatem, quod smgulis 
mensibus pullos excluderet. At ilia, ne mei, inquit, doloris 
causam commemorcs. Nam quos pullos educo, eos^ dominus 
raptos aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos^ vendit. Ita 
mihi mea foecunditas novum semper luctum parit. 



49. Leo, Asinus et Vulpcs. 

Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum'" iverant. Ampla praeda 
facta, Ico asinum illam partiri jubet. Glui quum sinf^ulis sin- 
gulas partes poncrct aequales, leo eum correptum'^ dilaniavit, 
et vulpeculae particndi ncgotium"^ tribuit. Ilia astutior,'^ leoni 
partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minimam reservans parti- 
culam. Tum leo subrldcns ejus prudentiamlaudare," et unde 
hoc didicerit,'^ interrogare coepit. Et vulpes, Hujus"^me, in- 
quit, calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debcant. 



24 11. FABLES FROM JESOP. 



50. Muscae. 

Effusa mellis copia est : Muscae advolant 
Pascuntur, At Mox impeditis cruribus 
Revolare nequeunt. Heu miseram, inquiunt, vicem !^ 
Cibus iste blandus, "qui pellexit suaviter, 
Nunc fraudulentus^ quam crudeliter necat ! 
Perf ida voluptas^ fabula hac depingitur. 

51. Cancer. 

Mare cancer olim deseruit, in littore 
Pascendi cupidus.^ Vulpes hunc simuP adspici 
Jejuna, simuP accurrit, et praedam capit. 
Nae, dixit ille, jure plector, qui,^ salo'' 
Q,uum fuerim natus, voluerim solo^ ingredi ! 

Suus unicuique praefinitus est locus, 
Quem praeterire sine periclo non licet. 

52. Culex et Taurus. 

In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex 
Consedit ; seque^ dixit, mole si sua 
Eum gravaret, avolaturum illico. 
At ille ;^ nec^° te considentem" senseram. 



IIL MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 



1. Cadmus, Agenoris films, quod draconem,^ Martis iilium, 
fontis cujusdam in Boeotia custodem, occiderat, omnem suam 
proiem^ interemtam vidit, et ipse cum Harmonia, uxore sua, 
in Illyriam^ fugit, ubi ambo in dracones conversi sunt. 

2. Amjcus, Neptuni filius, rex Bebryciae,'* omnes, qui in 
ejus regna venissent, cogebat caestibus secum contendere, et 
victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas^ ad certamen provo- 
casset, Pollux^ cum eo contendit et eum interfecit. 

3. Otos et Ephialtes, Aloe'i filii, mira magnitudine' fuisse 
dicuntur. Nam singulis mensibus novem digitis^ crescebant. 
Itaque quum essent annorum^ novem, in coelum ascendere 
sunt conati. Hue sibi aditum sic faciebant, ut montem Ossara 
super Pelion^' ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstrue- 
rent. Sed Apollinis sagittis interemti sunt. 

4. Daedalus Euphemi filius, artifex peritissimus, ob cae- 
dem Athenis^^ commissam, in Cretam abiit ad regem Minoem. 
Ibi labyrinthum^'^ exstruxit. A Minoe aliquando in custodiam 
conjectus, sibi et Icaro filio alas cera aptavit, et cum eo avola- 
vit. Dum Icarus altius evolabat, cera solis calore liquefacta, 
in mare decidit, quod ex eo Icarium pelagus^^ est appellatum; 
Daedalus autem in Siciliam pervenit. *^ 

5. Aesculapius, Apollinis filius, medicus praestantissimus, 
Hippolyto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id faci- 
nus Jupiter eum fulmine percussit. Tum Apollo, quod filii 
mortem in Jove ulcisci non poterat, Cyclopes,^* qui fiilmina 
fecerant, interemit. Ob hoc factum, Apollinem Jupiter Ad- 
meto, regi Thessaliae,^^ in servitutem dedit. 

6. Alcestim, Peliae filiam, quum multi in matrimonium pe- 
terent, Pelias promisit, se filiam ei esse daturum, qui feras cur- 
rui junxisset. Admetus, qui eam perdite amabat, Apollinem 
rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuvaret. Is quum ab Admeto, 
dum ei serviebat, liberaliter esset tractatus, aprum ei et leo- 
nem currui junxit, quibus ille Alcestim avexit. Idem gravi 
morbo implicitus/^ munus ab ApoUine accepit, ut praesens peri- 



26 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

culum efTugeret, si quis^ sponte pro eo moreretur. Jam quum 
neque pater, neque mater Admeti pro eo mori voluissent, uxor 
se Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules,^ forte adveniens, 
Orci^ manibiis eripuit et Admeto reddidit. 

7. Cassiope* filiae suae Andromedae formam Nereidum^ 
formae anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illae a Neptuno postulave- 
runt, ut Andromeda ceto immani, quod oras populabatur, obji- 
ceretur. Q,uae quum ad saxum alligata esset, Peiseus^ ex 
Libya, ubi Medusam'^ occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta 
et interemta, Andromedam liberavit. 

8. Gluam* quum abducere vellet victor,^ Agenor, cui antea 
desponsata fuerat, Perseo i-nsidias struxit, ut eum interficeret, 
sponsamque eriperet. Ille, re cognita,^ caput Medusae insidi- 
antibus ostendit, quo viso,^° omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perse- 
us autem cum Andromeda in patriam" rediit. 

9. Ceyx, Hesperi filius, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcy- 
one, conjugis morte audita, se in mare praecipitavit. Turn 
deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alcy- 
ones appellantur. Hae aves pariunt hiberno tempore. Per 
illos dies mare tranquillum esse dicitur ; unde nautae tran- 
quillos et serenos dies Alcyonios appellare solent. 

10. Tantalus, Jo vis filius, tam carus fuit Diis, ut Jupiter ei 
consilia sua concrederet eumque ad epulas Deorum admitte- 
ret. At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus 
communicabat. Ob id crimen dicitur apud inferos in aqua 
collocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam quoties haustum 
aquae sumturus est, aqua recedit. Tum etiam poma ei super 
caput pendent ; sed quoties ea decerpere conatur, rami vento 
moti^^ recedunt. Alii saxum ejus capiti impendere dicunt, 
cujus ruinam timens, perpetuo metu cruciatur. 

W. In nuptiis Pelei'^ et Thetidis^* omnes Dii invitati erant 
praeter Discordiam. Haec ira commota malum^^ misit^^ in me- 
dium,^'' cui inscripta erant verba ; Pulcherrima me haheto. Tum 
Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant; magnaque 
inter eas discordia exorta, Jupiter Mercurio^^ imperat, ut Deas 
ad Paridem,^^ Priami)filium, duceret, qui in monte Ida^ greges 
pascebat ; hunc earum litem diremturum esse.^^ Huic Juno, 
si se pulcherrimam judicasset, omnium terrarum regnum est 
pollicita ; Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam pro- 
misit ; Venus autem Helenam, Ledae et Jovis filiam, se ei in 
conjugium dare spopondit.^ Paris, hoc dono prioribus ante- 
posito,^ Venerem pulcherrimam esse judicavit. Postea, Ve- 
neris hortatu, Lacedoemonem profectus, Helenam conjugi suo 
Menelao'^ eripuit. Hinc bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 27 

quod tota fere Graecia, duce Agamemnone, Menelai fratre, 
profecta est. 

12. Thetis, Pelei conjux, quum sciret, Achillem, filium su- 
um, cito periturum esse/ si Graecorum exercitum ad Trojam 
sequeretur, eum misit in insulam Scyron^ regique Lycomedi 
commendavit. Iile eum muliebri habitu inter filias suas ser- 
vabat. Graeci autem quum audivissent, Achillem ibi occul- 
tari, Ulysses, rex Ithacae,^ in regie vestibule munera feminea 
in calathiscis ponebat, simulque clypeum et hastam, mulieres- 
que advocari* jussit. Quae dum omnia contempl^bantur, su- 
bito tubicen cecinit ; quo sono audito, Achilles arma arripuit. 
Unde^ eum virum esse intellectum est. 

13. Quum totus Graecorum exercitus Aulide® convenisset, 
adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamem- 
non' enim, dux illius expeditionis, cervam Deae sacram vul- 
neraverat, superbiusque^ in Dianam loquutus erat. Is quum 
haruspices convocasset, hi responderunt, iram Deae expiari 
non posse, nisi filiam suam Iphigeniam ei immolasset. Hanc 
ob causam Ulysses Argos profectus, mentitur, Agamemnonem 
filiam Achilli in matrimonium promisisse. Sic eam Aulidem 
abduxit.^ Ubi quum pater eam immolare vellet, Diana, virgi- 
nem miserata, cervam ei supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per 
nubes in terram Tauricam^° detulit, ibique templi sui sacerdo- 
tem fecit. 

14. Troja eversa quum Graeci domum redire vellent, ex 
Achillis^^ tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos mo- 
nebat, ne fortissimum virum sine honore relinquerent. Quare 
Graeci Polyxenam, Priami filiam, quae virgo fuit formosissi- 
ma, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 

15. Prometheus, Japeti filius, primus homines ex lijto 
finxit, iisque ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, monstravitque, 
quomodo cinere obrutum servarent. Ob hanc rem Vulcanus 
eum in monte Caucaso'^ Jovis jussu clavis ferreis alligavit ad 
saxum; aquila ei apposita, quae^^ cor exederet. Quantum 
vero interdiu exederat, tantum nocte crescebat. Hanc aqui- 
1am insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Prome- 
theumque liberavit. 

16. Pluto,^^ inferorum Deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi 
Proserpinam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimonium daret. 
Jupiter negavit'^ quidem, Cererem passuram esse, ut filia in 
tenebris Tartari moraretur; sed fratri permisit, ut eam, si 
posset, raperet. Quare Proserpinam, in nemore Ennae in 
Sicilia flores legentem, Pluto, quadrigis ex terrae hiatu pro- 
veniens, rapuit. 



28 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 

17. Ceres quum nesciret, ubi filia esset, earn per totum 
orbem terrarum quaesivit. In quo itinere ad Celeum venit, 
regem Eleusiniormn/ cujus uxor Metanira puerum Tripto- 
lemum pepererat, rogavitque, ut se tanquam nutricem in do- 
mum reciperent. Quo facto, quum Ceres alumnum suum 
immortalem reddere vellet, eum interdiu lacte divino alebat, 
noctu clam igne obruebat.^ Itaque mirum in modum cresce- 
bat. Quod quum mirarentur parentes, earn observaverunt. 
Qui quum viderent, Cererem puerum in ignem mittere, pater 
exclamavit. Tum Dea Celeum exanimavit ; Triptolemo au- 
tem currum draconibus junctum tribuit, frugesque mandavit, 
quas^ per orbem terrarum vectus disseminaret. 

18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex Oeneo peperit Meleagrum. 
Ei Parcae* ardentem titionem dederunt, praefantes, Melea- 
grum tam diu victurum,^ quam diu is titio foret incolumis. 
Hunc itaque Althaea diligenter in area clausum servavit. 
Interim Diana, Oeneo irata, quia ei sacra annua non fecerat, 
aprum mira magnitudine misit, qui agrum Calydonium® vas- 
taret. Quem Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Graecia 
delectis interfecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae' donavit. Cui 
quum Althaeae fratres eam eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri aux- 
ilium imploravit, qui .avunculos occidit. Tum Althaea, gravi 
ira in filium commota, titionem ilium fatalem in ignem conje- 
cit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fratrem inso- 
labiliter lugent, in aves^ mutatae sunt. 

19. Europam, Agenoris filiam Sidoniam, Jupiter, in tau- 
rum mutatus, Sidone^ Cretam^° transvexit, et ex ea procrea- 
vit Minoem, Sarpedonem et Rhadamanthum. Hanc ut re- 
ducerent, Agenor filios sues misit, conditione addita,^^ ut nee 
ipsi redirent, nisi sororem invenissent. Horum unus, Cad- 
mus^^ nomine, quum erraret,*Delphos^^ venit, ibique responsum 
accepit, bovem praecedentem sequeretur ;'* ubi ille decubuis- 
set, ibi urbem conderet. Quod quum faceret, in Boeotiam'^ 
venit. Ibi aquam quaerens, ad fontem Castalium draconem^® 
invenit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiebat. Hunc Cadmus 
interfecit, dentesque ejus sparsit et aravit." Unde Sparti^^ 
enati sunt, Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque superfuerunt, 
ex quibus quinque nobiles Thebanorum^^ stirpes originem 
duxerunt. 

20. Quum Bacchus, Jovis ex Semele filius, exercitum in 
Indiam duceret, Silenus^ ab agmine aberravit. Quem Mi- 
das, rex Mygdoniae,^^ hospitio liberaliter accepit, eique du- 
cem dedit, qui eum ad Bacchum reduceret. Ob hoc bene- 
ficium Bacchus Midae optionem dedit, ut, quidquid vellet, a 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 29 

se peteret. Ille petiit, ut quidquid tetigisset,^ aurum fieret. 
Q,uod quum impetrasset, quidquid tetigerat, aurum fiebat. 
Primo gavisus est hac virtute sua ; mox intellexit, nihil ipsi 
hoc munere perniciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in 
aurum mutabatur. Q,uum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Bac- 
cho, ut donum suum revocaret. Q,uem^ Bacchus jussit in 
flumine Pactolo se abluere, quumque aquam tetigisset, facta 
est colore aureo.^ 

21. Scho«neus* Atalantam filiam formosissimam dicitur 
habuisse, quae cursu viros superabat. Haec quum a pluri- 
bus in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem propo- 
suit, ut, qui eam ducere vellet, prius cursu cum ea contende- 
ret; si victus esset, occideretur. Multos quum superasset 
et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim 
a Venere tria mala aurea acceperat. Dum currebant, ho- 
rum^ unum post alterum projecit, iisque Atalantae cursum 
tardavit. Nam dum mala colligit, Hippomenes ad metam 
pervenit. Huic itaque Schoeneus filiam uxorem dedit. 
Q.uam quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneficio se 
vicisse, grates ei non egit. Hanc ob causam Hippomenes 
mutatus est in leonem, Atalanta in leaenam. 

22. Nisus, rex Megarensium, in capite crinem purpureum 
habuisse dicitur, eique praedictum fuit, tam diu eum regna- 
turum, quam diu eum crmem custodisset. Hunc Minos, rex 
Cretensium, bello aggressus est. Qui quum urbem Mega- 
ram^ oppugnaret, Scylla, Nisi filia, amore ejus correpta est, 
et, ut ei victoriam pararet, patri dormienti fatalem crinem 
praecidit. Ita Nisus a Minoe victus et occisus est. duum 
autem Minos in Cretam rediret, Scylla eum rogavit, ut eam 
secum aveheret. Sed ille negavit,' Cretam tantum scelus^ 
esse recepturam. Tum ilia se in mare praecipitat,^ navem- 
que persequitur. Nisus in aquilam marinam conversus est, 
Scylla in piscem, quem Cirim vocant. Hodieque, si quando 
ilia avis hunc piscem conspexerit, mittit se in aquam rap- 
tumque unguibus di^ianiat. 

23. Amphlon, Jovis ct Antiopes filius, qui Thebas muris 
cinxit,^" Nioben, Tantali filiam, in matrimonium duxit. Ex qua 
procreavit filios septem, totidemque filias. Gluem partum'^ Nio- 
be Latonae liberie anteposuit, superbiusque^'^ loquuta est in 
Apollinem et Dianam. Ob id Apollo filios ejus venantcs sa- 
gittis interfecit, Diana autem filias. Niobe, liberis orbata, in 
saxum mutata esse dicitur,'^ ej usque lacrymae hodieque ma- 
nare narrantur.'^ Amphion autem, quum templum Apollinis 
expugnare vellet, a-b Apolline sagittis est interfectus. 

PART I. D 



so 



III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 



24. Phmeus, Agenoris filius, ab Apolline futurarum re 
rum scientiam acceperat. Quum vero hominibus deorum 
consiha enuntiaret, Jupiter eum excoecavit, et immisit ei Har- 
pyias, quae Jovis canes^ esse dicuntur, ut cibum ab ore ei au- 
lerrent. Ad quern quum Argonautae^ venissent, ut eum iter 
rogarent,^ dmt, se illis iter demonstraturum esse, si eum poena 
hberafrent. TumZeteset Calais, Aquilonis filii, qui pennas 
m capite et m pedibus habmsse dicuntur, Harpyias Wave- 
runt m msulas Strophada^,^ et Phineum poena liberarunt « 



31 



IV. ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS OP 
ANTiaUITY. 



1. Thales interrogatus, an facta hominum deos laterent/ 
respondit, ne cogitata quidem. 

2. Solon, qui Atheniensibus leges scripsit, dicebat, nemi- 
nem, dum viveret,^ beatum haberi posse, quod omnes ad ulti- 
mum usque diem ancipiti^ fortunae obnoxii essent 

3. Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud discipulos suos 
auctoritas, ut, quae ab eo^ audivissent, ea in dubitationem ad- 
ducere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut causam redderent eo- 
rum, quae dixissent, respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem 
erat Pythagoras. 

4. Bias, unus ex septem Sapientibus, quum patriam Prie- 
nen^ ab hostibus expugnatam et eversam fugeret, interrogatus, 
cur nihil ex bonis suis secum ferret ; ego vero,^ respondit, bona 
mea mecum porio omnia. 

5. Democritus, cui pater ingentes divitias reliquerat, omne 
fere patrimonium suum civibus donavit, ne domesticarum re- 
rum cura a philosophiae studio avocaretur. 

6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Thebanos divi- 
sit, nihil -sibi servans praeter peram et baculum. Haec enim 
Cynicorum^ instrumenta erant. A quo consilio quum amici 
et propinqui eum avocare studerent, eos correpto baculo fu- 
gavit, nihil pulchrius esse arbitratus, quam ab omnibus curis 
vacuum uni philosophiae operam dare. 

7. Anaxagoras quum a longinqua peregrinatione, scientiae 
augendae causa suscepta, in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos 
neglectos et desertos videret," non essem, inquit, salvus, nisi 
ista periissent.^ 

8. Carneades usque ad extremam senectam nunquam ces- 
savit a philosophiae studio. Saepe ei accidit, ut, quum cibi 
capiendi causa accubuisset,^° cogitationibus inhaerens," ma- 
num ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur. 

9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scripturus, caput hel- 
leboro purgabat, ne corrupt! humores soUertiam et acumen 
mentis impedirent. 



32 IV. ANECDOTES. 

10. Anaxagoras, philosophus, morte filii audita, vultu nihil 
immutato dixit : Sciebam me mortalem genuisse. 

11. Archytas Tarentinus,^ quum ab itinere reversus, agros 
suos villici^socordia neglectos videret, graviter te castigaremf 
inquit, nisi iratus essem. 

12. Plato quoque quum in servum vehementius^ exarsisset,* 
veritus^ ne vindictae modum excederet, Speusippo adstanti 
mandavit, ut de illius poena statueret. 

13. Idem, discendi cupiditate ductus,^ Aegjrptum peragra- 
vit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geometriam et astronomiam 
didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ubi Pythagorae' philoso- 
phiam et instituta disceret. 

14. Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos 
introducere videbatur, Protagoram quoque philosophum, qui 
ausus fuerat scribere, se ignorare, an dii essent, Athenienses 
ex urbe pepulerunt. 

15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fiiisse fer- 
tur.^ Gluam ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, So- 
cratem interrogavit, quid esset, quod^ mulierem tam acerbam 
et jurgiosam non exigeret domo. Turn ille, quoniam, inquit, 
dum illam domi perpetior, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque foris 
petulantiam et injurias facilius feram. 

16. Xenocrates philosophus quum maledicormn quorun- 
dam sermoni interesset,^° neque quidquam ipse loqueretur, in- 
terrogatus, cur solus taceret, respondit : quiob dizisse me ali- 
quando poenituit^^ tacuisse nunquam. 

17. Hegesias philosophus in disputationibus suis mala el 
cruciatus vitae tam vividis coloribus repraesentabat, ut multi, 
qui eum audiverant, sponte se occiderent. Gluare a Ptole- 
maeo^ rege ulterius his de rebus disserere est prohibitus. 

18. Gorgiae Leontino^^ qui eloquentia et eruditione om- 
nes suae aetatis homines superare existimabatur,^* universa 
Graecia in templo Apollinis Delphici^^ statuam auream col- 
locavit. 

19. Idem quum annum centesimum septimum ageret, in- 
terrogatus, quapo-opier tam diu vellet in vita remanere 1 res- 
pondit : quia nihil haheo, quod^^ senectutem meam accusem. 

20. Illustrissimi saepe viri humili loco nati fuerunt. So- 
crates, quem oraculum Apollinis sapientissimum omnium ho 
minum judicavit, obstetrlcis filius fuit. Euripides, poeta, 
tragicus, matrem habuit, quae olera venditabat; et Demos- 
thenis, oratoris eloquentissimi, patrem cultellos vendidisse 
narrant. 

21. Homerus, princeps poetarum Graecorum, dolore ab- 



IV. ANECDOTES. 33 

sumtus esse creditur,^ quod quaestionem^ a piscatoribus ipsi 
propositam solvere non posset. 

22. Simonides, poeta praestantissimus, gloriatur in quo- 
dam poemate, se octoginta annos natum^ in certamen musi- 
cum^ descendisse, et victoriam inde retulisse. Idem ali- 
quamdiu vixit apud Hipparchum, Pisistrati jEilium, Athenarum 
tyrannum. Inde Syracusas se contulit ad Hieronem regem, 
cum quo familiariter vixisse dicitur. Primus carmina statu- 
to pretio scripsit ; quare eum Musam venalem reddidisse di- 
cunt.^ 

23. Q,uum Aeschylus Atheniensis, qui parens tragoediae 
dicitur, in Sicilia versaretur, ibique in loco aprico sederet, 
aquila testudinem glabro eius capiti immisit, quod pro saxo 
habuit. Q,uo ictu iile exstinctus est. 

24. Euripides, qui et ipse^ magnum inter poetas tragicos 
nomen habet, a coena domum rediens' a canibus laceratus 
est. 

25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex 
tragoedia sententiam^ quandam tolleret. Ille autem in sce- 
nam progressus dixit : se fabulas componere solere, ut popu- 
lum doceret, non ut a populo disceret. 

26. Philippides, comoediarum scriptor, quum in poetarum 
certamine praeter spem vicisset, et ilia victoria impense gau- 
deret, eo ipso gaudio repente exstinctus est. 

27. Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse 
dicitur. Cluare saepe a sacerdotibus in templun Delphicum 
ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei tribuebatur douorum, quae 
sacrificantes deo obtulerant. Ferunt etiam Pana^ Pindari 
hymnis tantopere fuisse laetatum, ut eos in montibus et silvis 
caneret. Q.uum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas diripe- 
ret, unius Pindari domo et familiae pepercit.'" 

28. Diogenes Cynic us Myndum'^ profectus, quum videret 
magnificas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut 
portas clauderent, ne urbs egrcderetur. 

29. Demosthenes, Atheniensis, incredibili studio et labore 
€0 pervenit, ut, quum''^ multi eum ingenio parum valere ex- 
istimarent, omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret eloquentia, 
Numquam tamen ex tempore dicebat, neque in concione vo- 
lebat assurgere, nisi rem, dc qua ageretur,'^ accurate antea 
meditatus esset. Unde plerique cum timidum esse existima- 
bant. Sed in hac re Periclis'* consuetudinem miitabatur, qui 
non facile de quaque re dicere, nee existimationem suam for- 
tunac committere solebat. 

30. Pericles in concionem iturus,'^ quum animo perpende- 
ret, quantum pcriculi inconsiderate dicta hominibus affer- 

d2 



34 . IV. ANECDOTES. 

rent, solebat precari a diis, ne quod^ ipsi verbum imprudenti 
excideret, quod reipublicae officere posset. 

31. Minos, Cretensium rex, saepe se in speluncam quan- 
dam conferebat, ibique se cum Jove colloqui legesque ab eo 
accipere dicebat. Etiam Lycurgus^ Lacedaemoniis persua- 
sit,^ se leges suas ab ApoUine didicisse. 

32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedaemoniorum legislator, Del- 
pbis in templum ApoUinis intrasset, ut a deo oraculum pete- 
ret, Pythia* eum bis verbis allocuta est : nescio, utrum Deus 
an homo appellandus sis ; sed deus potius videris esse. 

33. Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, quum Persae^ dice- 
rentur sagittarum multitudine solem obscuraturi,^ respondisse 
fertur : melius itaque in umbra pugnabimus. 

34. Cyrus' omnium suorum militum nomina memoria te- 
nebat. Mithridates autem, rex Ponti,^ duarum et viginti gen- 
tium, quae sub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut cum 
omnibus, quibus imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 

35. Themistocles interroganti, utrum Achilles^ esse mallet, 
an Homerus, respondit : Tu vero mallesne te in Olympico 
'certamine^° victorem renuntiari, an praeco esse, qui victorum 
nomina proclamat ? 

36. Epaminondas,^^ Thebpmorum imperator, in bello adver- 
sus Lacedaemonios, anin^os suorum religione excitandos ratus, 
arma in templis affixa^^ nocte detraxit, persuasitque militibus, 
quum ilia abesse viderent, deos iter suum sequi, ut ipsis proe- 
Hantibus adessent. 

37. Idem in pugna ad Mantineam^^ graviter vulneratus est. 
Gluum animam recepisset, interrogavit circumstantes amicos, 
an clT/peus^^ salvus esset? deinde, an Jiostes fusi essent? Illi 
utrumque affirmaverunt. Tum demum hastam e corpore 
educi jussit. Quo facto statim exspiravit. 

38. Epaminondas tanta fuit abstinentia^^ et integritate, ut 
post plurima bella, quibus Thebanorum potentiam incredibi- 
liter auxerat, nihil in supellectili haberet praeter ahenum et 
veru. 

39. Lysander,^^ dux Lacedaemoniorum, militem quendam, 
via egressum, castigabat. Cui dicenti, ad nullius rei rapinam 
se ab agmine recessisse, respondit : ne speciem quidem rap- 
turi praebeas volo}^ 

40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium, quum praesidio teneret 
Corinthum, et sub adventum hostium ipse vigilias circumiret, 
vigilem, quem dormientem invenerat hasta transfixit. Quod 
factum^^ quibusdam ei, ut saevum, exprobrantibus, qualem inve- 
ni, inquit, talerfi rellqui. 

4 1 . Quum quidam Thrasybulo,^^ qui civitatem Atheniensium 



IV. ANECDOTES. 35 

a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset: quantas iibi 
gratias Athenae debent ! ille respondit : Dii faciant, ut quanr 
tas^ ipse patriae debeo gratias, tantas ei videar retulisse} 

42. Philippus, rex Macedonum, monentibus eum quibus- 
dam, ut Pythiam quendam caveret, fortem militem, sed ipsi 
alienatum, quod tres filias aegre aleret, nee a rege adjuvare- 
tur, dixisse fertur : Quid ? si partem corporis haberem aegram^ 
abscijiderem? potius an curarem ? Deinde Pythiam ad se vo- 
catum,* accepta difficultate rei domesticae, pecunia instruxit. 
Quo facto, nullum rex militem Pythia^ fideliorem habuit. 

43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippo, quum a convivio 
temulentus recederet, damnata,^ a Philippo, inquit, temulento 
ad Philippum sobrium provoco. 

44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, praedicare solebat, se ora- 
toribus Atheniensium maximam gratiam habere. Nam con- 
viciis suis, inquit, efficiunt, ut quotidie melior evadam, dum 
eos dictis factisque mendacii arguere conor. 

45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristotelem 
philosophum, qua filium' sibi natum esse nuntia\dt. Erat ilia 
epistola verbis concepta fere his : Filium mihi genitum esse 
sciio. Quod^ equidem diis habeo gratiam : non tarn quod 
natus est, quarn quod ei contigit nasci temporibus vitae tuae. 
Spero enim fore, ut^ a te educatus et eruditus dignus evadat 
et nobis ei rebus,^^ quas ipsi relicturi sumus. 

46. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi filius, quum puer a prae- 
ceptore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me 
miserum, inquit, qui ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum I 

47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam 
benevolentiam largitionibus sibi conciliare conatus esset, 
Philippus eum his verbis increpuit : Sperasne^^ eos^'^iibijideles 
esse futuros, quos pecunia tibi conciHaveris ? Scito, aviorem 
non auro emi, sed virtutibus. 

48. Alcxandro Macedoni, Asia debellata,'^ Corinthii per 
legatos gratulati sunt, regemque civitate sua^* donaverunt. 
Q,uod officii'' genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex lega- 
tis, nulli unquam, inquit, civitatem dedimus alii, quam tibi et 
Herculi. (iuo audito Alexander honorem sibi delatum lu- 
bentissimc'^ accepit. 

49. Quum Alexander Gracciae populis imperasset, ut di- 
vinos ipsi honores decernerent, Laccdaemonii his verbis ute- 
bantur:" qiioniam Alexander de.us esse voluit, esto deus; La- 
conica brevitate'^ regis notantes vccordiam. 

50. Lysimachus,'^ rex Thraciae, Thcodorum Cyrenaeum,* 
virum libertatis amantissimum et regiaedominationi infestum, 
cruci afflgi jussit. Cui ille, hujusmodi minis, inquit, purpu 



36 IV. ANECDOTES. 

ratos tuos terreas. Mea^quidem nihil interest,^ humine^ an sub- 
lime^ putrescam. 

51. Mausolus, rex Cariae,* Artemisiam habuit conjugem. 
Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et 
odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ad con- 
servandam ejus memoriam, sepulcrum^ illud nobilissimum, ab 
ejus nomine appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum mi- 
racula^ numeratur. Gluod quum Mausoli manibus' dicaret, 
certamen instituit, praemiis amplissimis ei propositis,^ qui de- 
functum regem optime laudasset. 

52. Dionysius,^ qui a patre Syracusarum et paene totius 
Siciliae tyrannidem acceperat, senex, patria pulsus, Corinthi 
pueros litteras docuit. 

53. Mithridates, rex Ponti, saepe venenum hauserat, ut 
sibi a clandestinis caveret insidiis. Hinc factum est, ut, quuia 
a Pompejo superatus mortem sibi consciscere vellet, ne velo- 
cissima quidem venena ei nocerent. 

54. Quum Gyges, rex Lydiae^° ditissimus, oraculum Apol- 
linis interrogaret, an quisquam mortalium se esset felicior,^^ 
deus Aglaum quendam Psophidium^^ feliciorem praedicavit. 
Is autem erat Arcadum pauperrimus, parvuli agelli possessor, 
cujus terminos, quamvis senex, nunquam excesserat, fructibus 
et voluptatibus angusti ruris contentus. 

55. Pyrrhus,^^ rex Epiri, quum in Italia esset, audivit, Ta- 
rentinos quosdam juvenes in convivio parum honorifice de se 
loquutos esse. Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, 
an dixissent ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent. Tum unus 
ex his, nisi, inquit, vinum nobis defecisset, multo etiam plura 
et graviora in te loquuturi eramus}^ Haec criminis excusa- 
tio iram regis in risum convertit. 

56. Marsyas, frater Antigoni,^^ regis Macedoniae, quum 
causam haberet cum privato quodam, fratrem rogavit, ut de 
ea domi cognosceret. At iWe, in foro potius,^^ meruit Nam 
si culpa vacas, innocentia tua ihi melius apparehit; sin dam- 
nandus es, nostra justitia. 

57. Clara sunt apud Catanenses" nomina fratrum Anapi 
et Amphinomi, qui patrem et matrem humeris per medios 
ignes Aetnae portarunt, eosque cum vitae suae periculo e 
flammis eripuerunt. 

58. Spartanus quidam quum rideretur, quod claudus in pug- 
nam iret, af^ mihi, inquit, pugnare, non fugere est propositum. 

59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis 
victus, maximae sibi laeiitiac essc,^^ dixit, quod patria sua se 
meliores^ cives haberet. 

60. Gluum homo quidam, qui diu in uno pede stare didice 



IV. ANECDOTES. 37 

rat, Lacedaemonio cuidam dixisset, se lypn arbitrari, Lacedae- 
moniorum quemquam tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respon- 
dit : at anseres^ te diutius. 

61. Diagoras Rhodius,'^ quum tres ejus filii in ludis Olym- 
picis^ victores renuntiati essent, tanto affectus est gaudio, ut in 
ipso stadio, inspectante populo,* in filiorum manibus animam 
redderet. 

62. Scipio Africanus^ nunquam ad negotia publica accede- 
bat, ante quam in templo Jovis precatus esset. 

63. Scipio dicere solebat, hosti non solum dandam esse 
viam fugiendi, sed etiam muniendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex 
Eplri,^ fugienti hosti pertinaciter instandum esse negabat;' 
non solum, ne fortius^ ex necessitate^ resisteret, sed ut postea 
quoque facilius acie cederet, ratus, victores fugientibus non 
usque ad perniciem instaturos esse. 

64. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens, interrogatus, 
quid postero die facturus esset ? tunicam meam, inquit, si id 
eloqui posset, comburerem. 

65. L. Mummius, qui, Corintho^" capta, totam Italiam ta- 
bulis statuisque exornavit, ex tantis manubiis nihil in suum 
usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset unde^^ ejus filia 
dotem acciperet. Q,uare senatus ei ex publico dotem decre- 
vit. 

66. Scipio Africanus major''^ Ennii poetae imaginem in se- 
pulcro gentis Corneliae'^ coUocari jussit, quod Scipionum res 
gestas carminibus suis illustraverat. 

67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie, cadente 
equo prolapsus, quum se recoUegisset, animadvertissetque 
gladium excidisse vagina, rediit in hostem : acceptisque ali- 
quot vulneribus, recuperato demum gladio'* ad suos reversus 
est. 

68. Q,. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque cohor- 
tes, quae hostibus cesserant testamentum facere jussas, ad 
locum'^ recuperandum misit ; minatus, eos'^ non nisi post vic- 
toriam receptum iri. 

69. Publius Decius consul, quum in bello contra Latinos 
Romanorum aciem cedentem videret," capite pro reipublicae 
salute devoto,"* in medium hostium agmen irruit, et magna 
strage edita plurimis telis obrutus cecidit. Haec ejus mors 
Romanorum aciem restituit iisque victoriam paravit. 

70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romam a regibus liberavit,'' fi- 
lios suos, qui I'arquinium regcm expulsum restitucre conati 
erant, ipse capitis damnavit, eosque virgis caesos** securi per- 
cuti jussit. 

71. Gt Marcius Rex, consul, quum filium unicum, juve- 



38 IV. ANECDOTES. 

nem summae pietatis et^magnae spei, morte amisisset, dolo- 
rem suum ita coercuit, ut a ro^o adolescentis protenus curi- 
am peteret, ibique muneris sui negotia strenue obiret. 

72. In bello Romanorum cum Perseo/ ultimo Macedo- 
niae rege, accidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficeret. 
Haec res ingentem apud milites terrorem excitavit, qui exis- 
timabant, hoc omine- futuram cladem portendi. Tum vero 
Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in concione militum 
causam hujus rei tam diserte exposuit, ut postero die omnes 
intrepido animo pugnam committerent. 

73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appel- 
latus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse is dicitur centum et 
viginti proeliis ; cicatricem aversam^ nuUam, adversas quin- 
que et quadraginta tulisse ; coronis* esse donatus aureis duo- 
deviginti, obsidionali una, muralibus tribus, civicis quatuor- 
decim, torquibus tribus et octoginta, armillis plus centum 
sexaginta, hastis duodeviginti. Phaleris idem donatus est 
quinquies viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis 
triumphos novem. 

74. Hannibalem in Italiam proficiscentem tria millia Car- 
petanorum^ reliquerent. Quorum exemplum ne caeteri quo- 
que barbari^ sequerentur, edixit, eos a se esse dimissos, et in- 
super in fidem ejus rei^ alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi suspec- 
ta erat, domum remisit. 

75. Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non posset, ut 
praealtum flumen transirent, neque rates haberet, quibus eos 
trajiceret,^ jussit ferocissimum elephantorum sub aure vulne- 
rari,^ et eum, qui vulnerasset, se in flumen conjicere illudque 
tranare. Tum elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum 
doloris sui auctorem tranavit amnem, et reliqui quoque eum 
secuti sunt. 



SECOND DIVISION. 



AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY. 

FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE TIME OF THE 
EMPERORS. 



LIBER PRIMUS. 

1. Antiquissimis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse 
dicitur. Ibi baud procul a Janiculo^ arcem condidit, eamque 
Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam docuit. 

2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc 
rege Troja'^ in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Ancbisae 
filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum peper- 
cerat,^ aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei be- 
nigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aene- 
as urbcm condidit, quam in honorem conjugis Lavinium ap- 
pellavit. 

3. Post Aeneae mortem, Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum 
accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbem- 
que condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam longam^ nun- 
cupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem 
a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus posteri omnes, usque ad Ro- 
mam conditam, Albae regnaverunt. 

4. Unus horum rcgum, Romulus Silvius, se Jove majorem 
esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos 
hastis pereuterent, dieebatque, hunc sonum multo clariorem 
esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum 
praecipitatus est. 

5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Nu- 
mitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri 
optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae 
pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amulius 
regnum obtinuit. 



40 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

6. Amulius, ut regnum. firmissime possideret, Numitoris 
filium per insidias interemit, et fiiiam fratris, Rheam Silvi- 
am, Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam liis Vestae sacerdotibus^ 
non licet viro nubere.^ Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, 
Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc quum Amulius compe 
risset, matrem in vincula conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim 
abjici jussit. 

7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam^ se effuderat, et quum 
pueri in vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in sicco reliquit. 
Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. 
Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros 
sustulit, et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos* dedit. 

8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
gerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, quis ipso- 

rum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium inter fee erunt, 
^^^ et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Tum urbem con- 
1^54 ' diderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a suo no- 

\nine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circum- 
daretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia 
transiliebat. 

9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum^ pate- 
fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi^ accurrerunt. 
Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque 
Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ab hos quum multi ex finitimis 
populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Romani, inter 
ipsos ludos, spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 

10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad- 
versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinqua- 
rent, forte in Tarpejam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce' sa- 
cra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstra- 
ret, eique permiserunt ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut 
sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, annulos au- 
reos et armillas significans. At hostes, in arcem ab ea per- 
ducti, scutis Tarpejam obruerunt; nam et haec in sinistris 
manibus gerebant. 

1 1. Tum Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpejum tene- 
bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum 
est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc 
conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut caedis 
finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Romu- 
lus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit.^ 

12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, 
eosque cum ob aetatem, tum ob reverentiam iis debitam, Fa- 
tres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque 



LIBER I. 41 

raptanim nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo 
septimo, quum exercitum lustraret/ inter tempestatem p'X: 
ortam, repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii 
eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum.^ esse ex- 
istimaverunt. 

13. Post Romuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. 
Q,uo elapso Numa Pompilius, Curibus, urbe in agro Sabino- 
rum, natus, rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum 
gessit ; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, 
et sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores 
moUiret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, 
conjugis suae, jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, quadra- 
gesimo tertio imperii anno. 

14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se 

in bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum g, 
praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque 
trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, certamine finivit. 
Albam propter perfidiam Metii Fuffetii^ diruit. Quum trigin- 
ta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. 

15. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, 
suscepit iraperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo V"jX' 
similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei 
moenia circumdedit.* Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad Tibe- 
ris ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quar- 
to anno imperii morbo obiit. 

16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus acce- 

pit, Damarati filius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi^ fu- Vq^ ' 
giens in Etruriam^ venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui no- 
men ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profectus 
erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et postquam alte 
evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier augu- 
riorum pcrita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 

17. Quum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis familiarita- 
tem consequutus e.st, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem reli- 
quit. Sed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos 
Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gen- 
tium' sunt appellati. Plura bclla feliciter gessit, nee paucos 
agros, hostibus ademtos,^ urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus 
triumphans urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit; Capitolium^ in- 
cboavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios, qui- 
bus regnum eripuerat, occisus est. 

18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit irnncrium, 
gcnitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamon etnfamula. ^^g * 
Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci (iducarctur, flamma in 
ejus capite visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam 

PART I. E 



42 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

dignitatem portendi intellexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum 
sicuti liberos suos educaret. Gluum adolevisset, rex ei filiam 
in matrimonium dedit. 

19. Gluum Priscus Tarquinius occisus asset, Tanaquil de 
superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens : regem 
grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum petere, ut 
populus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Sic Ser- 
vius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Mon- 
tes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum^ ordinavit. 
Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium 
Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 

20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et 
220 ' Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius succes- 
serat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus Curiae^ de- 
jectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum 
properavit et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Gluum domum 
rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in via jacens, carpentum^ 
agerejussit. 

21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello 
tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum vicit. Tem- 
plum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam 
oppugnabat, urbem Etruriae, imperium perdidit. Nam quum 
filius ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii 
Collatini, vim fecisset, haec se ipsa occidit in conspectu ma- 
riti, patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut 
banc injuriam* ulciscerentur. 

22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique 
2^2 ' nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque per- 
suaserunt, ut ei portas Urbis clauderet. Exercitus 
quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum 
reliquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Romae 
regnatum est per septem reges, annos ducentos quadraginta 
tres. 

23. Hinc consules eoepere-pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si 
unus malus esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis imperium 
tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores 
redderentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, 
consules L. Junius Brutus acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tar- 
quinius Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Collatino paulo 
post dignitas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tar- 
quiniorum familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum omni patri- 
monio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publi- 
cola consul Ifectus est. 

24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima 
pugna Brutus, consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii filius, sese invi- 



LIBER I. 43 

cem occiderunt. Romani tamen ex ea pugna victores reces* 
serunt. Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi communem pa- 
trem, per annum luxerunt." Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucre- 
tium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit ; qui quum morbo 
exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam sumsit. 
Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. 

25. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bellum 
Romanis intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei ^7^' 
ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus Pontem 
ligneum^ defendit et hostes cohibuit, donee pons a tergo rup- 
lus esset. Tum se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit et ad suos 
transnavit. 

26. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, du. Mucius Scaevo- 
la, juvenis fortis animi, in castra hostis se contulit, eo consilio, 
ut regem occideret. At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege inter- 
fecit. Tum a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad regem 
deductus, quum Porsena eum ignibus allatis^ terreret, dextram 
arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumta esset. Hoc 
facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Tum hie, 
quasi beneficium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes in eum 
conjurasse. Hac re territus Porsena pacemcum Romanis fe- 
cit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum se contulit, ibique privatus 
cum uxore consenuit. 

27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus 
Romae seditionem fecit, questus, quod tributis et mili- gr^ 
tia a senatu exhauriretur. Magna pars plebis urbem 
reliquit et in montem trans Anienem^ amnem secessit. Tum 
patres turbati Menenium Aprippam miserunt ad plebem, qui 
eam senatui conciliaret.^ Hie iis inter alia fabulam^ nar- 
ravit de ventre et membris humani corporis ; qua populus 
commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Tum primum tribuni 
plebis' creati sunt, qui plebem advcrsum nobilitatis superbiam 
defenderent.^ 

28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos regcs, Q,u. 
Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum'' Corio- "o^i 
li, quam bello ceperat, plebi invisis fieri coepit. Q,u^re 
urbe expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, 
contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Romanos saepe vi 
cit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium'° Urbis accesserat, 
nee uUis civium suorum legationibus flccti poterat, ut patriae 
parceret. Dcniquc Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe 
ad eum venerunt ; quarum flectu et prccibus commotus est, 
ut exercitum removeret. Quo facto a Volscis ut^roditor oc- 
cisus esse dicitur. 

29. Romani quum adversum Vejentes'^ bellum gererent, 



44 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

familia Fabiorum sola hoc bellum suscepit. Profecti sunt 
trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce Fabio consule. 
■^- y* Gluum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram^ fluvium 
castra posuerunt, Ibi Vejentes, dolo usi, eos in insi- 
dias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perierunt. Unus 
superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci 
non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Glu. Fa- 
bium Maximum, ilium, qui Hannibalem^ prudenti cunctatione 
debilitavit.3 

30, Anno trecentesimo et altero ab Urbe condita 
^02 ' Decemviri^ creati sunt, qui civitati Irges scriberent. 

Hi prime anno bene egerunt ; secundo autem domina- 
tionem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum Appius 
Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis 
filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater eam occidit. Tum ad milites 
profugit, eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata est de- 
cemviris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti 
sunt. 

31. In bello contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus ur- 
•^' g bem Falerios^ obsidebat. In quo obsidione quum ludi 

-' literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hos- 
tium duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non accepit, sed sceles- 
tum hominem, manibus post tergum vinctis, pueris Falerios 
reducendum tradidit f virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem' 
in urbem agerent. 

32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Ro- 
manis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Romanes crimini 
datum est, quod albis equis' triumphasset, et praedam inique 
divisisset ; damnatusque ob eam causam et civitate expulsus 

est. Paulo post Galli Senones^ ad Urbem venerunt, 
gg^' Romanes apud flumen AUiam^ vicerunt, et Urbem etiam 

occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defendi po- 
tuit. Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant,^*^ ut 
pacem a Gallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu mi- 
litum superveniens hostes magno proelio superaret. 

LIBER SECUNDUS. 

1. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post Ur- 
^^- bem condilam Galli iterum ad Urbem accedebant, et 
quarto milliario trans Anienem" fluvium consederant. 
Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam, exi- 
mia corporis magnitudine, fortissimum Roman orum ad cer- 
tamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissimus juve- 
nis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque 



LIBER II. 45 

aureo spoliavit, quo omatus erat. Hinc et ipse et poster! ejus 
Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 

2. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno Urbis quad- 
ringentesimo sexto, iterum. Gallus processit, robore at- 4^^* 
que armis insignia, et provocavit unum ex Romanis, ut 
secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus mi- 
litum,' obtulit ; et quum processisset armatus, corvus ei su- 
pra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, hie 
corvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum 
est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio interiiceretur, qui hinc 
Corvini nomen accepit. 

3. Postea Jlomani bellum gesserunt ci:mi Samniti- 
bus.'^ ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictato- 43Q 
ris^ profectus est. Qui, quum negotii cujusdam causa 
Romam ivisset, praecepit Q,. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equi- 
tum, quem apud exercitum reliquit, ne pugnam cum hoste 
committeret. Sed ille, occasionem nactus, felicissime dimica- 
vit et Samnites delevit. Ob banc rem a dictatore capitis dam- 
natus est. At ille in Urbem confagit, et ingenti favore militum 
et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est se- 
ditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 

4. Duobus annis post T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius 
consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio 
Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt. Nam ad 
Furculas Caudinas' Romanos pellexit in angustias, 
unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem 433 
suum Herennium rogavil, quid faciendum putaret, Ille 

ait, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangeren- 
tur, aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. Pontius 
utrumque consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum^ misit. 
Samnites denique post bellum undequinquaginta annorum su- 
perati sunt. 

5. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentinis^ bellum indictum 

est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi ^^' 
Pyrrhum, Epiri' regem, contra Romanos auxilio po- 
poscerunt.^ Is mox in Italiam vcnit, tumquc primum Roma- 
ni cum transmarino hoste pugnavcrunt. Missus est contra 
cum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hie, quum exploratores 
Pyrrhi cepissct, jussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exer- 
citum, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaeeunque a 
Romanis agcrentur. 

0. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum' vicit. 
Nox proelio finem dedit. Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit. 
Pyrrhus Romanos milleoctingentos cepit, eosquc summo ho- 
nore tractavit. Gluum eos, qui in proelio intcrfecti fuerant, 

e2 



46 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

omnes adversis vulneribus^ et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere 
videret, tulisse ad coelum manus dicitur, cum hac voce : Ego 
cum talibus viris brevi^ orbem terrarum subigerem. 

7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque 
vastavit ; Campaniam^ depopulatus est, atque ad Praeneste* ve- 
nit, milliario ab Urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, 
qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit, Legati, 
ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis missi, honorifice ab eo sus- 
cepti sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis. 
Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui 
promitteret, si ad se transiret ; sed a Fabricio contemtus est. 

8. Q,uum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admiratione 
teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui 
pacem peteret, ea conditione, ut Pyrrhus eam partem Italiae 
quam armis occupaverat, obtineret. Romani responderunt, 
eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia re- 
cessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho, eum interroganti, 
qualis ipsi Roma visa esset ; respondit, se regum patriam vi- 
disse. 

9. In altero proelio cum rege Epiri conmiisso,^ Pyrrhus vul- 
neratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa 
sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Interjecto anno Fabricius 
contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte venit, 
promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi da- 
retur. Hunc Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. 
Tunc rex, generosum viri animum admiratus, dixisse fertur ; 
llle est Fabricius, qui difficilius ob honestate, quam sol a cursu 

suo averti potest. Paulo post Pyrrhus, lertio etiam proe- 
^gj • lio fusus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam re- 
diisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 

10. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post Urbem 
^qq' conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam tra- 

jecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenos- 

que, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, su- 

^g^ ' peraverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poe- 

nos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cor- 

nelio Asina Coss., in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthagi- 

nienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mer- 

sit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla 

victoria Romanis gratior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, quum 

a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes et tiblcen eum comita- 

rentur.^ 

11. Paucis annis interjectis bellum in Africam trans- 
^^g • latum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna 

navali superatur ; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navi- 



LIBER III. 47 

bus, se recepit ; Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Q,uum in 
Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proeliis vicerunt, mag- 
nam. vim hoinfiinum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in 
fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Ro- 
manis petierunt. Q,uam quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romano- 
rum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus, Carthagi- 
nienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis, Hi Xantiiippum 
miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proeiio vicit. Re- 
gulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 

12. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. 
Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut 
Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivorumque permuta- 
tionem a Romanis obtineret. Hie quum Romam venisset, 
inductus in senatum, dixit, se dcsiisse^ Romanum esse ex ilia 
die, qua in potestatem Poenorum venisset. Tum Romanis sua- 
sit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facerent ; illos enim tot 
casibus fractos, spem nuUam nisi in pace habere ; tanti non 
esse, ut tot millia'-^ captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui 
ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obti- 
nuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissimis suppliciis 
exstinctus est. 

13. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio Coss., 
anno belli Punici vicesimo tertio, magnum proelium Ao 
navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum,^ promonto- 
rium Siciliae. In eo proeiio septuaginta tres Carthaginien- 
sium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, trigin- 
ta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. 
Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa 
est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tencbantur, a Carthaginiensi- 
bus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, Sardinia et ceteris insulis, 
quae intra Italiam Africamque jacent decesserunt, omnem- 
que Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum^ est, Romanis permise- 
runt. 



LIBER TERTIUS. 

1. Anno quingentesimo undetricesimo ingentes Gal- 
lorum copiae Alpes transierunt. Sed pro Romanis to- f^' ' 
ta Italia conscnsit: traditumque est, octingenta millia 
hominum ad id bellum parata fuisse. Res prospere gesta 
est apud Clusium :' quadraginta millia hominum interfecta 
sunt. Aliquot annis post pugnatum est contra (Jallos in agro 
Insubrum,^ fmitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. 
Cornelio Scipione Coss. Turn Marcellus regem Gallorum, 



48 V. ROMAN HISTORY, 

Viridomarum, manu sua occidit et triumphans spolia^ Galli, 
stipiti imposita, humeris suis vexit. 

2. Paulo post Punicum bellum removatum est per Hanni- 
balem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar, no- 

vem annos natum, aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in 
f^n^' Romanos juraret. Hie annum agens vicesimum ae- 

tatis, Saguntum,^ Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis ami- 
cam, oppugnare aggressus est, Huic Romani per legates 
denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Glui quum legates ad- 
mittere noUet, Romani Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretui^ 
Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. 
Dura responsa a Cartbaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis in- 
terea fame victis, Romani Cartbaginiensibus bellum indixe- 
runt. 

3. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyre- 
naeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam octoginta miliia 
peditum, et viginti miliia equitum, septem et triginta ele- 
phantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures* et Galli Hanni- 
bali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Sci- 
pio, qui proelio ad Ticinum^ commisso, superatus est, et, vul- 
nere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus 
conflixit ad Trebiam^ amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Multi 
populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam' progres- 
sus Flaminium Cos. ad Trasimenum^ lacum superat. Ipse 
Flaminius interemtus, Romanorum viginti quinque miliia cae- 
sa sunt. 

4. Gluingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post Urbem 
^4q' conditum L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varro 
contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Gluamquam intellectum 
erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse, quam mora,^ Varro 
tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, 
in Apulia^" pugnavit ; ambo consules victi, Paulus interemtus 
est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores 
triginta capti aut occisi, militum quadraginta miliia, equitum 
tria miliia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo 
tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nun- 
quam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt, 

5. Post eam pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Ro- 
manis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal 
Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent; responsumque est 
a senatu, eos cives non esse necessaries, qui armati'^ capi po- 
tuissent. Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, 
et tres modios aureorum annulorum''^ Carthaginem misit, quos 
manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et militum detrax- 
erat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal, qui 



LIB£R III. 49 

ibi remanserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus^ 
vincitur, perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hominum. 

6. Anno quarto post quam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, 
M. Claudius Marcellus»Cos. apud Nolam,^ civitatem Cam- 
paniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Illo tempore 
Philippus, Demetrii iilius, rex Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem 
legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra Romanos pollicetur. Qui 
legati quum a Romanis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus 
cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo minus co- 
pias in Italiam trajiceret.^ Idem in Macedoniam penetrans 
regem Philippum vicit. 

7. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Marcellus 
magnam hujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni^ occupa- 
verant ; Syracusas,^ nobilissimam urbem, expugnavit, et in- 
gentem inde praedam Romam misit. Laevinus in Macedonia 
cum Philippo e* multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit ; et in 
Siciliam profectus, Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agri- 
gentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, vi- 
ginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta cum ingenti 
gloria Romam regressus est. 

8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones^ ab Hasdrubale 
interfecti erant, mis.sus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Romanorum 
omnium fere primus. Hie puer duodeviginti annorum in pug- 
na ad Ticinum' patrem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post 
cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum, Italiam 
deserere cupientium,^ auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. 
Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispaniam missus, die, qua 
venit, Carthaginem novam^ cepit, in qua omne aurum et argen- 
tum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque 
obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Hos obsides parentibus 
suis reddidit. Q,uare omnes Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno 
animo transierunt. 

9. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies lactiores fac- 
tae sunt. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, 
apud Senam,'" Piceni'^ civitatem, in insidias incidit, et strenue 
pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae in Brut- 
tiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis so tradiderunt. 

10. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han- 
nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus et in Africam mis- rrn' 
sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- 
sium prospere pugnat totumque ejus cxercitum delet. Se- 
cundo proelio undecim millia hominum occidit, et castra ce- 
pit cum quatuor millibas etquingentis militibus. Syphacem, 
Numidiae'^ regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, 



60 v. ROMAN HISTORY. 

eumque cum nobilissimis Numidis et infinitis spoliis Romam 
misit. Q,ua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem dese- 

rit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jube- 
■^^Y- tur. Ita anno decimo septim^ Italia ab Hannibale li- 

berata est. 
11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tenta- 
tam, pugna ad Zamam^ committitur, in qua peritissimi duces 
copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit ; Han- 
nibale cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax 
cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam re- 
diisset, mgenti gloria triumphavit, atque Africanus appellatus 
est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum 
undevicesimum quam coeperat.^ 

LIBER aUARTUS. 



1. Finito Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicum 
556. 



■^' ^' contra Philippum^ regem. Superatus est rex a T 



Q-uinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas,* paxque ei da- 
ta est his legibus : 7ie Graeciae civitatihus, quas Romani con- 
tra eum defenderant, bellum inferret ; ut captivos et transfu- 
gas redderet ; quinquaginta solum naves haheret ; reliquas 
Romanis daret ; mille talenta praestaret, et obsidem daret 
Jilium Demetrium. T. Q,uinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intu- 
lit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem^ vicit-. 

2. Finito bello Macedonico, secutum est bellum Syria- 
"-gg cum^ contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se 

junxerat. Missus est contra eum L Cornelius Scipio 
Cos., cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus' est additus. 
Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magne- 
siam,^ Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Scipione Cos. ingenti proe- 
lio fusus est. Tum rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data est 
ei hac lege, ut ex Europa et Asia^ recederet, atque intra Tau- 
rum^° se contineret, decem millia talentorum et viginti obsides 
praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Ro- 
mam rediit et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse ad 
imitationem fratris Asiatici accepit. 

3. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus 
rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Romanorum, P. 
Licinius Cos. contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus 
est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani eam prae- 
stare noluerunt, nisi his conditionibus, ut se et suos Romanis 

dederet. Mox Aemilius Paulus Cos. regem ad Pyd- 
■^gg ■ nam'^ superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occi- 

dit. Equitatus cum rege fiigit. Urbes Macedoniae 



LIBER IV. 51 

omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse 
Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit. Hie, 
multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Romam 
rediit in nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudinis; namsexdecim 
remorum ordines^ habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnifi- 
centissime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- 
tibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Per- 
seus ducti sunt. 

4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem sus- 
ceptum est, sexcentesimo et altero anno ab Urbe condi- ^ ' 
ta, anno quinquagesimo primo, postquam secundum bel- 
lum Punicum transactum erat. L. Manlius Censorinus et M. 
Manlius Coss. in Africam trajecerunt et oppugnaverunt Car- 
thaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, 
Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus*^ in Africa militabat. 
Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque 
quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam con- 
tra eum proelium committere. 

5. Q,uum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, tertio anno 
postquam Romani in Africam. trajecerant, consul est creatus 
et contra Carthaginem missus. Is banc urbem, a civi- 

bus acerrime defensam, cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi qqq * 
praeda facta, plurimaque^ inventa sunt, quae multarum 
civitatum Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recog- 
noscebant. Ita Carthago, septingentesimo anno postquam 
condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris ac- 
cepit. 

6. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus* arma 
movit, et. P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecio- 
nem vicit. Post eum Q,. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis 
contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et viginti quinque milli- 
bus ex militibus ejus occisis, Macedoniam recepit ; ipsum 
etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corin- 
thiis' quoquc bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae ci- 
vitati, propter injur iam" Romanis legatis illatam, Hanc 
Mummius consul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae ^Aq ' 
simul ccleberrimi triumphi fuerunt : Scipionis ex Africa, 
ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal; Metelli ex Macedo- 
nia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilip- 
pus dicitur ; Mummii ex Corintho, ante quem signa acnea et 
pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praclata 
sunt. 

7. Anno sexcentesimo decimo post urbem conditam A. V. 
Viriathus in Lusitania' bellum contra Romanos exci-610. 



62 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 

tavit. Pastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux ; postremo tan- 
tos ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Hispa- 
niae existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Gluum in- 
terfectores ejus praemium a Caepione Cos. peterent, respon- 
sum est, nunquam Romanis placuisse, imperatorem a militi- 
bus suis i'nterfici. 

8. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantinis,^ civitate 
Hispaniae. Victus ab his Q,u. Pompejus, et post eum C. 
Hostilius Mancinus Cos., qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, 
quam populus et senatus jussit infringi, atque ipsum Manci- 
num hostibus tradi.'^ Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam 
missus est. Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum cor- 

rexit :^ tum multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit, 
621 partim in deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numan- 
tiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; reli- 
quam provinciam in fidem accepit. 

9. P. Scipione Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia Coss. Ju- 
gurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adher- 
balem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, intere- 
misset. Missus adversus eu«i Cos. Calpumius Bestia, cor- 
ruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit, 
quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Q,u. Caecilius Me- 
tellus Cos. Jugurtham variis proeliis vicit, elephantos ejus 
occidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. 

Ei successit C. Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ip- 

g^J- sumque Jugurtham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis 

' Marii Jugurtha cum duobus filiis ductus est vinctus,* et 

mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatu.s. 

LIBER aUINTUS. 

1. Dum bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtham geritur, 

Cimbri et Teutones^ aliaeque German orum et Gallorum gen- 

tes Italiae minabantur, pluresque Romanorum exercitus fu- 

derunt. Ingens fuit Romae timor, ne iterum® Galli Urbem 

occuparent. Ergo Marius Cos. creatus, eique bellum contra 

Cimbros et Teutones^ decretum est ; belloque protracto,^ ter- 

tius ei et quartus consulatus delatus est. In duobus proeliis 

cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecldit, octoginta millia 

cepit, eorumque regem Theutobochum ; propter quod meri- 

tum absens quinto consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et 

„ Teutones, quorum copia adhuc infinita erat, in Italiam 

ggj * transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Q,u. Catulo contra 

eos dimicatum est ad Veronam. Centum et quadra- 



LIBER V. 53 

ginta millia aut in pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt ; sexaginta 
millia capta. Tria et triginta Cimbris signa sublata sunt. 

2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab Urbe 
condita in Italia gravissimum bellum^ exarsit. Nam gkq " 
Picentes, Marsi Pelignique, qui multos annos populo 
Romano obedierant, aequa cum illis jura'^ sibi dari postulabant. 
Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius Cos. in 
eo occisus est; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. Tandem L. 
Cornelius Sulla cum alia egregie gessit, tum Cluentium, hos- 
tium ducem, cum magnis copiis fudit. Per quadriennium cum 
gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bellum tractum est. 
Q,uinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei imposuit finem. 
Romani tamen, id quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis,^ belle 
finito sociis tribueriint. 

3. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto pri- 
mum Romae bellum civile exortum est; eodem anno 
etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius ggg ' 
dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithridatem, 
regem Ponti,^ decretum esset, Marius ei hunc honorem eripere 
conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui adhuc cum legionibus suis in Ita- 
lia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversarios cum 
interfecit, tum fugavit. Tum rebus Romae utcunque compo- 
sitis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithridatem 
coegit, ut pacem a Romanis peteret, et Asia, quam invaserat, 
relicta, regni suis finibus contentus esset. 

4. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, 
Marius, qui fugatus fuerat,^ et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex con- 
sulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt ; et ingressi Romam, no- 
bilissimos ex senatu, et consulares viros interficerunt ; multos 
proscripserunt ;" ipsius Sullae domo eversa, filios et uxorem ad 
fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatus, ex Urbe 
fugiens, ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans, ut patriae sub- 
veniret. Sulla in Italiarji trajecit, hostium exercitus vicit, mox 
etiam Urbem ingressus est, quam caede et sanguine civium 
replevit. Q,uatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interfici 
jussit ; duo millia equitum et scnatorum proscripsit. Tum de. 
Mithridatc triumphavit. Duo hacc bella funcstissima, Itali- 
cum, quod et Sociale"' dictum est, et Civile, consumserunt ultra 
centum et quinquaginta millia hominum, viros consulares vi- 
ginti quatuor, praetorios septem, acdilitios sexaginta, senatores 
fere ducentos. 



PART I. 



54 v. ROMAN HISTORY. 



LIBER SEXTUS. 



1. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesuno 
^^- sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aurelio Cotta Coss. mor- 

' ' tuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithyniae, et testamento popu- 
lum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithridates, pace rupta, Asiam 
rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum ambo consules missi 
variam habuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem^ victus 
proelio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. Sed quuin 
se inde Mithridates Cyzicum^ transtulisset, ut hac urbe capta 
totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei alter consul occurrit, ac 
dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse eum a 
tergo obsedit, fameque consumtum multis proeliis vicit. Pos- 
tremo Byzantium^ fugavit ; narali quoque proelio ejus duces 
oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a Lucullo centum fere 
millia militum regis exstincta sunt. 

2. Anno Urbis sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo 
g^y* novum in Italia bellum* commotum est. Septuaginta 

enim quatuor gladiatores,^ ducibus Spartaco, Crixo et 
Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, effiigerunt, et 
per Italiam vagantes paene n«i levins bellum, quam Hanni- 
bal, moverunt. Nam contraxerunt exercitum fere sexaginta 
millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos con- 
sules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso 
proconsule, et post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno huic 
bello finis est impositus. 

3. Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mithridaticum persequu- 
tus, regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Ca- 
bira^ civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omni regno adduxe- 
rat Mithridates, ingenti proelio superatum fugavit, et castra 
ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenebat, eidem 
erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae 
rege, qui tum ingenti gloria imperabat; sed hujus quoque 
regnum Lucullus est ingressus; Tigranocerta nobilissimam 
Armeniae civitatem, cepit; ipsum regem, cum magno exer- 
citu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum deleret. 
Sed quum Lucullus finem bello imponere pararet, successor^ 
ei missus est. 

4. Per ilia tempora piratae^ omnia maria infestabant ita, 
ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta 

non esset. Quare id bellum Cn. Pompejo decretum 

qJj' est, quod intra paucos menses incredibili felicitate et 

celeritatp confecit. Mox ei delatum bellum contra re- 



LIBER VI. 55 

gem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Q,uo suscepto, Mithridatera 
in Armenia minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et 
quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu 
suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum ux- 
ore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Ph^rnacis filii sui 
seditione coactus, venenum hausit.^ Hunc vitae finem habuit 
Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit 
annis sexaginta, \axit septuaginta duobus ; contra Romanos 
bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 

5. Tigrani deinde Pompejus bellum intulit. Ille se ei de- 
didit, et in castra Pompeji venit, ac diadema suum in ejus ma- 
nibus collocavit, quod ei Pompejus reposuit. Parte regni 
eum multavit et grandi pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et 
populos superavit. Armeniam minorem Dejotaro, Galatiae'^ 
regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Se- 

euciam, vicinam Antiochiae civitatem, libertate donavit, 
quod regem Tigranem non recepisset.^ Inde in Judaeam^ 
transgressus, Hierosoljmam, caput gentis, tertio mense ce- 
pit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem re- 
ceptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante 
triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, filius Tigra- 
nis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata ingens pecunia, 
auri atque argenti infinitum.' "Hoc tempore nullum per or- 
bem terrarum grave bellum erat. 

6. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio Coss. 
anno ab Urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo, 4-^- 
L. Sergius Catilina,^ nobilissimi generis vir, sed inge- 

nii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibus- 
dam, Claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe 
expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulati 
sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilina ipse proelio vic- 
tus est et interfectus. 

7. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo 
tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. ^03 
Q.uum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincendo usque 

ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autem annis 
novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rho- 
danum, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum in- 
tulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cogni- 
tum erat ; Germanos quoque trans Rhenum aggressus, ingen- 
tibus proeliis vicit. 

8. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Par- 
thos' missus est. Et quum circa Carras"* contra omi- 

na et auspicia' proelium commisisset, a Surcna, Oro- -Jvq * 
dis regis duce, victus et interfectus est cum filio, claris- 



56 ROMAN HISTORY. 

simo et praestantissimo juvene. Reliquiae exercitus per C. 
Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. 

9. Hinc jam bellum civile successit, quo Romani 
%,• g- nominis^ fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e 
Gallia rediens, absens^ coepit poscere alterum consu- 
latum ; quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent^ contra- 
dictum est a Pompejo et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exerciti- 
bus, in urbem redire. Propter banc injuriam ab Arimino,^ 
ubi milites congregatos habebat infesto exercitu Romam con 
tendit. Consules cum Pompejo, senatusque omnis atque uni- 
versa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum 
senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie, vacuam urbem 
ingressus, dictatorem* se fecit. 

10. Inde Hispanias^ petit, ibique Pompeji legiones supe- 
ravit ; tum in Graecia adversum Pompejum ipsum dimicavit. 
Primo proelio^ victus est et fugatus ; evasit tamen, quia nocte 
interveniente Pompejus sequi noluit; dixitque Caesar, nee 
Pompejum scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse supe- 
rari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum' ingentibus utrin- 
que copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Nunquamadhuc Roiiia- 
nae copiae majores, neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. 
Pugnatum est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postremum 
Pompejus, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexan- 
driam^ petiit, ut a rege Aegypti,^ cui tutor a senatu datus 
fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis, quam ami- 
citiam, secutus, occidit Pompejum, caput ejus et annulum 
Caesari misit. duo conspecto, Caesar lacrymas fudisse dici- 
tur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi'" quondam sui. 

11. Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptolemaeus el 
insidias parare voluit ; qua de causa regi bellum illatum est. 
Rex victus in Nilo periit, inventumque est corpus ejus cum 
lorica aurea.. Caesar Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopa- 
trae^^ dedit. Tum inde profectus Pompejanarum partium re- 
liquias est persequutus, bellisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe 
compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius^'^ agere coe- 
pisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senato- 
ribus, equitibusque Romanis. Praecipui fuerunt inter con- 
juratos Bruti duo,^^ ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus expul- 

sis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Servilius 
709 ^^^^^- Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, viginti 
tribus vulneribus confossus est. 

12. Interfecto Caesare, anno Urbis septingentesimo nono, 
bella civilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Caesaris percus- 
soribus, Antonius Cos. Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo 
turbata republica, Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a se- 



I 



LIBER VI. 57 

natu hostis judicatus est. Fusus^ fugatusque Antonius, amis- 
so exercitu, confugit ad Lepidum,'^ qui Caesari magister 
equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; a 
quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus^ cum Antonio pacem 
fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per tes- 
tamentum fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus 
extorsit, ut sibi juveni viginti annorum consulatus daretur. 
Tum junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam armis te- 
nere coepit, senatumque proscripsit.^ Per hos etiam Cicero 
orator occisus est multique alii nobiles. 

13. Interea Brutus et Cassius,^ interfectores Caesaris, in- 
gens bellum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Octa- 
vianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. An- 
tonius, apud Philippos,® Macedoniae urbem, contra ^'^o' 
eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et 
Caesar ; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius ; secundo Bru- 
tum et infinitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum suscepe- 
rat, victam interfecerunt. Tum victores rempublicam ita in- 
ter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias,' 
Italiam teneret; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus® Africam ac- 
ciperet. 

14. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octa- 
viani, Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac 
incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditate 
muliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Augusto^ na- 
vali pugna clara et illustri apud Actium,^" qui locus in 
Epiro est. Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et desperatis re- ■^oj* 
bus, quum omncs ad Augustum transirent, se ipse inter- 
emit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem" sibi admisit, et veneno 
ejus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus 
Augustus Romam rediit anno duodecimo quam consul fuerat. 
Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor 
annos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum An- 
tonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus us- 
que ad fmem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 



VL OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS 
OF ANTiaUITY. 



1. Universus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Eu 
ropam, Asiam, Africam. Europa ab Africa sejungitur freto 
Gaditano/ in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissimi, 
Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui montes^^ Herculis co- 
lumnsB^ appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod 
littoribus Europae, Asiae et Africae includitur, jungitur cum 
Oceano. 

2. Europa terminos habet ab oriente Tanaim* fluvium, 
Pontum Euxlnum^ et paludem Maeotida f a meridie, mare 
internum: ab occidente, mare Atlanticum sive Oceanum; a 
septentrione, mare Britannicum.' Mare internum tres max- 
imos sinus habet. Quorum is, qui Asiam a Graecia sejungit 
Aegaeum^ mare vocatur : secundus, qui est inter Graeciam 
et Italiam, Ionium; tertius denique, qui occidentares Italiae 
oras alluit, a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhenum^ mare 
appellatur. 

3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima 
terrarum est Hispania, quae a tribus lateribus mari circum- 
data, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Quum 
universa Hispania dives sit et fecunda, ea tamen regio, quae 
a flumine Baeti^° Baetica vocatur, ceteras fertilitate ante- 
cellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita,^^ 
quae freto Gaditano nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, 
ferro, plumbo, aere, argento, auroque abundat, et ubi penu- 
ra aquarum minus est fertilis, linum tamen aut spartum alit. 
Marmoris quoque lapicidinas habet. In Baetica minium re- 
peritur. 

4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum ; 
orientalem oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidentalem Ocea- 
nus. Ejus pars ilia, quae Italiae est opposita et Narbonen- 
sis,^^ vocatur, omnium est laetissima. In ea ora sita est Mas- 
silia^^ urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, patria a Persis devicta, 
quum servitutem ferre rion possent, Asia relicta, novas in 
Europa sedes quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi 
Hercules dicitur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse.^* Quum 
tela defecissent, Jupiter filium imbre lapidum adjuvit. Credas 
pluisse ;^^ adeo multi passim jacent. 



OF THB GEOGRAPHY, &C. 59 

5. Rhodanus fluvius/ haud longe a Rheni fontibus ortus, 
lacu Lemano^ excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per me- 
dium lacum integer fluat, tantusque, qiMntus venit, egredia- 
tur. Inde ad occasum versus, Gallias aliquamdiu dirimit :^ 
donee, cursu in meridiem flexo, aliorum amnium accessu auc- 
tus in mareeffunditur. 

6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur,^ frumen- 
ti pabulique feracissima est, coelum salubre: noxia anima- 
lium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, ita 
ut deos humanis victimis gaudere existiment. Magistri 
religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidae,^ qui, quae se scire pro- 
fitentur,^ in antris abditisque silvis docent. Animas aeternas 
esse credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem incipere. Hanc 
ob causam cum defunctis arma cremant aut defodiunt, eamque 
doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores facere existimant. 

7. Uni versa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos populos qui 
fluviis terminantur. A Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Garumnam' 
Aquitani^ habitant; inde ad Sequanam^ Celtae:^° Belgae^^ 
denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. ^^ 

8. Garumna amnis ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, diu vado- 
sus est et vix navigabilis. duanto magis procedit, tanto fit latior ; 
ad postremiJm magni freti similis, non solum majora navigia 
tolerat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, navigantesque atro- 
citer jactat. 

9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. Post- 
quam se haud procul Lutetia'^ cum Matronaconjunxit, Oceano 
infunditur. Haec flumina opportunissima sunt mercibus per- 
mutandis et ex mari interno in Oceanum transvehendis. 

1 0. Rhenus itidem ex Alpibus ortus, haud procul ab origine 
lacum efficit Vcnetum'^ qui etiam Brigantiae appellatur. De- 
inde longo spatio per fines Helvetiorum, Mediomatricorum'^ et 
Trevirorum'^continuo alveo fertur, aut modicas insulas circum- 
fluens ; in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in 
plures amnes dividitur; nee jam amnis, sed ripis longe receden- 
tibus, ingens lacus, Flevo" appellatur, ejusdemquenominis insu- 
1am amplexus, fit iterum arctior, et fluvius iterum'^ in mare 
emittitur. 

1 1. Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Vistulam^' 
quae ifinis est Germaniae ad orientem. Ad meridiem termina- 
tur Alpibus, ad septentrionem mari Britannico et Baltico. In- 
colae corporum proceritate excellunt, animos bellando, corpora 
laboribus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella gerunt cum 
finitimis, non tam finium prolatandorum causa, aut imperii cu- 
piditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites tamen sunt erga suppli- 
ces et boni hospitibus * Urbes moenibus cinctas, aut fossis ag- 



60 VL OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

geribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas domos ad breve tempus 
struunt, non lapidibniaut lateribus coctis, sed lignis, quae fron- 
dibus tegunt. Nam aiu eodem in loco morari periculosum ar- 
bitrantur libertati. 

12. Agriculturae Germani non admodum student, nee quis- 
quam agri modum certum aut fines proprios habet. Lacte 
vescuntur et caseo et came. Ubi fons, campus nemusve iis 
placuerit, ibi domos*figunt, mox alio transituri^ cum conjugibus 
et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis specubus 
dicuntur transigere. 

13. Germania altis montibus, silvis paludibusque invia red- 
ditur. Inter silvas maxima est Hercynia,^ cujus latitudinem 
Caesar novem dierum iter patere narrat.^ Insequenti tempore 
magna pars ejus excisa est. Flumina sunt in Germania multa 
et magna. Inter haec clarissimum nomen Rheni, de quo su- 
pra diximus, et Danubii.* Clari quoque amnes, Moenus,^ Vi- 
surgis,^ Albis.' Danubius, omnium Europae fluviorum maxi- 
mus, apud Rhaetos^ oritur, flexoque ad ortum solis cursu, re- 
ceptisque sexaginta amnibus, in Pontum Euxinum sex vastis 
ostiis effunditur. 

14. Britanniam insulam Phoenicibus innotui§se, eosque 
stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile est. 
Romanis eam Julius Caesar primus aperuit ;^ neque tamen 
prius cognita esse coepit, quam Claudio imperante.^*^ Hadri- 
anus eam, muro" ab Oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum 
mare ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut inferiorem insulae par- 
tem, quae Romanis parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in 
Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 

15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus, passim silvis- 
que distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate corporum vincunt, 
ceterum ingenio Gallis similes, simpliciores tamen illis magis- 
que barbari. Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tuguria ex- 
struunt et stabula pecori, sed plerumque ad breve tempus. 
Humanitate ceteris praestant ii, qui Cantium^^ incolunt. Tota 
haec regio est maritima. Q,ui interiorem insulae partem ha- 
bitant, frumenta non serunt ; lacte et came vivunt'. Pro ves- 
tibus induti sunt pellibus. 

16. Italia ab Alpibus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigitur in- 
ter mare Tuscum et Adriaticum. Multo longior est quam 
latior.^ In medio se attoUit i\.penninus mons, qui, postquam 
continenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos quasi 
ramos^* dividitur. Nobilissima regio ob fertilitatem soli, coelique 
salubritatem. Q,uum longe in mare procurrat, plurimos habet 
portus, populorum inter se patentes commercio. Neque ulla 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 61 

facile est regio/quae tot tamque 'pulcras urbes habeat, inter 
quas Roma et magnitudine et nominis fama eminet. 

17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem montes com- 
plectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat ; Augusti aevo trigin- 
ta septem. U rbis magnificentiam augebant fora, templa, por- 
ticus, aquaeducius, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti denique, et 
id genus^ alia, ad quae vel lecta^ animus stupet. Quare recte 
de ea praedicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in toto orbe terra- 
rum magnificentiam ei comparari posse dixerunt. 

18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi viti- 
feri coUes, ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setlnum, Caecubum, 
Falernum, Massicum. Calidi ibidem fontes saluberrimi.^ 
Nusquam generosior olea. Conchylio quoque et pisce nobili 
maria vicina scatent. 

19. Clarissimi amnes Italiae sunt Padus* et Tiberis. Et 
Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisalpina^ voca- 
tur, ab imis radicibus Vesuli^ montis exoritur ; primum exilis, 
deinde aliis amnibus ita alitur, ut se per septem ostia in mare 
effundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporibus Albulae nomen 
habebat, ex Apennino oritur; deinde duobus et quadraginta 
flu minibus auctus, fit navigabilis. Plurimas in utraque ripa 
villas adspicit, praecipue autem urbis Romanae magnificen- 
tiam.' Placidissimus amnium raro ripas egreditur. 

20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Taren- 
tum,^ quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit. Soli fcrtili- 
tas coelique jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, ut inco- 
lae luxuria et deliciis enervarentur. Q.uumque aliquamdiu po- 
tentia florerent copiasque baud contemnendas alerent, peregrinis 
tamen plerumque ducibus in beilis utebantur, ut Pyrrho, rege 
Eplri, quo superato,^ urbs in Romanorum potestatem venit. 

21. Prpxima Italiae est Sicilia, insula omnium maris interni 
maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus eam cum Italiae cohaesisse, 
marisque impetu, aut terrae motu inde divulsam esse, verisimile 
est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterao, quam Graeci Aara 
vocant, imao-inem referat. A tribus promontoriis vocatur Tri- 
nacria.'" ]>iobilissimus ibi mons Aetnae, qui urbi Catanae im- 
minet, tum ob altitudinem, tum etiam ob ignes, quos efifundit; 
quare Cyclopum" in illo monte officinam esse poiitae dicunt. 
Cineres e crateribus egesti'"^ agrum circumjacentem fecundum 
et feracem reddere existimantur. Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui 
nomen habent a duobus juvenibus Catancnsibus, qui, flammis 
quondam repente ingruentibus, parentcs sencctute confectos, 
humeris sublatos'^ flammae eripuissc feruntur. Nomina fra- 
trum Amphinomus et Anapus fuerunt. 

22. Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Syracusis, Corin- 



62 "VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

thiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Atheniensi 
bus belle petita,^ maximas hostium copias delevit : Carthagi- 
nienSfcS etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. Secundo 
belle Punice^ per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis^ potissi- 
mum ingenie et arte defensa, a M. Marcelle capta est. Vici- 
nus huic urbi fens Arethusae Nymphae sacer, ad quam Alphe* 
us amnis ex Peleponneso per mare Ionium lapsus comissari 
dicitur ; nam si quid ad Olympiam* in ilium amnem jactum 
fuerit, id in Arethusae fente reddi.^ De ilia fabula quid sta- 
tuendum sit, sponte apparet. 

23. In mari Ligustice insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyr- 
num vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis invia, coelum 
grave, mare circa importunum. Incolae latrociniis dediti, feri 
sunt et horridi. Mella queque illius insulae amara esse dicun- 
tur corporibusque nee ere. Proxima ei est Sardinia, quae a 
Graecis mercatoribus Ichnusa vocatur, quia fermam humani 
vestigii^ habet. Solum quam coelum melius. Illud fertile, 
hoc grave ac noxium. Noxia queque animalia herbasque ve- 
nenatas gignit. Multum inde frumenti Romam mittitur; unde 
haec insula et Sicilia nutrices Urbis vocantur. 

24. Graecia neminis celebritate omnes fere alias orbis terra- 
rum regienes superavit. Nulla enim magnerum ingeniorum 
fuit feracior ; neque ulla belli pacisque artes majere studio ex- 
coluit. Plurimas eadem colonias in omnes terrae partes de- 
duxit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravissima 
bella magna cum gloria gessit. 

25. Graecia inter Ionium et Aegaeum mare porrigitur. 
In plurimas regienes divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt 
Macedonia et Epirus' — quamquam hae a nonnulis a Grae- 
cia sejunguntur^ — tum Thessalia. Macedeniam Philippi et 
Alexandri regnum illustravit ; quorum ille Graeciam subegit, 
hie Asiam latissime domuit, ereptumque Persis imperium in 
Macedones transtulit.^ Centum ejus regienes et quinquagin- 
ta urbes numerantur;'- quarum septuaginta duas, Persee, ulti- 
mo Macedeniae rege, superate^° Paulus Aemilius diripuit. 

26. Epirus, quae ab Acrecerauniis incipit montib\is," desinit 
in Acheloo flumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. Illustris 
ibi Dedona in Molessorum finibus vetustissimo Jovis oraculo 
inclyta. Columbae ibi ex arberibus oracula dedisse narran- 
tur : quercusque ipsas et lebetes aeneos inde suspenses deerum 
voluntatem tinnitu significasse^^ fama est. 

27. Acheloi fluvii ostiis insulae aliquot objacent, quarum 
maxima est Cephallenia.^^ Multae praeterea insulae littori 
Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra,'* quam Homerus Sche- 
riam appellasse existimatur. In hac Phaeacas posuit ille et 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 63 

hortos Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo tem- 
pore^ Numa Pompilius'^ Romae regnavit. Vicina ei Ithaca,' 
Ulyssis patria, aspera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo 
nobilitata, ut ne fertihssimis quidem regionibus cedat. 

28. Thessalia late patet inter Macedoniam et Epirum, fe- 
cunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, unde Thes- 
salorum equitatus celeberrimus. Montes ibi memorabiles 
Olympus, m quo deorum sedes esse existimatur, Pelion et 
Ossa, per quos^ Gigantes coelum petivisse dicuntur; Oeta 
denique, in cujus verlice Hercules, rogo conscenso, se ipsum 
cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus,^ limpidissimus 
amnis, delabitur, vallem amoenissimam, Tempe^ vocatam 
irrigans. 

29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nominis claritate 
eminet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae,^ de 
qua urbe deos^ inter se certasse fama est. Certius est, nul- 
1am unquam urbem tot poetas tulisse, tot oratores, tot philoso- 
phos, totque in omni virtutis genere claros viros. Res autem 
bello eas'-* gessit, ut huic soli gloriae studere videretur ; pacis- 
que artes ita excoluit, ut hac laude magis etiam quam belli 
gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acropolis, urbi imminens, 
unde latus in mare prospectus patet. Per propylaea'" ad earn 
adscenditur, splendidum Periclis opus. Cum ipsa urbe per 
longos muros'^ conjunctus est portys Piraeeus, post bellum 
Persicum secundum a Themistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi 
statio navium. 

30. Atticam attingit Boeotia, fertilissima regio. Incolae 
magis corporibus valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima 
Thebae, quas Amplilon, musices ope,'-^ moenibus cinxisse di- 
cilur. Illustravit eam Pindari poctae ingenium, Epaminon- 
dae virtus.'^ Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron, 
plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 

31. Boeotiae Phocis finitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. 
In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quantam apud omnes gentes 
auctoritatem habucrit, quot quamque praecljra munera ex 
omni fere tcrrarum orbe Delphos missa fucrint, nemo ignorat.'^ 
Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus vcrticibus Musae habi- 
tare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum ingenia in- 
ilammarc existimatur. 

32. Cum ea parte Graeciae, quam hactenus descripsimus, 
cohacret ingcns peninsula, quae Peloponnesus'^ vocatur, pla- 
tfmi folio simillima. Augustus ille tramcs inter Aogaeum 
mare ct Ionium, per qucm cum Mcgaride cohaerct, Isthmus'® 
appellatur. In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi cele- 
brantur Isthmici." Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi adit«, Corin- 



64 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

thus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa arce (Acro- 
corinthon appellant) utrumque mare conspicitur. Q,uum opi- 
bus floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. 
In belle Achaico,^ quod Romani cum Graecis gesserunt, pul- 
cherrima urbs, quam Cicero Graeciae lumen appellat, a L. 
Mummio expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn 
Julius Caesar, colonosque eo milites veteranos misit. 

33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jo vis 
Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua ex ebore facta, Phidiae 
summi artificis opus praestantissimum. Prope illud templum 
ad Alphei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quos 
videndos ex tota Graecia concurritur. Ab his ludis Graeca 
gens res gestas suas numerat.^ 

34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam 
Lycurgi leges,^ civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. Nulla 
fere gens bellica laude magis floruit, pluresque viros fortes con- 
stantesque genuit. Urbi imminet mons Taygetus,* qui usque 
ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proximo urbem Eurotas fluvius dela- 
bitur, ad cujus ripas Spartani se exercere solebant. In Sinum 
Laconicum effunditur. Haud procul inde abest promontorium 
Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Orpheum^ad inferos 
descendisse narrant. 

35. Mare Aegaeum, inter Graeciam Asiamque patens, 
plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cy- 
clades,® sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media earum 
est Delus,'^ quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea 
insula Latona Apollinem et Dianam peperit, quae numina ibi 
una cum matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi imminet 
Cynthus, mons excelsus et arduus. • Inopus amnis pariter 
cum Nilo decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo 
celeberrimus, quod ob portus commoditatem templique religi- 
onem mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo confluebant. Ean- 
dem ob causam civitates Graeciae, post secundum Persicum 
bellum, tributa ad belli usum in eam insulam, tamquam in com- 
mune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant ; quam pecuniam 
insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem transtulerunt.^ 

36. Euboea^ insula littori Boeotiae et Atticae praetendi- 
tur, angusto freto a continenti distans. Terrae motu a Boe- 
otia avulsa esse creditur : saepius eam concussam esse constat. 
Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Euripus, sae\Tim et 
aestuosum mare, quod continue motu agitatur. Nonnulli 
dicunt, septies quovis die, statis temporibus, fluctus alterno 
motu agitari : alii hoc negant, dicentes, mare temere,'° in venti 
modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent, Aristotelem phi- 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 65 

losophum, quia hujus miraculi causas investigare non posset, 
aegritudine confectum esse. 

37. Jam ad boreales regiones pergamus. Supra Macedo- 
niam Thracia porrigitur a Ponto Euxino usque ad Illyriam. 
Regie frigida et in iis tantum partibus fecundior, quaepropio- 
res sunt mari. Pomiferae arbores rarae ; frequentiores vites ; 
sed uvae non maturescunt, nisi frigus studiose arcetur. Sola 
Thasus, insula littori Thraciae adjacens, vino excellit. Amnes 
sunt celeberrimi Hebrus, ad quem Orpheus a Maenadibus dis- 
cerptus esse dicitur ; Nestus et Strymon. Montes altissimi, 
Haemus, ex cujus vertice Pontus et Adria conspicitur ; Rho- 
dope et Orbelus. 

38. Plures Tliraciam gentes incolunt, et nominibus diversae 
et moribus. Inter has Getae omnium sunt ferocissimi et ad 
mortem paratissimi. xlnimas enim post mortem redituras exis- 
timant. Recens nati apud eos deflentur ; funera autem cantu 
lusuque celebrautur. Plures singuli uxores habent.^ Hae 
omnes, viro defuncto, mactari simulque cum eo sepeliri cupiunt, 
magnoque id certamine a judicibus^ contendunt. Virgines non 
a parentibus traduntur viris, sed aut publico ducendae^ locan- 
tur, aut veneunt. Formosae in pretio sunt ; ceterae maritos 
mercede data inveniunt.^ 

39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium,' ad 
Bosporum Thracium/' urbs natura munita et arte, quae cum 
ob soli fertilitatem, tum ob vicinitatem maris omnium rerum, 
quas vita requirit, copia abundat. Nee Sestos praetereunda 
est silentio, urbs ad Hellespontum' posita, quam amor Herus 
et Leandri^ memorabilem reddidit; nee Cynossema,^ tumu- 
lus Hecubae,'" ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam, in canem mu- 
tata et sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen etiam habet in iisdem 
regionibus urbs Aenos, ab Aenea,'^ e patria profugo, condita 
Zone, ubi ncmora Orpheum canentem secuta esse narrantur 
Abdera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advcnas equis suis devoran^ 
dos'^ objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hcrcule iisdem objectus est 
Quae urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudine infestare 
tur, incolae, relicto patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt 
Hos Cassander,'^ rex Macedoniae, ir^jpocietatcm accepissc, 
agrosque in extrema Macedonia'* assignasse"'^ dicitur. 

40. Jam de Scythis pauca diccnda sunt. Terminatur Scy- 
thia'^ ab uno latere Ponto Euxino, ab altero montibus Rhipae- 
is, a lero-o, Asia et Phaside flumine. Vasta regie nullis fers 
intus finibus dividitur. Scythae enim nee agrum exerccnt, nee 
certas sedes habent, sed armenta et pecera pascentes, per in- 
cultas selitudines errare selent. Uxores liberosque secum in 
plaustris vehunt. Lacte et melle vescuntur ; aurum et argen- 

PART I. O 



66 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

turn, cujus nullus apud eos usus est, aspernantur. Corpora 
pellibus vestiunt. 

41. Diversae sunt Scytharum gentes diversique mores. 
Sunt, qui funera parentum festis sacrificiis celebrent, eorumque 
capitibus affabre expolitis auroque vinctis pro poculis utantur. 
Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque tanto magis, quanto 
quis illustrioribus gaudet majoribus.^ li, qui Tauricam Cher- 
sonesum^ incolunt, antiquissimis temporibus advenas Dianae 
mactabant. Interius habitantes ceteris rudiores sunt. Bella 
amant, et quo quis plures hostes inter emerit, eo majore existi- 
matione apud suos habetur. Ne foedera quidem incruenta 
sunt. Sauciant se qui paciscuntur, sanguinemque permistum 
degustant. Id fidei pignus certissimum esse putant. 

42. Maxima fluminum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et Da- 
nubius vocatur, et Borysthenes.^ De Istro supra dictum est. 
Borysthenes, ex ignotisfontibus ortas, liquidissimas aquas trahit 
et potatu jucundas. Placidus idem laetissima pabula alit. 
Magno spatio navigabilis juxta urbem Borysthenida in Pon- 
tum effunditur. 

43. Ultra Rhipaeos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare 
existimatur felicissima ; Ilyperboreos^ appellant. Regio apri- 
ca, felix coeli temperies omnique afflatu noxio carens. Semel 
in anno sol iis oritur solstitio, bruma semel occidit.^ Incolae 
in nemoribus et lucis habitant ; sine omni^ discordia et aegri- 
tudine vivunt. Q.uum vitae eos taedet,' epulis sumtis ex rupe 
se in mare praecipitant. Hoc enim sepuiturae genus beatis- 
Simum esse existimant. 

44. Asia ceteris terrae partibus est amplior. Oceanus 
eam alluit, ut locis, ita nominibus differens ; Eous ab oriente, 
a meridie Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiae nomine^ 
appellatur etiam peninsula, quae a mari Aegaeo usque ad 
Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia ad Propontidem 
sita, ubi Granicus in mare eifunditur, ad quem amnem^ Alex- 
ander, rex Macedoniae, primam victoriam de Persis reporta 
vit.^° Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice penin- 
sulae,^^ urbs nobilissima, a Cyzico appellata, qui in illis re- 
gionibus ab Argonajitis pugna occisus est.^^ Hand procul 
ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare effunditur, circa quem an- 
gues nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mirabiles, sed 
etiam ob id, quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et hiant, supervo- 
lantes aves absorbent.^^ 

45. Propontis cum Ponto jungitur per Bosporum, quod fre- 
tum quinque stadia latum, Europam ab Asia separat. Ipsis 
in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, ab Archia, Me- 
garensium principe, et templum Jovis, ab Jasone^* conditum. 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 67 

Pontus ipse ingens est maris sinus, non moUi neque arenoso 
circumdatus littore, tempestatibus obnoxius, raris stationibus. 
Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axenus^ 
appellatus fuisse dicitur; postea, mollitis illorum moribus, dic- 
tus est Euxlnus.'^ 

46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs et He- 
raclea ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita. Juxta earn spelunca est 
Acherusia, quam ad Manes perviam esse existimant. Hinc 
Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dicitur. Ultra fiuvium 
Thermodonta^ Mossjni habitant. Hi totum corpus distin- 
guunt notis.* Reges suffragio eligunt ; eosdem in turre lig- 
nea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et si quid perperam impe- 
ritaverint, inedia totius diei afficiunt. Extremum Ponti angu- 
lum Cole hi tenent ad Phasidem ; quae loca fabula de vellere 
aureo et Argonautarum expeditio illustravit. 

47. Inter provincias Asiae proprie dictae^ illustris est Ionia, 
in duodecim civitates divisa. Inter eas Miletus, belli pa- 
cisque artibus inclj-ta ; eique vicinum Panionium, sacra regio, 
quo omnes lonum civitates statis temporibus legates solebant 
miitere. Nulla facile urbs plures colonias misit,^ quam Mi- 
letus. Ephesi, quam urbem Amazones'' condidisse traduntur, 
tern plum est Dianae, quod septem mundi miraculis annumera- 
ri solet. Totius templi longitude est quadringentorum vigin- 
ti quinque pedum, latitude ducentorum viginti ; columnae cen- 
tum viginti septem numero, sexaginta pedum altitudine ; ex iis 
triginta sex caelatae. Operi praefuit Chersiphron architectus. 

48. Aeolis olim Mysia appellata, et ubi Hellespontum at- 
tingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium^ fuit situm ad radices mentis Idae, 
urbs bello, quod per decem annos cum uni versa Graecia ges- 
sit, clarissima. Ab Idaeo monte Scamander defluit et Simois, 
amnes fama quam natura majores.^ Ipsum montem certamen 
Dearum Paridisque judicium illustrem reddidit.'" In littore 
clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania; sed sepulcrum Aja- 
cis," qui ibi post certamen cum Ulysse gladio incubuit, utr ei- 
que clarius. 

49. lonibus Cares sunt finitimi, populus armorum bellique 
adeo amans, ut aliena etiam bella mercede accepta*'^ gereret. 
Princeps Cariae urbs Halicarnassus, Argivorum colonia, re- 
gum sedes olinK Unus corum Mausolus fuit. Qui quum 
vita defunctus esset, Artemisia conjux, desidcrio mariti fla- 
grans, ossa ejus cineresque contusa'^ cum aqua miscuit cbibit- 
ffuo, splendidumque practerca sepulcrum" exstruxit, quod in- 
ter septem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 

50. Cilicia sita est in intimo recessu maris, ubi Asia proprie 
sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe Isso Issi- 



68 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

CI nomen habet. Fluvius ibi Cydnus, aqua limpidissim^ et 
frigidissima, in quo Alexander Macedo quum lavaret/ parum 
abfuit, quin frigore enecaretur. Antrum Corycium in iisdem 
regionibus ob singularem naturam memorabile est, Ingenti 
illud hiatu patet in monte arduo, alteque demissum undique 
viret lucis^ pendentibus. Ubi ad ima perventum est rursus 
aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus cymbalorum ingredientes 
terrere dicitur.^ Totus hie specus augustus est et vere sacer, 
et a Diis habitari existimatur. 

51. E Cilicia egressos Syria excipit, cujus pars est Phoe- 
nice in littore maris interni posita. Hanc regionem sollers ho- 
minum genus colit. Phoenices enim litterarum formas a se 
inventas aliis populis tradiderunt ; alias etiam artes, quae ad 
navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coluerunt. Ce- 
terum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus rigata, quorum ope 
terrae marisque opes facili negotio inter se permutantur. No- 
bilissimae Phoenices urbes Sidon, antequam a Persis capere- 
tur, maritimarum urbium maxima, et Tyrus, aggere cum ter- 
ra conjuncta.* Purpura hujus urbis omnium pretiosissima. 
Conficitur ille color ex succo in conchis, quae etiam purpuras 
vocantur, latente. 

52. Ex Syria descenditur in Arabiam, peninsulam inter 
duo maria, Rubrum et Persicum, porrectam. Hujus ea pars, 
quae ab urbe Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est ste- 
rilis ; hanc excipit ea, quae ob castas solitudines deserta vo- 
catur. His partibus adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, 
sed cinnami, thuris aliorumque odorum feracissima. Multae 
ibi gentes sunt, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a 
Graecis appellatae. Lacte et carne ferina vescuntur. Mul- 
ti etiam Arabum populi latrociniis vivunt.^ Primus e Roma- 
nis Aelius Gallus in hanc terram cum exercitu penetravit.^ 

53. Camelos inter armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum sunt 
genera, Bractrianae et Arabiae.'^ Illae bina habent in dorso tu- 
bera, hae singula ; unum autem sub pectore, cui incumbant. 
Dentium ordine superiore carent. Sitem quatriduo tolerant ; 
aquam antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Vivunt quinqua- 
genis annis ; quaedam etiam centenis. 

54. Ex Arabia pervenitur in Babyloniam, cui Babylon no- 
men dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et magnitudine, 
et divitiis clara. Semiramis eam condiderat, vel, ut multi cre- 
diderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus 
laterculo coctili, triginta et duos pedes est latus, ita ut quadri- 
gae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare dicantur ; alti- 
tudo ducentorum pedum ; turres autem denis pedibus quam 
murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 69 

passuum complectitur. Mediam urbem permeat Euphrates. 
Arcem habet viginti stadiorum ambitu ;^ super ea pensiles hor- 
ti conspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt moles^ tamque firmae, ut onera 
nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 

55. Amplissima Asiae regio India primum patefacta est ar- 
mis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exemplum suc- 
cessores^ secuti in interiora Indiae penetraverunt. In eo tractu, 
quern Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum fuisse, gen- 
tesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse terrarum omni- 
um, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt amnes, Indus 
et Indo major Ganges. Indus in Paropamiso* ortus undeviginti 
amnes recipit, totidem Ganges, interque eos plures navigabiles. 

56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi gran- 
diores ceteris. Arbores tantae proceritatis esse traduntur, ut 
sagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc efficit ubertas soli, temperies 
coeli, aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque serpentes alit, 
qui elephantos morsu et ambitu corporis' conficiunt. Solum 
tam pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus defluant, sylvae lanas 
ferant^ arundinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum praebeant, 
binosque, quaedam etiam ternos homines, vehant. 

57. Incolarum habitus moresque diversi. Lino alii vestiun- 
tur et lanis arborum, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars 
nudi incedunt. Q.uidam animalia occidere eorumque carnibus 
vesci nefas putant; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Q,uidam 
parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie confi- 
ciantur, velut hostias caedunc eorumque visceribus epulan- 
tur ; ubi senectus eos morbus ve invadit, mortem in solitudine 
aequo animo exspoctant. li, qui sapientiam profitentur, ab 
ortu solis ad occasum stare solent, solem immobilibus oculis in- 
tuentes; ferventibus arenis toto die alternis pedibus insistunt.^ 
Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arcessunt, in rogos incensos 
se praecipitantes.'^ 

58. Maximos India elephantos gignit, adeoque feroces, ut 
Afri elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant. Hoc ani- 
mal cetera omnia docilitate superat. Discunt arma jacere, 
gladiatorum more congredi, saltare et per funes incedere. Pli- 
nius^ narrat, Romae unum segnioris ingenii saepius castigatum 
esse verberibus, quiatardius accipiebat, quae tradebantur ; eun- 
dem repertum esse noctu eadem meditantem.'" Elephanti gre- 
gatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maximus natu, co- 
git is, qui aetate ei est proximus. Amnem transituri minimos 
praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. In has ubi elcphas deciderit, 
ceteri ramos congerunt, aggeres construunt, omnique vi conan- 
tur extrahere. Domantur fame et verberibus. Domiti militant 
et turrcs armatorum in hostes ferunt, magnaque ex parto^^ 

g2 



70 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 

Orientis bella conficiunt. Totas acies prosternunt, armatos 
proterunt. Ingens dentibiis pretium. In Graecia ebur ad 
deorum simulacra tanquam pretiosissima materia adhibetur ;^ 
in extremis Africae postium vie em in domiciliis praebet, sepes- 
que in pecorum stabulis elephantorum dentibus fiunt. Inter 
omnia animalia maxime oderunt murem. Infestus elephanto 
etiam rhinoceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. 
In pugna maxime adversarii alvum petit, quam scit esse mol- 
liorem. Longitudine elephantum fere exaequat ; crura multo 
breviora : color buxeus. 

59. Etiam psittacos India mittit. Haec avis humanas voces 
optime reddit. Q,uum loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, ali- 
tor enim non sentit ictus. Capiti ejus eadem est duritia, quae 
rostro. Q,uum devolat, rostro se excipit,^ eique innititur. 

60. Testudines tantae magnitudinis Indicum mare emittit, 
ut singularum testis casas integarit. Insulas rubri praecipue 
maris his navigant cymbis.^ Capiuntur obdormiscentes in 
summa aqua, id quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Turn ter- 
ni^ adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus inji- 
citur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In ma- 
ri testudines conchyliis vivunt ; tanta enim oris est duritia, ut 
lapides comminuant ; in terram egressae, herbis. Pariunt 
ova, ovis avium similia, ad centena^ numero; eaque extra 
aquam defossa terra cooperiunt. 

61. Margaritae Indici Oceani omnium maxime laudantur. 
Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis adhaerentibus. Maxima laus 
est in candore, magnitudine, laevore, pondere. Raro duae 
inveniuntur, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has auribus 
suspendere, feminarum est gloria.^ Duos maximos uniones 
Cleopatra, Aegypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum unum, 
ut Antonium'' magnificentia superaret, in coena aceto solvit, 
solutum hausit. 

62. Aegyptus, inter Catabathmum^ et Arabas posita, a 
plurimis ad Asiam refertur ; alii Asiam Arabico sinu terminari 
existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbrium, mire 
tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus efficit, omnium fluviorum, qui 
in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. Hie in desertis 
Africae oritur, tum ex Aethiopia descendit in Aegyptum, ubi 
de altis rupibus praecipitatus^ usque ad Elephantidem urbem 
fervens ad hue deeurrit. Tum demum fit placidior. Juxta 
Cercasorum oppidum in plures amnes dividitur, et tandem per 
septem ora^° effunditur in mare. 

63. Nilus, nivibus in Aethiopiae montibus solutis, crescere 
incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies; 
toticlem diebus minuitur. Justum incrementum est cubitorum 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 71 

sexdecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant. Maxi- 
mum incrementum fuit cubitorum duodeviginti ; minimum 
quinque. Q.uum stetere aquae, aggeres aperiuntur,^ et arte 
aqua in agros immittitur. Q,uum omnis recesserit, agri irri- 
gati et limo obducti seruntur. 

64. Nilus crocodilum alit, belluam quadrupedem, in terra 
non minus quam in flumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc 
animal terrestre linguae usu caret ; dentium plures habet 
ordines ; maxilla inferior est immobilis. Magnitudine ex- 
cedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Parit ova anserinis 
non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra 
omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua, 
Q,uum satur est et in littore somnum capit, ore hiante, trocbi- 
lus, parva avis, dentes ei faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem 
conspicatus ichneumon, per easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod 
immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in 
aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insula Nili^ 
habitantes, dirae huic belluae obviam ire audent, eamque in- 
credibili audacia expugnant. 

65. Aliam etiam belluam Nilus alit, hippopotamum ; ungu- 
iis binis, dorso equi ct juba et hinnltu ; rostro reslmo, cauda et 
dentibus aprorum. Cutis iinpenetrabilis, praeterquam si hu^ 
more madeat. Primus hippopotamum et quinque crocodiles 
M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis Romae ostendit.^ 

66. Multa in Aegypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. 
Inter ea, quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent pyra- 
mides, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte sterili 
inter Memphin oppidum et eam partem Aegypti, quae Delta 
vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexaginta sex homi- 
num millia annis viginti exstruxissc traduntur. Haec octo 
jugera soli occupat ; unumquodque latus octingentos octoginta 
tres pedes longum est ; altitudo a cacumine, pedum quindecim 
millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex cubitorum. 
Ante has pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae magnitudinis. 
Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; longitudo est pe- 
dum centum quadraginta trium ; altitudo a ventre usque ad 
summum capitis aplcem sexaginta duorum. 

67. Inter miracula Aegypti commcmoratur etiam Moeris* 
.acus, quingenta millia passuum in circuitu patens; Labyrin- 
thus,^ ter mille domos et regias duodccim uno pariete amplex-^ 
us, totiis marmore exstructus tectusque ; turris dcniquc in in- 
sula Pharo, a Ptolemaco, Lagi filio,^ condita. Usus ejus na- 
vibus noctu ignes ostendcre ad praenuntianda vada portusque 
introitum. 

68. In palustribus Aegypti regionibus papynim nascitur. 



72 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 

Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro 
navigia texunt, e libro vela, tegetes, vestem ac. funes. Succi 
causa etiam mandunt modo crudum, modo decoctum. Prae- 
parantur ex eo etiam chartae. Chartae ex papyro usus post 
Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Primo enim scrip- 
turn in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborum ; 
postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis confici, aut mar- 
moribus mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum 
Ptolemaei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis^ occasionem 
dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore 
libri modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis 
scripti sunt. 

69. Mores incolarum Aegypti ab aliorum populorum mori- 
bus vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepe- 
liunt ; verum arte medicates,^ intra penetralia coUocant. Ne- 
gotia extra domos feminae, viri domos et res domesticas cu- 
rant ; onera illae humeris, hi capitibus gerunt. Colunt effi- 
gies multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec interfecisse 
capitale est ; morbo exstincta lugent et sepeliunt. 

70. Apis omnium Aegypti populorum numen est ; bos ni- 
ger cum Candida in dextro latere macula : nodus sub lingua 
quern cantharum appellant. Non fas est eum certos vitae 
annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum pervenerit, 
mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quae- 
runt, quern ei substituant ; nee tamen unquam diu quaeritur.^ 
Delubra ei sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, ubi populus 
auguria captat. Alterum intrasse laetum est ; in altero dira 
portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus con- 
sulentium cibum capit. In publicum procedentem grex pue- 
rorum comitatur, carmenque in ejus honorem canunt, idque 
videtur intelligere. 

71. Ultra Aegyptum Aethiopes habitant. Horum populi 
quidam Macrobii* vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diutius vi- 
vunt. Plus auri apud eos reperitur, quam aeris ; hanc ob cau- 
sam aes illis videtur pretiosius. Aere se exornant, vincula au- 
ro fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tam est liquida 
atque levis, ut nihil eorum, qu^le inmittuntur, sustinere queat ; 
quare arborum quoque folia non innatant aquae, sed pessum 
aguntur. 

72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo f a ceteris partibus 
marl. Regiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles ; inte- 
riores incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et obnimium calorem 
desertae. Prima pars ab occidente est Mauritania.^ Ibi mons 
praealtus Abyla, Calpae monti in Hispania oppositus. Hi 
montes columnae Herculis appellantur.' Fama est, ante Her- 



NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 73 

culem mare internum terris inclusum fuisse, nee exitum habu- 
isse in Oceanum ; Herculem autem junctos montes diremisse 
et mare junxisse cum Oceano. Ceterum regie ilia est ignobilis 
et parvis tantum oppidis habitatur. Solum melius quam incolae. 

73. Numidia^ magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo a 
littore intervallo saxa cernuntur attrita fluctibus, spinae piscium, 
ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus infixae, et alia 
ejusmodi signa maris olim usque ad ea loco effusi. Finitima 
regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Philaenorum, proprie 
vocatur Africa.^ Urbes in ea celeberrimae Utica et Carthago, 
ambae a Phoenicibus conditae. Carthaginem divitiae, merca- 
tura imprimis comparatae, tum bella cum Romanis^ gesta, ex- 
cidium denique illustravit. 

74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur.* Pertinacissima 
fuerat contentio inter Carthaginem et Cyrenas de finibus. 
Tandem placuit, utrimque eodem tempore juvenes mitti, et lo- 
cum, quo convenissent pro finibus haberi. Carthaginiensium 
legati, Philaeni fratres, paulo ante tempus constitutum egressi 
esse dicuntur. duod quum Cyrenensium legati intellexissent, 
magnaque exorta esset contentio, tandem Cyrenenses dixerunt, 
se tum demum hunc locum pro finibus habituros esse, si Phi- 
laeni se ibi vivos obrui passi essent. lUi conditionem accepe- 
runt. Carthaginienses autem animosis juvenibus.in illis ipsis 
locis, ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras consecraverunt, eorumque vir- 
tutem aeternis honoribus prosecuti sunt. 

75. Inde ad Catabathmum= Cyrenaica^ porrigitur, ubi Am- 
monis oraculum et fons quidam, quem Solis' esse dicunt. Hie 
fons media nocte fervet, tum paulatim tepescit ; sole oriente fit 
frigidus ; per meridiem maxime riget. Catabathmus A-allis est 
devexa versus Aegyptum. Ibi finitur Africa. Proximi his^ 
populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quae mapalia 
vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus. Potus est lac 
succusque baccarum ; cibus caro. Interiores etiam incultius 
vivunt. Sequuntur greges suos, utque hi pabulo ducuntur, ita 
illi tuguria sua promovent.^ Leges nullas habent, nee in com- 
mune consultant. Inter hos Troglodytae in specubus habitant, 
serpentibusque aluntur. 

76. Ferarum Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, leones 
gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni praeci- 
pua generositas.'" Prostratis" parceredicitur ; in infantes non- 
nisi summa fame saevit. Animi ejus index cauda, quam, dinn 
placidus est, immctam servat; dum irascitur, terram et se ipsum 
ea flagellat. Vis summa in poctorc. Si fugere cogitur, contem- 
tim cedit, quam diu spectari potest ; in silvis acerrimo cursu 
fertur. Vulneratus percussorem novit, et in quantalibet multi- 



74 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 

tudine appetit.* Hoc tarn saevum animal gallinacei cantus ter- 
ret. Domatur etiam ab hominibus. Hanno Poenus primus 
leonern mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. Marcus autem An- 
tonius, triumvir, primus,^ post pugnam in campis Philippicis,* 
Romae leones ad currum junxit. 

77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insidentis 
exaequant, celeritatem vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum viden- 
tur datae, ut currentes adjuvent ; nam a terra tolli non possunt. 
Ungulae cervinis sunt similes. His in fuga comprehendunt 
lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Omnia conco- 
quunt. Ceterum magna iis stoliditas, ita ut, quum caput et 
collum frutice occultaverint, se latere existiment. Pennae 
eorum quaeruntur ad ornatum. 

78. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum; nee 
minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in 
tantam magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos hauriant cervos 
taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam^ ser- 
pens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano,^ 
ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et 
maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam. asservatae sunt. In 
India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex 
arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque ligant 
nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu^ resolvunt. At dracones 
in ipsas elephantorum nares caput condunt spiritumque prae- 
cludunt, Plerumque in ilia dimicatione utrique commoriun- 
tur, cum victus elephas corruens serpentem pondere sue ell 
dit. 



NOTES 



EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 

Page 

1. Est vitanda, " is to be avoided." 3 

2. Athenae, arum, used only in the plural. The plural form was 
adopted in consequence of the union, by Theseus, into one city, of 
the boroughs into which Attica was subdivided. In commemora- 
tion of this union, a festival, called EuvotV^a, or MeroiVtu, was annu- 
ally celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatombaeon, 
Athenae is derived from 'AO/j^;?, the Greek name for Minerva, who 
was the tutelar goddess of the whole country. 

3. Nee — nee. " Neither — nor." 

4. Morlui, (from morior,) " the dead." 

5. Litterae, the letters of the alphabet, (it is also used in the plu- 
ral to signify an epistle.) According to tradition, Cadmus intro- 
duced the alphabet into Greece from Phoenicia. 

G. Alii — alii. " Some — others." 

7. Gain, " the Gauls." The word Galli is merely the native 
term Gael, latinized. 

1. Cecidit, from cado. 4 

2. The more noble Romans had commonly three names, the 
Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The Pracnomen was put first, 
and marked the individual. It was commonly written with one 
letter; as, T. for Titus, M.Marcus, C. Caius, P. Publius; some- 
times with two letters; as, Ti. for Tiberius, Cn. Cneius, Sp. Spu- 
rius; sometimes with three; as, Ser. for Servius, Sex. Sextus. 
The Nomen was put after the Pranomen, and marked the^<?7is or 
clan. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia. 

3. The Phoenicians were particularly distinguished among the 
nations of the ancient world for extensive navigation, commerce, 
and manufactures. 

4. Odit, a preterite with the signification of a present. 
.5. Novi, iase. See n. 4. 

(). Acida, " acids." The neuter plural of adjectives often has 
the force of a substantive. 

7. Lhdcia, " sweets." See n. G. 

8. Nemo non, " every one." This phrase, when resolved, is equi- 
valent to 'tumo est qui uon. The Greek phrase, oiSds {tarlv) oorij ov, 
has the same signification. 

9. Connect thus : cauda {est) index animi leonum. 

1. Maximi, the genitive of valuing, which is generally render- 5 
ed by adverbs. 

2. Pergami. The names of towns of the first and second declen- 
sion, and of the singular number, are put in the genitive, when an- 



78 NOTES. 

Page 

5 swering to the question ubi, where 1 Pergamus, now Bergamo, a 
town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Caicus, the capital of a king- 
dom which the Romans enlarged in favour of Eumenes, after the 
defeat of Antiochus. king of Syria, and which was left to the Roman 
people by Attains, the last king, B. C. 133, A. U. C. 621. Here 
Eumenes founded a famous library, in opposition to that of Ptolemy 
at Alexandria, who, from motives of jealousy, forbad the exporta- 
tion of Egyptian _papy?*W5, in consequence of which Eumenes in- 
vented parchment, called hence Pergamena {cTiarta.') Antony and 
Cleopatra transported this library, containing 200,000 volumes, to 
Alexandria. 

3. Esse^ when it admits of being translated by have, and denotes 
possession, governs the dative. 

4. Terrori sunt, " are a terror to, terrify." 

5. Nobis. The dative sometimes indicates the object for which, 
and on account of which, something takes place. 

6. Ne quidem, "not even." These words are always separated 
by the word on which the emphasis falls. 

7. Sacra, profana, as substantives. See note 6, p. 4. 

8. Parcere, signifies properly, " to show forbearance," as, 

9. Invidere, " to feel envy." 

10. Mederi, signifying " to give relief," " to cure," governs the 
dative of the person. 

11. Vesci, " to feed upon," governs the ablative. 

12. Prioribus, (jpedibus), " the fore feet." 

13. Uti aliqua re, "to make use of a thing." 

6 1. Carere, " to be without, want, be in want of;" it is followed 
by an ablative of the thing wanted. 

2. Sex sestertiis Romae venit. A sestertium (the name of a sum, 
not of a coin) was equivalent to 1000 sestertii. A sestertius was 
equal to 3f cents, and 1000 sestertii or a sestertium, to S37 50; six 
sestertia, therefore, were equal to ^225. Veneo, venire, " to be sold, 
to be exposed to sale ;" it must be distinguished from venio, venire, 
" to come." 

3. Carthagine. Names of towns of the 3d declension, and also 
plurals of the 1st and 2d, are put in the ablative when answering 
to the question, where '? 

4. Beneficium repetere. The accusative depending upon the in- 
finitive, and that again which depends upon it, like adverbs with 
the infinitive, form, in conjunction with it, the subject, 

T 1. Prodesse from prosum. 

2. Equo vehi is equivalent to equitationem. 

3. Pugnare, equivalent to p^ignam. 

4. Juveni. The person on whom a necessity of doing: something 
lies, is put in the dative, as here, juveni and seni, anl in the fol- 
lowing sentences, discipidis and senibus. 

5. Vincendi. The gerund is nothing else than the four oblique 
cases (genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative) of the neuter of 
the participle passive in dus. In respect to signification, it sup- 
plies the place of a declinable. infinitive of the present active, since 
it expresses the action or state of the verb, as a verbal substantive. 
It is governed, as a substantive, by other substantives and adjec- 
tives, and also governs the case of its verb. Thus, 

6. Utendi governs re in the ablative, because its verb utor go- 
verns that case. 

7. Natura, " by nature, naturally ;" the ablative of the cause. 



NOTES. 79 

Ftge 

8. Noi^a (negoHa), the neuter plural. See note 6, p. 4. 1 

9. With equus, inutilis est must be understood. 

10. Pen'tuie, i. e. adhibentur. 

11. £:^ — et, "as well — as also." 

1. Quid for aliquid. 8 

2. £^ i;?se, " thou too," " thou thyself also." 

3. Sid) hasta, " at auction, at public sale." At first a spear was 
set up only when spoils taken in war were to be sold. Afterwards 
at all auctions. Hence hasta is put for a public sale, and sid) hasta 
venire, to be publicly sold. 

4. Clementia instead of quam clementid. The ablative may be 
put after the comparative, if the comparative particle be omitted 
instead of the nominative of the subject, and, in the construction 
of the accusative with the infinitive, instead of the accusative of 
the subject. 

1. Opulentissimae urhes. The words which form an apposition, 9 
agree with those, which they accompany, in case, and, for the most 
part, when circumstances permit, in gender and number, 

2. Why not altores 7 

3. Thebae, a plural only. 

4. Utor with an ablative of the thing used. 

5. Quod. When the relative pronoun refers to is, ea, id, and 
agree with it in case, the demonstrative is often left out. 

G. Parcere with the dative of the thing spared. 

7. Car ere aliqua re. 

8. Vel, even. 

9. Haec, as a neuter plural, to be referred to the preceding sub- 
stantives. 

1. Ut — condantur. It is to be observed, as a general rule, that lO 
when the verb preceding ut is in the present or future tense, the 
verb following ut must be put in the present subjunctive ; and that, 
when the preceding verb is in any of the preterite tenses, the verb 
following must be in the imperfect or perfect subjunctive. 

2. Ne vuhieribus quidem. See above, note G, p. 5. 

3. Omnia, quae, "all, that." 

4. Nequis (aliquis) equivalent to: ut nemo — Apelles, the greatest 
painter of that time. 

5. Quia, equivalent to quod non. 

G. Quin conspicer, "that I cannot see," or, " without seeing you." 

7. Quiyi after non dubito signifies " that." 

8. Unusne. The enclitic ?te (distinguished by its quantity from 
the conjunction ne) is equivalent to num. 

9. Qua de caussa. This is the usual position of the words ; as 
in quam ob rem, the preposition is placed after the relative pro- 
noun. 

1. Suffosmm, sell. ease. So also in the following sentences, pul- 1 1 
son 2LX\d fugatos must be connected with esse, which stands at the 
end of the sentence. In Thcssnlia, supply aliud oppidum. 

2. Jusserat cremari. The inhnilive active is used with jubere, 
when the person is expressed to whom ihe commission is given ; 
otliervvise, the infinitive passive. 

3. Quam Ilispaniae gentcs. The relative is here used a.s the ac- 
cusative of the subject. Hispania was separated from Gaul by the 
Pyrenees, and from Africa by the Fretnm Hcrculeum, now the 
Straits of Gibraltar ; on the east it was bounded by the Mediter- 
ranean, and on the west by the Atlantic. 

PART I. II 



80 NOTES. 

Pttge 

11 4. Noli, with the infinitive, often forms a periphrasis, instead of 
ne with the imperative or subjunctive. 

6. Homerus traditur. Instead of quidam tradunt, Homerumvix- 
isse, &c. 

6. Totos dies. The accusative, expressing duration of time. 

7. I<^essush.a.s a participial form and signification ; there is, how- 
ever, no theme from which it can be derived. It is commonly as- 
signed to fatiscor. 

8. Legentem, i. e. aliquem qui legebat: " a reader." 

9. Habenbes. The participles in this and some of the following 
sentences, can be rendered by the relative pronoun, for which 
sometimes (as in dantis) the demonstrative must be taken. 

12 1. Proeliatus, equivalent to qui centum et viginti proeliis ivier- 
fuerat. 

2. Adverse corpore. " On the breast." 

3. Satiati. This and the following participles may be rendered 
by " when." 

4. Transiburi. The future participle active is used to express 
an action which one is about to perform. 

5. Duces ad berga recipiunb. Those, which have preceded for 
a time, when tired, take the hindmost place, 

6. Ejus tumulo circumdedib, equivalent to tumulum ejus circwm- 
dedit iirbe, Buccphalon o,ppellaba. 

7. Pabronum, scil. suum. The possessive pronoun is in every 
instance omitted, where it can be understood from the context. 

8. Heres i7istibubus, " although appointed heir." 

9. Tanbae magnibudinus. The genitive of quality. 

10. Tegendo, " for covering." The future participle passive 
can often be translated by a substantive. 

13 1. Filio vicbore. The adjective vicbor is here used exactly after 
the manner of a participle. The phrase is equivalent to posbquam 
filius vicerab Olympiae (in the solemn games there celebrated.) 

2. Convolvunbur, " are rolled together ; roll themselves toge- 
ther." 

iESOP'S FABLES. 

14 Milvii mebu, or milvium mebuenbes. That shows more definite- 
ly the efiicient cause. 

2. Becepbus, i. e. posbquam recepbus fuib. 

3. Orare, " to pray ;" exorare, "to move by prayer, to obtain by 
praying, to prevail upon." 

4. Corrosis plagis. The ablative absolute ; whereby the origi- 
nal force of this mode of speaking shows itself; " by means of 
the nets being gnawed through," i. e. " by means of its gnawing 
the nets." By this form the sentences are more intimately con- 
nected than if the form, ub plagas corrodcreb eumque liberarebj 
were used. 

5. Quo facbo, instead of quum hoc facbum esseb. The relative 
noun often stands instead of the demonstrative at the beginning 
of a sentence, to connect it more closely with that which pre- 
cedes. 

6. Soleanb. When the subject of the verb is expressed chiefly 
by the clause following it, whether there be, or be not, an antece- 
dent word, receiving the action of the verb, the pronoun is to be 
considered as indefinite, and joined with the subjunctive mood. It 



NOTES. 81 

Page 
has been observed, that this mood has two different names, as it 1* 
has two distinct uses, potential and subjunctive. When the mean- 
ing is contingent, that is, when the sense requires this form, the 
mood is strictly potential, as Doceam, " I may teach." Here the 
verb is not affected, as to its mood, by any antecedent word. But, 
if we say. Quod doceam, " Because I teach," the verb is under the 
government of the conjunction quod, and were it not for this con- 
junction, the English being indicative, the verb would be put in the 
indicative mood. In this example, therefore, the verb is strictly 
in the subjunctive mood, this form being used, not because the sense 
requires it, for the English is indicative, but because it is sub- 
joined to the conjunction quod. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1. p. 
W, 3d ed. 

7. PraetereuTiti from praetereo (jpraeteriens), 

8. Cui, instead of huic. 

9. Maledicere, properly " to speak ill of one." 

10. Apud Junonem. The peacock is sacred to Juno, the eagle 
to Jupiter, the raven to Apollo, and the wolf to Mars. 

11. Quod denotes the cause of the action of the verb on which 
it depends, {conquerehatur) ; while ut expresses the consequence 
of the action. 

12. Negata esset — excellat. When a proposition, containing the 
statement of a fact, and therefore being in the indicative mood, has 
another dependent upon it, connected by a causal conjunction or 
relative, in which something is alleged as the sentiment or lan- 
guage of another, and not of the writer, the dependent proposition 
will be "in the subjunctive mood. In the present case, the depend- 
ent clause, connected to the preceding by the conjunction quod, 
does not express an opinion of the author, but the complaint of the 
peacock. The sentence, from quod vocis to cantu excellat, is equi- 
valent, therefore, to Quod dixit, vocis suavitatem sibi negatam esse, 
dum lusciniam, avem tarn parum decor am, cantu excellere. Crom- 
bie's Gymnasium, vol, 2, p. 4, 3d ed. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. Ken- 
rick's translation, 2d cd. p. 341. 

13. Nonenim. Combine oportuitnonconferri omnia," one oughi 
not to heap up." 

14. AdvenierUe domino prati, instead of quum dominus vratl ad- 
veniret. 

I. Cui instead of huic. See page 14th, note 5th. IS 
3. No7i est in animo instead of non libet. 

3. Dulc.ia, " the agreeable ;" tuta, " the safe, safety." The neu- 
ters of adjectives are often used in this manner as substantives, 
particularly in the plural. 

4. Nosne, instead of nu7n nos. 

5. Frueris, with the ablative of the thing. 

6. The impersonal verbs, pudet, piget, pasnitet, t(Edet,miseret, re- 
quire the person who is the subject of the feeling to be in the ac- 
cusative case, and the object which excites it to be in the geni- 
tive. 

7. Latrando. The ablative cf the g^und. 

8. QxLod denotes the cause of the preceding. 

9. Vescamur. With the ablative of the thing. 

10. Vclis — possis. The subjunctive stands after qui, q^iae, quod, 
when it refers to an indefinite object, expressed by 15, aliquis, or 
talis. 

II. Eundem, scil. leonem. 



82 NOTES. 

Page 

15 12. Conspicata and obviam facta can be resolved by guvm with 
the pluperfect. 

13. Ausa est. Why not audebat 7 

14. Recta via, " straight forward.*" 

15. Cui. See above, note 1st. 

16. Facientem. The participle depends upon videre^ and sup- 
plies the place of the infinitive. 

17. Videro. In what relation does the future past stand here 1 

18. Sic. By this concord. 

19. Dissidio orto, equivalent to post dissidium ort/wnij or postquam. 
dissidium ortum erat. 

20. Quantum boni. The genitive depends upon quantum. The 
nominatives and accusatives neuter of some pronouns, and of some 
adjectives which are used as pronouns, take a genitive, either be- 
cause they are virtually become substantives, or because they de- 
note a part. 

21. Sit. Compare note 6th, page 14. 

16 1. Tanquam esset. The subjunctive serves to express l*hat 
which exists only in the conception of another. 

2. Unde agnitus. Unde, instead of et inde, connects in the same 
manner as the relative pronoun. 

3. lUam, scil. gallinam, as the accusative of the subject, while 
massam, which depends on celare, is the accusative of the object. 

4. Una. An adverb. 

5. Laeti— prior. The adjective is often added to the verb, in- 
stead of the adverb, to denote the manner, or situation, in which 
the action is performed. 

6. Conspexisset. Compare note 1st above. 

7. Contendunt, etc. Observe the use of the present in animated 
narration instead of the imperfect, just as below aufugit and pa- 
titur instead of the perfect. 

8. Comitatus esset. See above, note 1st. 

9. Idqu£, equivalent to et quidem. 

10. Ne nostris quidem corporibus. The particles ne, quidem, are 
separated by the word on which the emphasis lies. In what case 
is corporibus 7 

1 1 . Qiiid fiat. Interrogati ves, when preceded by such words as 
scio, nescio, quaero, dubito, are said to be taken indefinitely, and 
are joined to the subjunctive mood. 

12. Quod quum. See above, note 5, p. 14. 

13. Enim suffers us to add in thought a sentence from the pre- 
ceding. 

14. Nitidas, i. e. Candidas. The ancients wore garments of 
wool, which was cleansed and made white by Fullers. 

IT 1. Reddidissem. The subjunctive of the pluperfect takes the 
place of the future past, and denotes an action as possible in the 
future, and as accomplished in relation to a future action. 

2. Ne me interficite. Ne is used instead of non, with the im- 
perative mood, and also with the present subjunctive. 

3. Propter hoc ipsum, " f0c the same reason." These words are 
explained by the following sentence. 

4. Pugnandi imperitus, is used in the same manner as peritus, 
imperitus, litter arum. 

5. Eos, qui irritent. See note 10, p. 15. 

6. Bina aut terna. The cardinal numerals, unus, duo, &c. im- 
ply, that the number spoken of belongs to all collectively, and is the 



NOTES. 83 

Page 
whole amount. The distributive, shiguli, bim, terni, denote that 1 T 
the number specified belongs to each individual, and is therefore 
only a part of the whole. Thus, Eutropias, speaking of the govern- 
ment of the senators after the death of Romulus, says, *' RcgTuive- 
rimt per quinos dies ;" not, " they reigned five days," but " five days 
each," Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 38, 3d ed. 

7. Fore, ut pareret. A periphrasis for illam parituram esse. 

8. At denotes an objection which we make to the intention or 
thought. 

9. Etiam, "yet too," with reference to the trouble it costs to ob- 
tain them, to which afterwards the words, m via repertas, (of things, 
which one can get without any exertion) are opposed. 

10. Quae is the accusative governed by assequi ; se the accusa- 
tive of the subject. The phrase may be rendered, " which they 
despair of being able to attain." 

11. Desperent. See note 10, p. 15. 

12. Dicitur respojidisse, instead of respondit, ut dicitur. 

1. Cavcreiit. The past tense is here used, because hahiernnt, 18 
the leading verb, is in the past. Even, however, though the lead- 
ing verb were present {habcnt), caverent would still be used, if it 
were requisite to denote a continued action: "how they might 
protect themselves for the time to come." 

2. Multis aliis propositis, " after many other propositions." 

3. Ipsos is equivalent to 5<?, but lays more stress on the pronoun. 

4. Jussit appendi. See note 2, p. 11. 

5. Quasi esset. See note 1, p. IG. 

C. O te stolidum. The accusative is used in exclamations with 
or without an interjection. Me miseruml me felicenil 

7. Qui ignorare videris. The clause gives the reason for the 
preceding remark. 

8. Sibiplacere, applied to a vain person, who is filled with con- 
ceit on account of something. 

9. Licet venias, fruaris. The subjunctive depends upon ut un- 
derstood. 

10. Ni/iil moror. More forcible than non euro. 

11. Tahiti esse. The genitive of valuing. 

12. Quod jwssit. The relative pronoun contains, in relation to 
tanti, the meaning of a consequence, and may be expressed by ut 
id. 

13. Conducit. Concerning the present in a narration. See p. 
10, note 7. 

14. Qui extrahat. When the proposition introduced by the rela- 
tive expresses the end and motive of the action mentioned in the 
preceding proposition, so that ut might be substituted for it, the 
verb must be in the subjunctive mood. This applies also to rela- 
tive adverbs. Compare Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 23, and 
Zurapt's L. G., Kenrick's Trans), p. 348. 

1. Misericordia motus. We often add to the e.Tpre.ssion of pas- 19 
sion a participle which designates its origin. Thus, znccn.w.s ira, 
iiijlavimatus amore, percussus tcrrorc. 

2. Quo.lcm soleant. See page 14, note G. 

3. Qui pasceretur. The relative pronoun includes the designa- 
tion of a reason, and is then, in signification, equivalent to quod. 
Concerning the subjunctive, see note 12, p. 14. 

4. Bella cxorto {exorior.) The ablative absolute. 

5. Vulneribus confossus, collabilur, (collabor). Properly tclis 

h2 



84 NOTES. 

Page 

1 9 should be used. But the consequence is often lised instead of the 
cause. 

6. O me stolidum. See note 6, p. 18. 

7. Qui aestimaverim.. As ]\xsX zbove, qui pasceretur. 

8. Quos noverat. The relative pronoun includes the accusa- 
tive of the subject, which depends upon noverat. * ' When he knew 
to." 

9. Afferri jiibet. See note 2, page 11. 

10. Quibus allatis. The phrase may be resolved into qv/ie quvm 
allatae essent. For the use of the relative, see note 5, p. 14. 

11. Quod quum, instead of quum hoc. 

12. Aliqua parte. The ablative of measure, as in the sentence, 
Sol muUis partibus major est, quam terra. 

13. Se levaret. The whole clause is equivalent to ut aliquam. 
partem oneris reciperet. 

14. O me miserum. See note 6, p. 18. 

15. Qui nolv£rim. See above, note 3. 

16. Tezendo. The ablative answering to the question, by what % 

17. De node, " during the night." 

18. Ad opus. The spinning and weaving. 

20 1. Quo facto. See note 5, p. 14. 

2. Deteriore conditione. The ablative of quality. 

3. Incerta. To be joined with domina, and to be explained as 
a participle. 

4. Prima node, instead oiinitio, or, primaparte nodis. The ad- 
jectives primus, medius, ultimus, and the like, are often used in this 
manner for the sake of abbreviating the expression. Thus, in 
media urbe, in ultimo carmine, in summo monte. 

5. Sese. Sui, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, i, e, denotes an agent, 
who is the subject of the proposition, and whose act reverts upon 
himself; and therefore, this pronoun exists only in the oblique 
cases. It continues to be used in a sentence through successive 
propositions, as long as noother subject is introduced. If a second 
subject be introduced, se refers strictly to that subject, and z5 should 
be used of the first. But se often continues, if no ambiguity is pro- 
duced, to be used of the original subject, especially if the second 
proposition expresses a thought or purpose of the subject at first. 
Thus in the present instance, sese is used, because the second pro- 
position, ut sese volare doceret, expresses a wish of the testudo, the 
subject of the first. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 241. 

6. Volare supplies the place of the accusative of the thing {docere 
aliquem aliquid). 

7. Arreptam sustulit. Instead of arripuit et sustulii, (arripio, 
toUo). 

8. Comminuta interiit. Instead of comminuta est et interiU. 

9. Quae quum. See note 11, p. 19. 

10. Se for ipsam. See above, note 5. 

11. Venetur. The present is used, because the leading verb is 
in the present. 

12. Cui accipitur. See note 5, p. 14. 

13. Partam praedam, (pario). Partus applies properly to that 
which has been earned or acquired by one's self; then to that 
which is held in possession. So parta praeda here signifies *' the 
booty which is secure." 

14. Usque sublaiis ; equivalent to quae postquam sustulerat. 

15. Domum. Domus and rus, like names of towns, are used with 



NOTES. 85 

Paso 
verbs of motion, without prepositions, domum, (or domos, of more 20 
than one) " home ; " rus, " into the country ;" domo and rure, " from 
home, from the country;" domi and ruri (which is more common 
than rure,,) "at home, in the country." 

16. AliqiuiTUum vice, ''a, considerable distdince." See p. 15, note 
'20. 

17. Et—et, "both— and." 

18. Defatigatus. The participle is used to denote the cause of 
what follows. 

19. Qiiue — liberet. See p. 18, note 14. 

20. Pxnitebat. See page 15, note 6. 

21. Requiro, qui. Supply aliquem, which is often understood be- 
fore the relative pronoun. 

22. Qui allevet. See page 18, note 14. 

1. Suhmersum iri. In what is called the infinitive future passive, 2 1 
{amatum, monitum iri, &c.), iri is really the infinitive of the passive 
impersonal itur, " things tend." Audio eum monitum iri, is there- 
fore literally, " I hear that things tend to advising him ;" i. e. " that 

he is about to be advised." Hence the supine is unchanged, what- 
ever be the gender or number of the substantive. Zumpt's Lat. 
Gram. p. 110. 

2. Ezislimaret. Concerning the subjunctive, see page 14, note 
6, and page 16, note 11. 

3. Major canibus. See page 8, note 4. 

4. Quibus possis. Compare note 12, p. 18. 

5. Qui fit. Instead oi' quomodo, unde Jit. 

6. Natura formidolosos, i. e. eos, qui natura formidolosi sunt. 

7. Iiiquit ille, i. e. lupus. 

8. Futurum, sci\. esse ; equivalent to /ore. 

9. Ubi. For quum ibi, expressing the cause of the assertion con- 
tained in the question. 

10. Si moriendum sit. The subjunctive designates a case only 
thought possible; si moriendum est, a positive and expected case. 
So also, at the end of the fable, si conjuncta sit. 

11. Aspergi. Aspergere, {adspergcre), might be used here to ex- 
press a voluntary action. 

12. Pol. An expression of asseveration; considered an abbre- 
viation of Pollux. 

13. Arreptum devoravit. Instead of arripuit et devoravit. 

14. Praeda divisa. These ablatives may be resolved by post- 
quam. 

1. Vlndicat sibi labor meus. Instead oimiki vindico ob laborem 22 
egregium vieum. 

2. Qui voluerit. Instead of si quis volu^rit, "should any body 
wish." 

3. Aut quae, scil. earum. 

4. Quod debeat. See page 18, note 12. 

5. Modo and duvimx)do, " provided only ;" require the subjunctive 
after them, because they always denote something supposed, as 
distinguished from something real. 

6. Qv^d daturus esset. The subjunctive represents the«e words 
as a part of the invitation ; if the expression were, q^iod daturus 
erat, they would be an explanatory addition of the narrator. Com- 
pare note 12, p. 11. 

7. Quae quum. Qui is frequently employed in Latin, to intro- 



86 NOTES. 

Page 

J8^ duce a sentence or clause, where in English we use the demonstra- 
tive pronouns simply. 

8. Caeteris. See note 4, p. 8. 

9. O vos stolidos. See note 6, p. 18. 

10. Quantopere ezcruciet. See p. 21, note 2. 

11. Petivisse dicuntur. For petivermit, ut dicitur. 

12. Quarum. See above, note 7. 

13. Punihirus. The future participle serves to express an in- 
tention. 

14. A quo. The relative pronoun includes the copula, and the 
demonstrative, or, in other words, qui is frequently used for et ille, 
et hie, 

15. Poeniluit. See note 6, p. 15. 

16. Suos refers to At/ienienses, ipsi to Philippus. 

17. Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens, and a strenuous 
opponent of Philip. 

18. Qua denotes a purpose, and consequently has the subjunc- 
tive. It is equivalent to ut ea. Compare note 14, p. 18. 

23 1. Impetu facto. Intead oi impetum fecisse {in caulas) et gregem 
dilaniasse. 

2. Prustratus, i. e. quum decepisset. Frustrari conveys the idea 
of pains taken in vain {frustra). 

3. Lnipo irruente. Instead of et lupus tandem revera irrueret. 

4. Coepit forms with orare a periphrasis for the finite verb {pra- 
vit), to denote the commencement of the action. 

5. Quo sono. See note 7, p. 22. 

.6. Allecti, from allicere, originally " to allure by bait." 

7. Impetu facto. See above, note 1. 

8. Quos puUos, eos. In the usual transposition of sentences, 
where the relative precedes the demonstrative, the former attracts 
to itself the substantive to which it refers. 

9. Comedendos. The future passive participle denotes the pur- 
pose and destination : ut ah iis comedantur, (" for eating.") 

10. VeTiatum. In signification equivalent to -ycTia^'wri. The su- 
pine is frequently use with ire, venire; thus, eo dormitum ; ihimus 
auditum oratores ; spectatum veniunt. 

11. Correptum dilaniavit. Instea-d of corripuit et dilaniavit. 

12. PartiendA negotium. The gerund supplies the place of a 
declinable infinitive of the present active. See note 5, p. 7. 

13. Astutior, scil. quam asinus. 

14. Laudare coepit. See note 4, above. 

15. Unde didicerit. In a direct question the expression would 
be, unde didicisti ? 

16. Hujus. Alluding to the ass which had been killed by him. 
24: 1. Heu miseram vicem ! See note 6, p. 18. 

2. Pratcdulentus. Opposed to blandus. 

3. Perfda voluptas. According to the context, perfida voluptatis 
would have been more appropriate. 

4. Cupidus pascendi. See note 5, p. 7. 

5. Simul — simul. The repetition of the adverb denotes the 
quick succession of the actions. It might be said, though with 
less animation, simul atque hunc adspicit, accurrit. 

6. Jure plecior, qui. The relative pronoun includes the signi- 
fication of cause. See note 3, p. 19. 

7. Salo — solo. An intentional play upon words similar in form. 

8. Seque. Combine : et dixit, se avolaturum esse, si eum gravaret. 



NOTES. 87 

Page 

9. Al ille, scil. rcspondtt. 24- 

10. Nee, "not even." 

1 1 . Considenkm. Instead of the infinitive as denoting an action 
of ihe accusative of the subject. This change takes place generally 
wiih the verbs sentire, videre, audire, and the like. 

1. Draconem. Dragons, in consequence of their acute sight 25 
were often considered the guardians of holy places and treasures. 

2. Prolem, Semele and Ino, and his grand-children Pentheus 
and Actaeon. 

3. lllyriam, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Italy. 
It lies in a northerly direction from Macedonia. It answers now, 
in a great degree, to modern Albania. 

4. Bcbnjcia, an ancient name of Bithynia, which extends along 
the Propontis and Euxine. 

5. Argonautas. The Grecian heroes, who went to Colchis in 
the ship Argo, under the command of Jason, to take forcible pos- 
session of the golden fleece. 

G. Pollux diUdCastor, sons of Leda and Jupiter, were worshipped 
under the name of Dioscuri, (A(do-*coi)po(,) " sons of Jupiter." 

7. Mira magnitudine. The ablative of quality. 

8. Novevi digilis. The ablative of measure. 

9. Annorum. The genitive of quality. 

10. Ossa and Pelion, mountains in Thessaly, 

11. Alhenis. The names of towns of the 3d declension, or of the 
plural number, are put in the ablative when answering to the ques- 
tion, where 1 

12. Labijrinthus, a building full of intricate windings. 

13. Icarium pelagus, a part of the Aegaean, off the western coast 
of Asia Minor. 

14. Cyclopes,, the assistants of Vulcan. 

15. 7%e55a/ia, a country in the north of Greece. 

16. Morbo implicitus. Equivalent to correptus. 

1. Si quis. Instead of a^i/y-uw. 26 

2. Hercules. The guest of Admetus. 

3. Orcus generally stands for the infernal regions ; here it is the 
divinity that conducts men to the world below, by the Greek poets 
called Oavaroi, (Mors.) 

4. Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia. 

5. Nereides, daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea. 

G. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danac, who received from Mer- 
cury winged sandals, with which he flew over the sea; whence 
here advolavil. 

7. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, who petrified all by her terrific 
appearance. 

8. Victor, as victor, after having proved victorious. 

9. Re cognila, i. e. quum insidias sibi parari cognovisset. 

10. Qmo visa. Equivalent to cujus adspectu. 

11. Inpalriam. To Argos, in Greece. 

12. VciiLo moti. Instead of rami {cum pomis) vento maventur et 
rccr.dunt. 

13. Prleus, a king of Thessaly, one of the Argonauts. 

14. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus. 

1.5. Mdluvi, (to be distinguished from malum.) 
1(). Misit. Instead of ca7y<rcz7. 

17. Ill medium. Among the guests. 

18. Mcrcurius, the messenger of the gods. 



88 NOTES. 

Pago 

26 19. Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam, king of Troy. 

20. Ida, a mountain of Mysia, east of Troy. 

21. Diremturum esse. The infinitive depends upon dixit, which, 
according to the signification, is included in imperat. 

22. Spopondit. Spondco is one of the four verbs of the second 
conjugation, which receive the reduplication in the perfect, after 
the manner of the Greek. 

23. Anteposito. Translate as if it were expressed in the active : 
hoc doiUTim prioribus anteposuit et 

24. Menelaus, king of Lacedaemon, and son of Atreus. 

2T 1. Cito periturum esse. The Parcaehad fixed it as his destiny, 
to enjoy, either a long but inglorious life, or great glory and a 
short life. 

2. Scyros, an island in the Aegaean sea. 

3. Ithaca, an island on the western side of Greece ; Ulysses, 
(*OSv(ra£vs\ was distinguished for his prudence. 

4. Advocari. Why not advocare ? 

5. Unde. See note 2, p. 16. 

6. Aulis, a town in Greece, on the Euripus. which separates Eu- 
boea from the continent. 

7. Agamemnon, king of Argos, and brother of Menelaus. 

8. Superbiusque. He had preferred himself to the goddess in 
the art of shooting with the bow. Scil. svperbius, quam par erat. 

9. Abduxit. On this pretence {sic) he allured her from her 
home to Aulis. 

10. Terram Tauricam. TheTauricaChersonesus was alarge 
peninsula of Europe, at the south-west of the Palus Masotis, now 
called the Crimea. It was joined by an isthmus to Scythia. The 
inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. 

11. Achilles was desirous of marrying Polyxena, and was killed 
at an interview with her in the temple of Apollo, according to 
some, by the god, who favoured the Trojans; according to others, 
by Paris. 

12. Caucasus, a range of mountains between the Euxine and 
the Caspian sea. The length of this chain is 400 miles, and its 
breadth from 60 to 200 miles. 

13. Quae, with the signification of purpose. See n. 14, p. 18. 

14. Pluto, Jupiter, and Neptune, sons of Saturn, divided the 
world among themselves by lot in such a manner, that Jupiter 
obtained the heaven {Olympus), with the sovereignty of the whole, 
Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal regions {Hades), and the 
realms of the dead. 

15. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cererem non esse passuram. 

28 1. Eleusis, a town in Attica, famous for the Eleusinian Myste- 
ries, which commemorated the arrival of the goddess in this re- 
gion. 

2. Igne ohruebat. In order to purify him by fire of that which 
was terrestrial. 

3. Quas disseminaret. Quas is equivalent to ut eas. See n. 13, 
p. 27. 

4. Parcae. The three goddesses of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis, 
and Atropos. 

5. Victurum, scil. esse. 

6. Calydon, a town in Aetolia in Greece, 

7. Atalania, daughter of Jasion, who ruled over a part of Area- 



NOTES. 89 

Page 
dia; she was brought up in the woods, and devoted herself to the 28 
chase. 

8. In aves, Meleagrides, " gninea-hens." 

9. Sidon, onis, {do in these names is long, TiiSuiv, uvos ; in the de- 
rivative Sidonius it is usually short, 'Licovioi). A town in Phoeni- 
cia, on the Mediterranean. 

10. Creta, a large island in the same sea, south-east of Greece; 
famous for its 100 cities and the laws of Minos. It is now called 
Candia. 

11. Conditione addita. Instead of Aac co7iiz7io7ig, since he had 
added the condition to their message. 

12. Cadmus. See p. 25, § 1. 

13. Delphos. To the oracle of Apollo in Phocis. We must 
suppose that he had questioned the oracle respecting his future 
lot; hex\ce he\ow responsum. 

14. Sequcrelur. The idea of an order is contained in the words 
responsum accepit; hence sequeretur instead of ut sequeretur. 

15. In Boeoliam. A country of Greece, north of Attica. It is 
now called Livadia. 

10. Draco-aem. See p. 25, § 1. 

17. Aravit. He ploughed them over, as a sower the scattered 
seed. 

18. Sparli, called T.7raproi from a-cipuv, " to sow." Here the name 
is derived from spargere. 

19. Thebae, arum, the capital of Boeotia. Its citadel was built 
by Cadmus, hence called Cadm^a. 

20. Silenus, the instructor and companion of the young Bac- 
chus. 

21. Mygdonia, a country of Lydia in Asia Minor. 

1. Quidquid tetigisset. Here ihe action is expressed in the plu- 29 
perfect, because it is last in relation to the following, aurum Jieret, 
and it is expressed by the subjunctive, because it is an historical 
narration of the language of another. 

2. Quern. The relative pronoun includes, besides the demon- 
strative, a conjunction, as et, vero, igilur, iamen, etc. Quemis 
here the accusative of the subject depending upon jussit. 

3. Colore aur CO. The ablative of quality ; instead of ajita^mcto 
est colore aureo. 

4. Schoeneus. He was born in Boeotia, but became naturalized 
in Arcadia. 

5. Horum, soil, malorum,. 

<). Megara. A town in Greece, the capital of a country called 
Mfgaris. It was at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, 
on the Sinus Saronicus. 

7. Ncgavit, i. e. dixit, Cretam non esse recepturam, &c. 

8. Tantum scelus, a strong expression for mulierum tam sceles- 
tnvi. 

9. Praccipilat. The present instead of the perfect. See note 7, 
p. 10. 

10. Muris cinxit. Since he collected the stones by the melody 
of his lyre. 

1 1. Qucm partum, i. e. hos liberos suos. 

12. Superhius. See note 8, p. 27. 

13. Dicilur, narranlur. Observe the construction of the verbs 
did and narrari with the nominative and infinitive. 



90 NOTES. 

Page 

3 O 1. Harpyias, fledged, ravenous monsters. The name is derived 

from apTrd^ctv. 

2. Canes. The ancient poetic language called dogs, " beings 
subservient to the gods." 

3. Argonautae. See note 5, p. 25. 

4. Iter rogarent. Rogare aliquem aliquid, " to ask one for some- 
thing." 

5. Strophades, two islands off the western coast of Greece. The 
name is derived from o-rpt^sjj/, " to turn," because here the sons of 
Aquilo or Boreas turned from their pursuit of the Harpyiae. 

6. Liberarunt. Instead of liberaverunt. 

31 1. Latere aliquem. Complete the following sentences by eos la- 
tent. 

2. Dum viveret. The subjunctive stands in the dependent sen- 
tence, because it is an historical narration of thoughts and words 
of another, and is not an assertion of the author. 

3. Ancipiti, i. e. dubiae et ambiguae. 

4. Quae ab eo. The order of translation is, ut non auderent ad- 
ducere in du^itationem ea, quae audivissent ab eo. 

5. Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount 
Mycale. It was one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia, and 
owed its foundation to the Athenians. 

6. Ego vero. The conjunctions Autem, Enlm, Vero, Quoque, 
Quidem, are always placed after the introductory word of the 
clause, generally in the second place, and sometimes in the third — 
as, llle autem, Ego enim, Qui vero — not Autem ille, Enim ego, Vere 
qui. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 46. 

7. Cynicorum. The Cynics (from kvmv) endeavoured to attain 
the highest freedom by denying themselves every superfluity, al- 
lowing only the necessaries of nature. Like travellers, without a 
home upon earth, they always went with knapsack and staff, en- 
gaged in a conslant war against vice and the vicious. 

8. Videret, with a participle. See n. 11, p. 24. 

9. Nisi ista periissent. He considered the knowledge, which he 
had acquired during his absence, of so much greater value than 
extensive possessions. 

10. Accubuisset. The ancients took their meals reclining {ac- 
cumbentes), not sitting. 

11. Cogitationibus inkaerens, " lost in thought." 

32 1. Tarentinus, of Tarentum, now Tarento, a town of Calabria, 
in Magna Graeciaor Lower Italy, situated on the Tarentinus Si- 
nus, near the mouth of the river Galesus. The luxurious habits 
of the Tarentines were proverbial. 

2. Villicus, a superior slave in the country, who took charge of 
the villa or country-seat of his master. Slaves only were liable 
to corporal punishment. 

3. Vehementius, scil. quam par erat. 

4. Exarsisset,sci\.ird, since anger, like every violent passion, is 
usually compared with flame. 

5. Veriius, " through fear." For the genitive discendi, see n. 
12, p. 23. 

6. Cupiditate ductus. See n. 1, p. 19. 

7. Pythagoras had established a flourishing school of philosophy 
in Magna Graecia, in the sixth century, A. C. 

8. Fuisse fertur. See n. 13, p. 29. 



NOTES. 91 

Pago 

9. Quid esset, qiwd. A more expressive form of interrogation, 3 J8 
instead of quare ? 

10. Interesset, i, e. praesens esset, audiret sermones. 

11. Poenituit. The infinitive here expresses the object of the 
repentance, which, when designated by nouns, is put in the geni- 
tive. 

12. Ptolemaeus, one of the kings of Egypt, after Alexander, in 
whose reign Hegesias taught in Alexandria, the capital of the 
country. 

13. LeorUino, of Leontium in Sicily. 

14. Qui existimabatur. See note 13, p. 29. 

15. Dclphici. At Delphi, the c6mmon oracle of Greece. 

16. Nihil habeo quod, " I have no reason to." 

1. Homerus creditur. See n. 13, p. 29. 33 

2. Quaestionem. The question was a riddle. 

3. Octoginia annos Tiatum, " when eighty years old," Old^ 
applied to the years of human life, is rendered Latin by natvs, 
with an accusative of the time. 

4. In certamen musicum. On solemn occasions, choirs, headed 
by poets, contended for the prize. 

5. Dicunt, scil. homines. * 

6. Et ipse, " also." 

7. Rediens, *' while returning." 

8. Sententiam. A verse which contained a sentiment displea- 
sing to them. 

9. Pan, the protector of herds, whom Pindar worshipped in a 
chapel near his house, but who ranged over the woods and moun- 
tains, his usual abode. 

10. Pepercit, with the dative of the object. 

11. Mijndus, a maritime town of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
nissus. 

12. Quum, " though." 

13. De qua ageretur. The conjunction denotes an indefinite 
object, conceived only as possible. 

14. Pericles, a celebrated orator and general of Athens, who by 
his great abilities maintained an absolute sovereignty over the re- 
public for 15 years, and shared it with others for 25 years. He 
died about 429 years B. C, in the 3d year of the Peloponnesian 
war. 

15. Ilurus. The future participle active expresses an action, 
which one intends or is about to perform. 

1. Ne quod, in^lead of 7ie verbum aliquod. 34 

2. Lycurgus, a celebrated lawgiver .of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
nomus, and brother of Polydectes. The reform, which he effect- 
ed, happened 884 B. C. His laws continued in full force for 700 
years. 

3. Persunsit, with the dative of the object. 

4. Pythia. This was the title of the priestess, who delivered 
the oracles at Delphi from the sacred tripod. 

5. Persae. In the second Persian war, before the contest at 
Thermopylae. 

6. Obscuraluri, scil. esse. Respecting the use of diet, narrari, 
ferri, videri, existimari. See n. 13, p. 29. 

7. Cyrus, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Aslyages, 
king of Media. He was the founder of the Persian monarchy. 

8. Ponlus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by 

PART I. I 



92 NOTES. 

Page 

34: the Euxine, on the east by Armenia, on the south by Cappadocia, 

and on the west by Galatia and Paphlagonia. 

9. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of all the 
Greeks in the Trojan war. He is the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 

10. In Olijmpico certamine. Olympia, a town in Elis, a country 
of the Peloponnesus, situated on th? southern bank of the Alpheus, 
now Alfeo. This was the celebrated region in which the Olym- 
pic games were held in honour of Jupiter Olympius. They were 
of very ancient foundation, and revived, by Coroebus, B. C. 776, 
and serve as the epoch of Grecian chronology. They were cel- 
ebrated at the conclusion of every fourth year, or rather every 
forty-ninth month, and were 'held for five successive days. 
The Roman lustrum was a period oifive years. 

11. Epaminondas, a famous Theban, who aided his friend Pe- 
lopidas in freeing their city from the yoke of Lacedaemon, and 
in maintaining its freedom and independence. 

12. Affixa. The ancients, after a contest, hung up, in the tem- 
ple of the gods, the arms taken from the enemy, or at the close of 
the war, their own. 

13. Mantinea, a town of Arcadia, near the borders of Argolis. 
From the death of Epaminondas, Thebes lost its power and con- 
sequence among the Grecian states. 

14. Clypeus. It was considered most disgraceful to a soldier to 
abandon his shield in the fight. 

15. Tanta abst. et iyitegr. Ablatives of quality. 

16. L/ijsander, a celebrated Spartan, who terminated the Pelo- 
ponnesian war, by taking Athens, and appointing 30 tyrants over 
it, B. C. 404. 

17. Volo praebeas. Understand 'ut. 

18. Quod factum. The accusative depending upon exprdbran- 
tibus. 

19. Thrasybulus, who freed his country from, the 30 tyrants, B. 
C. 401. 

3S 1. Quantas-tantas. Concerning the position of the sentences, 
and the attraction of the substantive by the relative, see n. 8 d 
23. ' '^' 

2. in videar retulisse, is a more modest expression than ui re- 
iulerim would be, since it leaves it to others to decide as to the 
merit of his action. 

3. Abscinderem. Understand mim or ne ; abscinderemnc. 

4. Pythiavi ad se vocatuvi. Translate as if it were Pythiam ad 
se vocayit, quumque ab co, (" from his mouth :") accepissct {audivis- 
set) difficuliatem rei dom. ("the deranged state of his private 
•affairs,") eum pecunia instruxit. 

5. Pythia. The ablative in the abridged comparison. 

6. Damnata, who, in a cause decided by the king, had received 
an unfavourable sentence. 

7. Pilium, Alexander. 

8. Quod, instead of quam ob rem. 

9. Sperojore ut. A common periphrasis for spero with the in- 
finitive of the future. 

10. Et nobis et rebus. The ablatives depend upon dignus. 

11. Sperasne. Instead of 7iu7n sper as. 

12. Eos, quos. " That such as." Concerning the subjunctive 
following the relative, when it refers to talis, ejusmodi, is, see n. 
10, p. 15. ' y ) J 



NOTES. 93 

Page 

13. Asia debellata. Dehellare means properly, "to end the war, 35 
to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from continuing the con- 
test;" hence simply "to conquer." 

14. Civitate sua, "wiih the freedom of their city." 

15. Officium, an action by which we think to please, or confer a 
favour upon one. 

16. Lubentissime. Alexander now considered the compliment 
by which he wa^ made equal to Hercules as a favourable omen of 
future greatness, 

17. His verbis utebaTdur. Understood, " in the resolution taken 
upon it." 

18. Brevitafe. The Lacedaemonians took great pains to con- 
vey the most expressive meaning in the fewest words; whence 
such mode of expression has been proverbially called Laconic. 

19. L/ysimachus, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, 
■who at the partition of the empire, received for his share Thrace, 
the Chersonese, and the countries adjacent to the Euxine. 

20. Cyrenaeum, " of Cyrene," now Curin, the capital of Cyre- 
naica, a country of northern Africa, east of the Syrtis Major and 
west of Marmarica. It corresponds with the modern Barca. 

1. Mea nihil interest. /?itere5^ and re/er^ are joined with a gen- 36 
itive of the person whose interest is concerned, or with the neuters 
Tnea, ttia, sua, nostra, vestra, instead of mei, tui, etc. The degree 

of importance is expressed by adverbs, or by the neuters of adjec- 
tives, or by their genitives. The thing in which any one's inte- 
rest is involved is not expressed by a substantive, but by an accu- 
sative with an infinitive, or by id with a subjunctive and the inter- 
rogative particles. 

2. Humir^, instead of utrum humi. 

3. Sublime, instead of i7i sublimi. 

4. Caria. A province in the south-west of Asia Minor. 

5. Sepulcrum. The Mausoleum, one of the wonders of the 
world. 

6. Septem miracula. Of these the principal were the temple of 
Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus, or brazen image of Apollo, at 
Rhodes, the pyramids of Egypt, &c. 

7. Manibus. Not from manus, but from manes. 

8. Praemiis propositis. Translate as if it were, et in hoc certa- 
mine praemia amplissinia proposuit ei, qui 

9. Dionysius, surnamed the younger, was finally expelled by 
Timoleon, B. C. 343. 

10. L/ydia, a province in the western part of Asia Minor, on the 
Aegaean. 

11. Se felicior. Instesid of qv/im ipse. 

12. Psophidium. Of Psophis, a town of Arcadia. 

13. Pyrrhus crossed to Italy for the express purpose of aidmg 
the Taren tines in the war which they had undertaken against the 
Romans, B. C. 280. 

14. Loquut-uri eramus. The conditional sentence, nisi defecisset 
seems to require essemus, and this would convey the same mean- 
ing ; but eramus expresses the conditional as positive and not to 
be doubted, so that the boldness of the speaker is more forcibly 
displayed by the indicative. 

15. Anti^onus, suvnamed Gotui^iw, son of Demetrius, and grand- 
son of Antigonus, who was one of Alexander's generals. 

16. In for potius, scil. cognoscam. 



94 NOTES. 

36 17. Catdtta, now Catania, a. town Sit ihe foot of Aetna, in Sicily. 

18. At permits us to understand a sentence from the preceding ; 
"you would justly laugh, if I intended to fly before the enemy ; hut 
I go to war to fight firmly, without abandoning my post." 

19. Sibi laetitiae esse. With the verbs esse, proficisci, dare, and 
venire, verto, fio, and others of the same meaning, besides the da- 
tive of the person, another is used to express the purpose, effect, 
and destination. Zumpt's L. G. ; Kenrick's Transl. 

20. Se meliores. Instead of quam ipsum. 
3T 1. At anseres. See n. 18, p. 36. 

2. Rhodius, of the island Rhodus, which lies opposite Caria, in 
the Mediterranean, 

3. In ludis Olympicis. See n. 10, p. 84. 

4. Inspedante populo. " In the sight of the assembled people." 

5. Africanus. So called from his victory over Hannibal in 
Africa. 

6. Epirus, a country in the western part of Greece, forming a 
part of modern Albania. 

7. Insiandum esse negabat. The neuter of the participle passive 
in dus is used in the nominative, or the accusative before the in- 
finitive, with esse, in the sense of propriety or necessity. Accord- 
ingly the words above may be translated, " said that one ought not 
to urge." 

8. Fortius, scil. quam alias fecisset. 

9. Ex necessitate, i. e. necessitate coactus. 

10. Corinthus, now Corito, a famous commercial city, situated 
on the Isthmus of Corinth, now Hexamili, which connects the Pe- 
loponnesus with Hellas, or Greece properly so called. Corinth 
was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, B. C. 146. 

11. Non esset unde. Instead of non esset aliquid, ex quo 

12. Major. The conqueror of Hannibal in the battle of Zama, 
to be distinguished from the Younger, who destroyed Carthage. 

13. Gentis Corneliae. The family of Scipiones was a branch 
of the gens Cornelia. The full name of this Scipio was P. Corne- 
lius Scipio Africanus. Concerning the name of the Romans, see 
n. 2, p. 4. Sometimes, as in the present instance, a fourth name, 
called the Agnomen, was given, added from some illustrious action 
or remarkable event. 

14. Recuperato demum gladio, i. e, non prius ad suos reversus est, 
quam gladium recuperaverat. 

15. Locum. The place from which they had retreated during 
the fight. A soldier could name his heir in the presence of 3 or 4 
comrades, before he went to battle, and this, without any other 
ceremonies, was considered a complete testament. It was called 
testamentum militare, vel in procinctu, i. e. " made while he was 
girding himself, or preparing for battle." 

16. Eos is to be referred to milites, which is contained in cohortes. 

17. Cedentem videret. See n. 11, p. 24. 

18. Capite devoto. He suffered himself to be devoted to death 
by certain ceremonies, as if it were an atoning sacrifice for the 
whole army. 

19. Liberavit. Brutus expelled TarquiniusSuperbus, B. C. 509- 
The consular authority was established, which continued inde- 
pendent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia. 

20. Virgis caesos. Roman citizens, who were condemned to 



NOTES. 9^ 

Page 
death, were beaten with rods previous to their execution, in order 3T 
to place them on a level with the slarves. 

1. Per5ew5wasconqueredbyPaulus AemyliuSjSonof theAemy- 38 
lius who fell at Cannae. The decisive battle was fought at Pyd- 
na, B. C. 168. The province Macedonia, under the Romans, in- 
cluded Thessaly and Epirus, and extended from sea to sea. It is 
now Roumelia. 

2. Hoc amine. All unusual phenomena, particularly in the hea- 
vens, were considered by the ancients as signs of future things. 

3. Cicatricem aversam, i. e. iii parte corporis, hostibus aversa, i. e. 
in tergo ; on the contrary, adversa vuhiera are " wounds jn the 
breast." 

4. Coronis. Crowns were given by the ancients to free citizens 
as tokens of merit and valour. They were different according to 
the circumstances : Obsidionalis, for freeing an army from a block- 
ade ; Vallaris vel Castrensis, to the first who mounted the rampart, 
or entered the camp of the enemy ; Muralis, to him who first scaled 
the walls of a city in an assault ; Navalis, to him who first board- 
ed the ship of an enemy ; Civica, to him who had saved the life 
of a citizen. There were smaller rewards of various kinds ; as, 
a banner, {Vexillum) ; trappings, (^Phalerae) ; golden chains, 
(Aurea Torques) ; bracelets, {Armillae). 

5. Carpetani. The territories of this people were in the centre 
of Spain, in what is now New CastHe. Their principal city was 
Toletum, now Toledo. 

6. Barbari. Hispani et Galli, who were in the Carthaginian 
army. The Romans, like the Greeks, called every nation barba- 
rian which was not of their own race. 

7. Infidem ejus rei. " In order to give credit to this pretence." 

8. Quibus trajiceret. Respecting the subjunctive, see n. 14, p. 
18. 

9. Vulnerari. See n. 2, p. 11. 

AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY. 

1. Jamculum. A hill on the Tiber, by some considered as one 39 
of the seven hills on which Rome was built ; while others say that 

it was not included within the city. It was fortified by Ancus 
Martins. 

2. Troja eversa. Troja, the capital of Troas, a district on the 
Aegaean coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. After a war of 10 years, 
undertaken in consequence of the rape of Helen by Paris, Troy 
was taken and completely destroyed by the allied army of the 
Greeks, B. C. 1184. This city has been celebrated by the poems 
of Homer and Virgil ; the former gives an account of the war, 
and the latter relates the wanderings of Aeneas, after the fall of 
his native city, and his final settlement in Italy. See p. 26, § 11. 

3. Quibiis pepercerat, {parcere alicui). 

4. Alba lonqa. Called longa, because it extended along the hill 
Albanus, and AWa, from the circumstance of Aeneas having found 
on the spot a wkile sow with 30 young ones, according to the pro- 
phecy of Helenus. 

1. Vestae sacerdotibus. The Vestal virgins devoted themselves 40 
to the service of the goddess Vesta, and kept the perpetual fire 
upon her altar. They took upon themselves the vow of chastity, 
and a violation of it weis punished with death. 

i2 



96 NOTES. 

40 2. Vironubere, D-wcere, " to take in marriage," is used when a 
man is the subject of discourse ; Nuhere, " to be veiled," or duci^ 
" to be led," is used when a woman is the subject. 

3. Ultra ripam. The Tiber having flat banks, the overflowing 
of the river is a common occurrence. 

4. Nutriendos. -Instead of ut cos nutriret. 

5. Asylum, Gr. acvXav, a consecrated place, which aflforded safety 
from violence. 

6. Pulsi. Understand such as during the civil commotions had 
been expelled by the opposite faction, or were obliged to leave 
their country on account of a murder, which, in the badly organ- 
ized state of civil society, was a common occurrence. 

7. In arce. The Capitol was a citadel and temple on the Tar- 
peian rock, which formed a part of the Capitoline hiJl. 

8. In urbem recepit. On condition that Tatius, king of the Sa- 
bines, should share the sovereignty with him. 

41 1. I/wstraret. At the end of every five years a review {census) 
of the people was made. After the census was finished, an expi- 
atory or purifying sacrifice, {Sacrificium lustrale), was made ; 
and thus the people were said to be purified, {lustrari). Because 
this was done at the end of every fifth year, hence Lustrum is put 
for the space of five years, 

2. Ad deos sublatum, {tollere). Romulus was afterwards wor- 
shipped by the Romans as a god, under the name of Quirinus. 

3. Melius Fuffetius. The general of the Albans. After a 
treaty of peace had been made, he sided with the Romans in a 
battle between them and the Veientes, and, deserting during the 
fight, exposed his allies to great danger. 

4. Ei moenia circumdedit. Equivalent to novis earn moenibus 
circumdcdit. 

5. Corinthus. See n. 10, p. 37. 

6. Etruria, otherwise called Tuscia, a celebrated country of 
Italy, lying to the west of the Tiber. It is now called Tuscany. 

7. Minorum gentium. Those elected by Romulus were called 
Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled by Tullus Hostilius, 
Tarquinius Priscus, and Brutus, were denominated Patres mino- 
rum gentium. This at least is the opinion of some critics. Others 
maintain, that all those who were enrolled before the time ol 
Brutus, were named Patres viajorum gentium, and those enrolled 
by him, Patres minorum gentium. See Crombie's Gymnasium, 
vol. 2, p. 315. 

8. Ademtos, i. e. q^ios hostibus ademerat. 

9. Capitolium. See n. 7, p. 40. 

4:2 1. Censum. The census was instituted by Servius Tullius, and 
properly consisted in taking an account of the property and family 
of each citizen, and in imposing taxes in proportion to their efiecls. 
Servius at the same time divided the people into six classes, and 
these again into centuries. The census was at first taken by the 
kings, and afterwards by the consuls ; but, after the year of the 
city 310, by a proper ofiicer, called Censor. 

2. Curia. The place at which the senate usually met was the 
Curia Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius at the foot of the Palatine 
hill, so that there was an easy ascent to it from the Forum by 
means of steps, (gradibus). 

3. CarpenPum, a vehicle with two wheels, and an arched cover- 



NOTES. 91^ 

Page 
ing, sometimes without the covering, and generally drawn by 4:2 
mules. It was used by the Roman matrons in the city. 
4. Hanc injuriam. The outrage offered her by the king's son. 

1. lytixerunt. Lugere means not only " to lament, to bewail," 43 
but also " to wear mourning for." 

2. Pons lig'fieus. A bridge over the Tiber, called also pons sub- 
licius, (from svblicae, " stakes.") As it was entirely of wood, it 
was easily taken asunder, {rumpi). 

3. Ignibus allatis. He threatened him with torture, in which 
fire also was used. 

4. Anienerfi. From the obsolete nominative Anien, for which 
Anio is used. The Anio is a river of Latium, which rises in the 
Apennines, and empties into the Tiber near Antemnae. 

5. Qui concilia/ret. See n. 14. p. 18. 

6. rahulam. See this fable, I'l. 8. 

7. Tribuni plebis. Two tribunes were at first created, but A. U. 
297, ten tribunes were created, which number continued ever after. 

8. Qui defenderent, i. e. ea de causa, ut. 

9. Volscorum. The Volsci were situated in the southern part of 
Latium. 

10. Milliarum. The public ways {Publicae Viae) of the Ro- 
mans were furnished with mile-stones, which were distant from 
one another 1000 paces or 5000 Roman feet. The pace {Passus) 
included a double step, {gradus vel gressus), or the space from the 
place where the foot is taken up to that where it is set down. 

11. VeierUes. The inhabitants of the city Fm (oruw) in Etru- 
ria. 

1. Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, which empties into the 44 
Tiber above Rome. 

2. Qui HoMnibalem. In the second Punic war. 

3. Debililavit, i. e. vires imminuit. 

4. Decemviri. A college of ten men. Bodies charged with a 
particular office were generally designated by the number of their 
members, to which w£is still given an explanatory epithet. Thus 
here the above-mentioned Decemvirate is distinguished from other 
decemviral bodies by the addition o{ Ic gibus scribendis. 

5. Falerii, a city in Etruria. The inhabitants were called Falisci. 
G. Rediccendum tradidit. As above, c. 7, pvxros uzori nvirien- 

dos dedit. 

7. AIMs equis, i. e. curru invectus albis cquis juncto. The iise of 
while horses, in their opinion, was confined to the gods, and espe- 
cially to Jupiter and the Sun. 

8. Gain Senones, a nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their 
native possessions on the banks of the Seine (Sequdua) and Marne 
{Matrona), and, under the conduct of Brennus, pillaged Rome. 
They settled on the coast of Umbria in Italy. 

9. Allia, a little river of Italy, in the territories of the Sabines, 
which empties into the Tiber. 

10. I/i eo erant. A collective noun or noun of multitude, e. gr. 
praesidium, turba, multiludo, cxercitus, nobilitas, may be the subject 
of a plural verb. It is common when a noun of this class conti- 
nues the subject of successive propositions, to join a singular verb 
with it in one and a plural in another; thus, in the present in- 
stance, praesidium is connected, in the first proposition, with the 
singular verb laborabat, in the second, with tne plural erant. 

11. TVans Anienem. See n. 4, p. 43. 



98 NOTES. 

Page 

4:5 1. Tribunus militum. One of the highest military officers. In 
the earliest times there were three to each legion, and as the le- 
gion at that time consisted of 3000 men, each tribune commanded 
1000 ; hence they were called by the Greeks chiliarchi {x'^^^'^9X°'-) 
In later times there were six in each legion, who commanded 
under the consuls. 

2. Samnites, a people of Itsily, whose territory was called Sarrv- 
niwm. Their country lay between Apulia on the east, Latium and 
Campania on the west, Lucania on the south, and the confines oi 
the Marsi on the north. 

3. Dictator, a mag:istrate at Rome, invested with absolute autho- 
rity. He was appointed only in extraordinary cases, when the 
circumstances of the state required prompt and efficient manage- 
ment. His power continued only for the space of six months. 
The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called 
his master of horse, mngister equitum. 

4. Furculae Caudinae, a narrow pass in the vicinity of Caudi- 
um, a town of the Samnites. 

5. Sub jugum. When enemies were vanquished, they were 
stripped of their arms and made to pass under the yoke, (jugum). 
This consisted of two spears planted in the ground, which were 
crossed at the top by a third, so low, however, that the captives 
were obliged to bend in passing under. 

6. Tarentinis. Tarentum was a Grecian colony in lower Italy, 
still called Tarento. 

7. Epirus, a country on the western coast of Greece. 

8. Auxilio poposcerunt. The more usual construction is, poscere 
auxilium ab aliquo, or, with a double accusative, poscere aliquem, 
auxilium. 

. 9. Elephantorum. As the Romans first saw the elephant in the 
army of Pyrrhus in Lucania, and were ignorant of its proper 
name, they called it bos Lucas. 
46 1. Adversis vulneribus, See note 3, p. 38. 

2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 

3. Campania, a country of Middle Italy, on the Inferurti vel 
Tyrrhenum Mare. 

4. Praeneste, a town in Latium. 

5. Praelio commisso. In the consulship of P. Sulpicius Saverrio 
and P. Decius Mus. 

6. Pueri comitarentur. This 'distinction was usuall)'' allowed 
to triumphant generals, and only on the day of their triumph. 
It was granted to Duilius for his lifetime. 

4:T 1. Se desiisse. Soldiers who were taken prisoners in war, lost 
thereby their right of citizenship. 

2. Tot millia. The Carthaginians had proposed an exchange 
in the lump, although the number of Carthaginian prisoners was 
by far the greater. 

3. Lilyhaeum, the western promontory of Sicily. 

4. Citralberum. The /Zfcr^s (now the ^Jro) flowed through Spain 
from north-west to south-east, almost parallel to the Pyrenees. The 
country south of this river remained subject to the Carthaginians. 

5. Clusium, (now Chiusi), a town in Etruria. 

6. Insiibres, a powerful Gallic tribe in Upper Italy, in what is 
now the government of Milan in Austrian Italy. 

48 1. Spolia. The spoils which a general took from the general 
of the enemy was called spolia opivui. They were dedicated and 



NOTES. 99 

Pa«e 

suspended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils were 48 
obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first by- 
Romulus, who slew Acron, king of the Caeninenses; the next by 
A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the Vei- 
entes, A. U. C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who 
slewViridomarus, a king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. 

2. Saguntum, a city on the eastern coast of Spain, in Hispania 
Tarraconensis. 

3. Ut mandaretur. Understand before it qui postidarentj the idea 
of which is contained in miserunt. 

4. Liguria, a country of Upper Italy, bounded on the south by 
the Sinus Ligusticus, or Chdfof Genoa, on the north by the Padus, 
now the Po, on the east by the river Macra, and on the west by 
the Varus. It answers to Genoa and part of Piedmont. 

5. Tlcinus, now Tessino, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which rises 
in the Alps, and, having traversed in its course the Lacus Verba- 
nus, (now Lago Maggiore), empties into thePadusnear Ticinum, 

6. Trebia, a river of the same country, which rises in Liguria, 
and flowing in a northerly direction empties into the Padus near 
Placentia. 

7. Twscia,OT Etruria. From the former the present name Tus- 
cany is derived. 

8. Trasimenus, a lake of Etruria, near Perusia, (now Perugia), 
from which it takes its present name, lake of- Perugia. 

9. Qiiam, mora, i. e. cunctando et bellum differendo. This Fabius 
had shown, who, when appointed dictator, weakened the enemy 
by avoiding an engagement and continually harassing his army 
by countermarches and ambuscades. Hence he received the sur- 
name of Cunctator. 

10. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
lying along the Adriatic, from the river Frento in the north-west 
to the promontory lapygium. 

11. Armata, " with their arms in their hands." 

12. Aureorum annulorum. The senators and knights enjoyed 
the privilege of wearing golden rings. 

1. A duobus Scipionibus. Publius and Cnaeus. The former 49 
was a father of the elder Scipio Africanus. 

2. Nola, a town of Campania. Bells were invented there, in 
the beginning of the 5th century, by St. Paulinus, the bishop of 
the place. Hence they have been called in Latin Nolae, or Cam- 
panae. 

3. Quo minus irajiceret. After verbs meaning " to hinder, to 
prevent," quo minus is used in the signification of Tie. 

4. Poeni, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a 
corruption of Phoeni or Phoeniccs, as the Carthaginians were of 
Phoenician origin. 

5. Syracusae',2i celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 B. C. 
by Archias a Corinthian. 

6. Duo Scipiones interfecti. Both were slain within the space of 
one month, in the eighth year of their generalship in Spain, in un- 
fortunate battles against the Carthaginians. 

7. Ad Ticinum. See above, c. 3. * 

8. Ilal. deser. cnpient. Since they thought that the state was 
ruined beyond all hope of recovery, 

9. Carthago nova, now Carthagcna, on the southern coast of His- 
pania Tarraconensis. 



100 NOTES. 

Page 

49 10. Sena, or Sena Gallica, now Senigaglia, a town on the Adri- 
atic, built by the Senones, A. U. C. 396. 

11. Picenum, a country of Italy on the Adriatic, east of the 
Apennines ; now called the March of Ancona. 

12. Bruttii, a people who inhabited the most southern part of 
Italy. 

13. Numidia, an extensive kingdom in the northern part of 
Africa, west of Africa Propria. It was bounded on the west by 
Mauretania, and on the south by Gaetulia. It forms the present 
kingdom of Algiers. 

50 1. Zama^ a town of Numidia, now Zamora, 300 miles south-west 
of Carthage. 

2. Quam coeperat, i. e. anno undevicesimo, postquam coeperat. 

3. Philippus, the son of Demetrius. See above, p. 49, § 6. 

4. Cynoscephalae, eminences in Thessaly, south-east of Pharsa- 
lus, so called from their resemblance to the heads of dogs, {kwojv 

5. Nobis, a tyrant of Sparta, celebrated for his cruelty. He was 
slain B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14 years. 

6. Syriacum, "a Syrian," Syria, a country of Asia, on the 
Mediterranean, between Arabia and Cilicia in Asia Minor. 

7. Legates, the name of the officer chosen by a proconsul or pro- 
praetor to accompany him to his province, and assist him in the 
discharge of his duties. Sometimes the governor remained at 
home, and merely sent out the legatus to the province; and at 
other times the senate sent out a legatus, without naming any pro- 
consul or propraetor. 

8. Magnesia, a town in the northern part of Lydia, near the 
junction of the Hermus and Hyllus, and in the vicinity of mount 
Sipylus. 

9. Asia, i. e. Asia Minor, in which Antiochus had many posses- 
sions. 

10. Taurus, the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. 
Intra Taurum, " on the southern side of the range." 

11. Pydna, a town in the southern part of Macedonia, situate 
on the shore of the Sinus Thermaicus. It was originally called 
Citron. 

51 1. Sezdecimremorumordines. The ships of war were variously 
named from their rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two 
rows or tiers were called Bir ernes ; three, triremes; four, quadri- 
remes ; five, quinqueremes Ye\ penteres ; those of six or seven, by 
a Greek name, Hexeres, Hepteres, and above that by a circumlocu- 
tion, as in the present instance. The rowers were placed above 
one another in different stages or benches ( in transtris veljugis) 
on the side of the ship. 

2. Tribunus, as tribunus militum. 

3. Phirima, works of art, and images of the gods, taken from the 
temples of conquered towns. 

4. Pseudophilippus, '^evSocpCXi-mroi, who had falsely assumed the 
name of Philippus. A certain Andriscus pretended to be the son 
of Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia, 
and formed k large party among the Macedonians, who were op- 
pressed under the sovereignty of the Romans. 

5. Corinthiis. Corinth, (see p. 37, § 65,) the principal city of the 
Achaean league, a famous confederacy which was formed B. C. 
284, and continued formidable upwards of 130 years. 



NOTES. 101 

6. Propter injuriam. The Roman ambassadors had been treat- 5 1 
ed with violence and insult, at the meeting of the confederacy at 
Corinth, on account of the extravagance and severity of their de- 
mands ; in consequence of which, war was declared against the 
confederacy. 

7. Lusitania, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
answering nearly to the modern kingdom of Portugal. Portugal 
is in its length larger than Lusitania, but from west to east much 
smaller. 

1. Numantia, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the 52 
sources of the river Durius. 

2. Hostibus tradi. The Numantines did not accept this expedi- 
ent for evading the fulfilment of the contract, and did not offer vi- 
olence to the consul who was offered to them as a victim. 

3. Correxit. He began by reforming the abuses which had crept 
into the military discipline. 

4. Vinctus, " in chains." The history of the war with Jugurtha 
has been given by Sallust in a work styled Bellum Jugurthinum. 

5. Crmbri et Teutones, northern tribes who left their ancient 
abodes, and went in search of new settlements. Other Gallic tribes 
through whose territory they passed, joined them, 

6. Ne iterum. See above, p. 44, § 32. 

7. TeutoTies. Marius met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, now 
Air, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. He left 20,000 dead on the 
field of battle, and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. 

8. Belloque protracto. See n. 5, p. 14. 

1. Gravissimum bellum. The war of these allied nations (sub- 53 
jects of Rome) was called bellum sociale, or, because the Marsi, a 
people of middle Italy, were the leading nation engaged in it, bel- 
lum Marsicurn ; also, bellum Italicum. 

2. Acquajura^ the right of Roman citizens, jura civitatis. 

3. Jus civitatis. The freedom of the city was conferred in difier- • 
ent degrees, according to the different merits of tlMkallies towards 
the republic. To some the right of voting {jus suffragii) was 
given, and to others not. After the social war it was communi- 
cated, with the right of voting, to all of the Italfans south of the river 
Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the lower sea. 
Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul, which 
hence began to be called Gallia Togata. 

4. Pontics, a kingdom in the north of Asia Minor, on the Ponlus 
Euxinus ; Mithridates had greatly enlarged it by his conquests. 

5. Pugatnisfuerat. He had taken refuge in Africa, but returned 
upon hearing that Cinna had embraced his cause. 

6. Proscripserunt. Proscribere, properly " to post up in writing, 
to publish any thing to be sold," especially in reference to auc- 
tions; also, " to confiscate one's property, sequester or seize one's 
estate ;" from the time of Sylla, " to proscribe, or outlaw one ; to 
doom to death and confiscation of property." Sylla introduced the 
custom ofproscription, after having conquered the party of Marius. 
He ordered lists {tabulae proscriptionis), of the names of those 
whom he doomed to die, to be placed in the public places of the 
city, with the promise of a reward {duo talenta) for the head of 
each person so proscribed. He divided the lands and fortunes of 
the slain among his friends, and declared their children incapable 
of honours. 

* 7. Sociale. See above, n. 1. 



IQ2 NOTES. 

Page 

54 1. Chalcedon, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, oppo- 
posite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, B. C. 685, some 
years before the founding of Byzantium. 

2. Cyzicus, anciently a very flourishing city, situate on the island 
of Cyzicus, in the Propontis, which is now a peninsula, and pre- 
serves its name. 

3. Byzantium, a city situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, found- 
ed by a colony from Argos and Megara, B. C. 658. Constantine 
the Great made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A. D. 
328, and called it Constantinopolis. 

4. Novum helium, the war of the slaves. 

5. Gladiatores. Gladiators were for some'time exhibited only at 
funerals, biit afterwards also by the magistrates, to entertain the 
people. They were kept and trained in schools {in ludis) by per- 
sons called Lanistae. The whole number under one Lanista was 
called Familia. Gladiators were at first composed of captives, 
slaves, or condemned malefactors. Afterwards also free-born citi- 
zens fought, some even of noble birth. Gladiators were exhibited 
sometimes at the funeral pile, often in the Forum, but usually in an 
amphitheatre, so called, because it was seated all round, like two 
theatres joined. The place where the gladiators fought was called 
ArcTui, because it was covered with saw-dust or sand, to prevent 
the gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood ; and the per- 
sons who fought, J.rmaru.— The slaves of Capua were quickly 
joined by an immense multitude of their fellow-sufferers, with 
whom Italy was filled, 

6. Cabira, a fortified town of Armenia Minor, near the confines 
of Pontus, afterwards called Sebaste. 

7. Successor. M. Acilius Glabrio, who was shortly after succeed- 
ed by Pompey. 

8. Piratae, chiefly the inhabitants of the coast of Asia Minor, 
especially the Cilicians, who rendered the Mediterranean unsafe 
by their piraaies. 

55 1. Venenum hausit. According to others, he stabbed himself, 
since the poison had no effect on him, in consequence of the anti- 
dotes which he wasln the habit of taking to render ineffectual the 
attempts of his enemies to poison him, 

2, Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, lying west of Pontus. It 
derived its name of Galatia from the Gaub oj* Celtae, who invaded 
and settled the country. From the Greeks, who subsequently be- 
came intermingled with them, the country was also called Gallo- 
Graecia, 

3. Quod non recepisset. See n. 12, p. 14. 

^ 4. Judaea, a province of Palestine, forming the southern divi- 
sion, and lying north of Arabia. Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) was 
the capital, 

5. Argenti infinitum, i. e, infinitum pondus, infinita summa. 

6. Catalina. In order to repair his ruined fortune, he attempted 
to effect apolitical revolution, and to murder the Senate and opu- 
lent citizens, with the intention of confiscating their property for 
the benefit of himself and his followers, . 

7. Parthi, a people of Asia, successively tributary to the empire 
of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and almost unknown until 
about 240 B. C, when they suddenly emerged from their obscurity 
under Arsaces, who laid the foundation of the Parthian empire. 
This empire was bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by 



i 



NOTES. 103 

Page 

the Mare Erythraeum, on the west by the Tigris, and on the north 55 
by Caucasus. 

8. Carrae, a town of Mesopotamia, south-east of Edessa. 

9. Contra auspicia, notwithstanding the unlucky omens, which 
occurred before the battle. 

1. Nominis, i. e. populi, 56 

2. Absens. Candidates were bound according to law to be pre- 
sent at Rome, and when they commanded an army, to discharge 
it before soliciting an of&ce. But Caesar continued with his army 
in Cisalpine Gaul. 

3. Ariminum, now Rimini, a town in Italy on the Adriatic, be- 
yond the limits of Caesar's province ; wherefore the taking pos- 
session of this town was to be considered as a declaration of war. 

4. Dictatorcm. See n. 3, p. 45. 

5. Hispayiias. The plural comprehends the three principal divi- 
sions of the peninsula, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, and Baeiica. 

6. Primopraelio. Thisbattle was fought near Dyrrachium, now 
Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea. 

7. Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, south-west of La- 
rissa, on the river Enipeus. In its neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pharsalia, in which the battle was fought. 

8. Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great, B. C. * 
332, situate at the mouth of the Nile. It was famous for its com- 
mercial advantages, commanding the trade of the east until the 
discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was also celebrated for 

its schools, and its library of 700,000 volumes. 

9. A rcge Aegypti, the last of the Ptolemies, and the brother of 
Cleopatra. 

10. Generi quondam, i. e. qui quondam gener Caesaris fuerat. 
Pompcy had formed a league with Caesar and Crassus, A. U. 
694, and had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. She died in 
the year 703, and with her death the last bond of union between 
the two statesmen was severed. 

11. Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy ; she had a short time before 
laid claim to the throne. 

12. Insolentius. He made himself perpetual Dictator, Impera- 
tor, &c. and it was suspected that he intended to declare himself 
king. 

13. Bruti duo, Marcus and Decimus. 

1. Fusus. Antony besieged D. Brutus in Mutlna, a town of 5T 
Gallia Cispadana, now Modena, but was defeated by the consuls 
Pansa and Hirtius. 

2. Lcpidum, who was in Gaul with the army. 

3. Oclavianus, the son of C. Octavius and Atia, a niece of Ju- 
lius Caesar, by whom Octavianus was adopted as a son. But 
sons, who entered a family by adoption, added to the name cf their 
pater adoptivus, which they assumed, the name of their real father 
with an addition ; so that Acmilius became Aemilianus, ^nd Ocia- 
vius, Octavianus. Octavianus had first waged war wHh ftie sen- 
ate (Optiviates) against Antony. 

4. Proxcripsit. See n. 6, p. 53. 

5. Cassius. After the first battle Cassius caused one of his freed- 
men to kill him ; Brutus fell on his own sword after the second. 

6. Philippi, a town of Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 

7. Gallias, (as Hispanias, see n. 5, p. 56), comprehends all coun- 
PART 1. K 



1)64 NOTES. 

57 tries under the name of Gallia, both on this side and the other side 

of the Alps. 

8. Lepidus. A short time after the divisiQn, Lepidus was strip- 
ped of his portion by Octavianus, and made to retire to a private 
station, because he made higher pretensions than he ought. 

9. Augustus, a title of honour, which Octavianus received in 
the year 726, when he proposed to abdicate the imperatorial dig- 
nity, and which conveyed the idea of holiness, since Augustus 
was especially applied to places which were devoted to religious 
purposes. 

10. Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus. 

11. Aspis, a poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, whose bite 
occasions inevitable death, but without pain. 

58 1. Fretum Gaditanum, from Gades, a Phoenician colony, now 
Cadiz. 

2. Qui montes. Not, as in English, monies qui, which po- 
sition of the relative, when accompanied by an apposition, the 
Latin did not admit, 

3. Herculis columnae, as marks of the limit which nature had 
put to the wanderings of Hercules. According fo some he had 
erected columns on these mountains, after he had separated them 

» by force, and thereby connected the Mediterranean {mare inter- 
num) with the Ocean {mare Atlanticum). 

4. Tanais, now the Don. 

5. Pontus Euzinus, now the Black Sea. 

6. Paius Maeotis, now the Sea of Azoph or Zaback. 

7. Mare Brit, now the North Sea. 

8. Aegaeum, now the Archipelago. 

9. Tyrrhenum, so called from the ancient inhabitants of middle 
Italy, who named the land which they inhabited Tyrrhenia ; by 
the Romans it was called Tuscia. 

10. Baetis, now the Guadalqttiver. 

11. Condita. The island, on which Gades was built, was con- 
nected to the main land by a mole. 

12. Narbonensis, so called from the city Narbo (Narbonne) ; 
before the reign of Augustus it was called Provincia Romana 
(Provence), as being the first country subdued by the Romans in 
Transalpine Gaul. 

13. Massilia, now Marseilles. Respecting the foundation of 
the city by the Phocaeans, see Part II. I. i, 

14. Campus lapideus, or campi lapidei, a plain of sevej^al miles 
in extent, covered with round stones, situate in the vicinity of the 
Rhodanus, (Rhone), not far from the sea. The natural soil of this 
region is the same as described by the ancients. 

15. Pluisse, scil. lapidibus. 

59 1. Rhodanus, now the Rhone. 

2. Z/3«i5 Lemanus, now the Lake of Geneva. They distinguish- 
ed the v/ater of the Rhine at a considerable distance, whence the 
opinion arose that the river iiowed unmixed through the lake. 

3. Dirivnit. The Rhone flows between Gallia Narbonensis and 
Lugdunensis, and empties into the Mediterranean by several 
mouths between Narbo and Massilia. 

4. Porrigitur. The ancient Gallia comprehended the whole 
country west of the Rhine as far as the North Sea, including the 
modern kingdom of the Netherlands. 

5. Druidae. Britain, according to Caesar, was the great school 



NOTES. 105 

Page 
of the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called 59 
Mona by Tacitus, now Anglesey. The common derivation is from 
^(jvf, " an oak," or from the old British word dru or drew, " an 
oak," because they taught in forests, or, as Pliny states, never 
sacrificed but under an oak. 

6. Quae se scire prqfitentur. The knowledge in which they 
boast, which they assert that they possess. 

7. GarurriTia, now the Garonne. 

8. Aquitania comprehends the modern Gascony, and a part of 
Guienne. The Aquitani were a powerful people of Iberian origin, 
who divided themselves into many tribes. 

9. Sequd'fia, now the Seine. 

10. Celtae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which lay 
between the Sequana and Garumna, extending eastwardly from 
the ocean to the Rhine. Augustus, however, B. C. 27, extended 
Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Ligeris, now the Loire, and 
further diminished Celtica by comprehending under Belgica that 
part which lay near the Rhine. 

11. Belgae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which 
lay north of Sequana and the territories of the Celtae, between 
the ocean and the Rhine. 

12. Usque ad Rhenum pertinent. To that part of the Rhenus now 
called the Lower Rhiiie. 

13. Lutetia, now Paris. 

14. Lacus Venetus, or Brigantiae, from the town Brigantia on 
Its eastern bank, now Bregentz in Tyrol. It was also anciently 
called Bodamicus. It is now called Boden Sea, or Lake Constance, 
from a town of that name on its western border. 

15. Mediomatrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were situated 
along the Mosella or Moselle. Their capital was Divodurum, now 
Metz. 

16. Treviri, a nation of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosella 
and Mosa, now the Meuse. The capital was Augusta Trevirarum, 
hgw Treves, on the Moselle. 

17. Flevo, a branch of the Rhine, which expanded to such a de- 
gree as to form a considerable lake. This lake, having been in 
process of time much increased by the sea, assumed the name of 
Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea. 

18. Ilerum. After forming the lake it was contracted again 
into a narrower bed, and re-assumed the appearance of a river. 
It is not now a river, but is a part of the Zuyder Zee. 

19. Vistula. This river falls into the Baltic, and still retains 
its ancient name. 

20. Boni kospitibus, i. e. erga hospites. 

1. Alio transiluri. Non ut ibi vianeant, sed ad tcmpus, et max 60 
alio transiluri, i. e. co consilio, ut in alium locum iranseant. 

2. Silva Hercynia. This was an immense forest of Germany, 
considered by some writers as covering nearly the whole of that 
extensive territory. Parts of it only remain at the present day, 
which go under particular names, as the Black Forest, which 
separates Alsace from Swabia ; the Bohemcrald, which encom- 
passes' Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia 
sylva ; the Hartz forest in Lunenburgh, &c. 

3. Patere narrat. Its breadth, according to Caesar, was nine 
days journey, while its length exceeded sixty. 



106 NOTES. 

Page 

60 4. Danubius, the Danube, called by the Greeks Ister, which, 
name the Romans also applied to the eastern part cf the stream. 

5. Moenus, now Mayne, which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. 
C. Visurgis, now the Weser, falling into the German ocean. 

7. Albis, now the Elbe. 

8. Rhaetia^ bounded on the north by Vindelicia, east by Nori- 
cum, south by Italy, and west by Helv^etia. 

, 9. Aperuit. Julius Caesar made two voyages from Gaul to Bri- 

tain, and thus opened the way to the Romans. 

10. Claudio imperante. In the reign of Claudius, A. D. 42, the 
Romans first established themselves in Britain, under the com- 
mand of Aulus Plauiius. 

11. B'luro. This wall, which was intended to protect Roman 
Britain from the incursions of the Picts'and Scots, extended from 
the Tyne to the Esk. The succeeding Caesars built other ram- 
parts and walls for the same purpose. 

12. Cantium. now Kent. 

13. Longior quam latior. When two predicates are joined to a 
noun, and one is to be expressed in a higher degree than the other, 
both are used in Latin in the comparative. 

14. Ramos. One of these branches of the Apennines terminates 
in the promontory of lapygium, the other in that of Leucopetra. 

61 \. Id genus, equivalent to hujus generis. 

2. heda, i. e. when one merely reads about them. 

3. Fontes salitherrimi, the warm baths of Baiae. 

4. Padus, now the Po. 

5. Gallia Cisalpina,^ or Togata, the northern part of Italy on 
this side of the Alps, including the Italian Tyrol, extending as 
far south as the Rubicon. 

6. Vesulus, in Liguria, a mountain of the Alpes Cottiae. 

7. Urbis Romaiiae magnificentiam, instead of Romam urbem mag- 
nificentissimam. 

8. TarentiLm, now Taranto. 

9. Superato. In the war with the Romans. See Roman Hist. 
Lib. II. 5—9. 

10. Trinacria, compounded of rpeTs, " three," and oKpa, " a pro- 
montory." 

11. Cyclopes, giants with one eye in their forehead5 who forged 
the thunderbolts of Jupiter in the workshop of Vulcan. 

12. Egesti, from egero. 

13. Humcris sublatos Jlammae erip., equivalent to humeris sustu- 
lisse etjl. erzpuisse. 

^^ ia^' c^^^^^ ^^^^^^' ^°^ ^^ account of this war, see part IL C. 

2. Bello Punico. See Roman Hist. Lib. III. 2—11. 

3. ilrc/ime^e5, a famous mathematician, who defended the town 
for a long tune by the machines of war which he constructed 
He was made captive and slain by a Roman soldier 

4. Olyvipia. See p. 34, n. 10. 

5. Reddi depends upon dicitur in the preceding sentence 

b. Vestigii. The name Ichnusa is derived from Xyvoi, vestigium 

7. Epirus,a, country of Greece, to the west of Thessalv Ivinff 
along the Adriatic, and now forming a part of modern Albania 

8. Sejunguntur. Macedonia and Epirus, which were governed 
by kings, were by many considered as not belonging to Greece 
which consisted only of free states. ' 



KOTES. 107 

Pape 

9. Transhdit. For the history of Philip and Alexander, see 62 
part II. E. 

10. Perseo superato. See Roman Hist. Lib. IV. 3, 

11. Acroceraunii monies. A range of mountains in the vicinity 
of the sea, which terminated in the promontory Acroceraunium. 

12. Tinnitu significasse. The ancients supposed that the oaks 
of Dodona possessed human voices and prophesied. The priests 
drew their predictions from the rustling of the leaves, and the 
clattering din of large kettles, which were suspended in the air 
near a brazen statue ; when this was agitated, it struck against 
one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to the rest. 

13. Cephallenia, now Cefalonia. 

14. Corcyra, now Corfu, the land of the Phaeacians, over which 
(according to the Odyssey) Alcinous reigned in the time of Ulys- 
ses. The gardens of Alcinous bloomed and bore fruit constantly. 

1. Quo tempore. Not tempore quo. See p. 58, n. 2. 63 

2. Nwma Pompilius. See Roman Hist. Lib. I. 13. 

3. Ithaca, now Teaki. The fame given by the Odyssey of Ho- 
mer to this barren island, has placed it in as high or even a high- 
er rank than that occupied by ihe most fruitful region of the earth. 

4. Per quos, scil. monies. They placed these mountains one 
upon the other, intending by means of them to climb to the habi- 
tation of the gods. See III. 3 

5. Peneus, now Salempria, 'LaXtitnoia (pronounced Salebria), one 
of the finest and clearest rivers of Greece. 

6. Tevipe, to. riinrri. 

7. Athenae. Understand sunt, or sitae sunt. 

8. Dees, Neptune {YIogh6Qv,) and Minerva (^ABnvr)). From the 
last the town received its name, 

9. Eo,s, instead of tales, tarn praedaras. 

10. Propylaea, tu Ttooiriyaia, a gateway, ornamented with rows 
of columns, one of the most magnificent structures in Athens. 

11. Longos muros, ra jiaKpa Teix^rj: also called (TKcXr]. 

12. MiLsices ope. See above. III. 23. 

13. Epaminondae virtus. See Part II. D. § 8, 9, 10. 

14. Nevio ignorat. Combine thus, nemo ignorat, quantam aucto- 
ritatem oraculum Apollinis in hac urbe habuerit. Respecting the 
relative in. the beginning of a sentence, see n. 5, p. 14. 

15. PeloponTicsus, (" the island of Pelops,") now the Morea. 

16. Isthmus, Gr. i(T0^6r, the Isthmus of Corinth is now Hezamili. 

17. I/iidi Isthmici. The Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 
1326, in honour of Melicerta or Palaemon, but having been inter- 
rupted after some years, they were re-instituted by Theseus in ho- 
nour of Neptune. 

1. Helium Achaicum. Respecting this war, see Roman Hist, 64 
Lib. IV. 6. and Part II. E. § 75, 76. 

2. Res gestas numerat. As the Olympiads were celebrated after 
an interval of 4 years, the Greeks called that space of time an 
Olympiad. They counted the Olympiads from the year 776 B. C. 
They reckon (numerant), or date their actions and exploits (res 
gestas) from the years of the Olympic games. See p. 34, n. 10. 

3. Lnjcurgi leges. See Part II. D. § 1, 2. 

4. Taygctus, a chain of mountains, which extending from Arca- 
dia divide into two branches, of which one tcnninait's in the 
Taenarium Prumontorium, the other in the Malea Pr. These 
promontories form the Sinus Laconic us, now G. of Colokythia. 

k 2 



108 NOTES. 

Page 

6* 5. Orpheus, as is said, descended by a cave at Taenaras to tne 

infernal regions, for the purpose of procuring from Pluto the 
restoration of his wife Eurydice to life. 

6. Clydddes, from kvkXos " a circle." 

7. Delus, (derived from 6ri\os), now Sedili. 

8. Transtulerunt. The allied states of Greece, in order that 
they might always be prepared to carry on war with the Persians, 
made a proportional contribution, which they deposited in the 
temple of Delos, as a common treasury of Greece, but subsequent- 
ly the Athenians, having become most powerful by sea, conveyed 
the treasures to Athens, and applied them to their own use. 

9. Euboea, now Negropont. 

10. Temere, " without stated intervals." 
65 1. Plures (uxores) singuli (viri) habent. 

2. Ajudicibus. In these disputes judges decided who was most 
worthy of following her husband. 

3. Ducendae. The participle denotes the purpose. 

4. Inveniunt, etc. instead of Tiiaritos pecunia dat-a (rnercedc) 
emunt. 

5. Byzantium, called Constantinople from Constantine the 
Great. The Turks call it Istamboul or Stamboul. 

6. Bosporus Thracius, (so called to distinguish it from the Bos- 
porus Cimmerius), a strait connecting the Propontis {Sea of Mar- 
mora) with the Pontus Euxinus {Black Sea). 

7. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, leading from the Aegaean 
to the Propontis. 

8. Amor Herus et Leandri, the love of Leander of Abydus (on 
the Asiatic coast) for Hero, (genit. Herus, ' Hpw, of>j). a priestess of 
Venus at Sestos, to whom he used to swim by night across the 
Hellespont. He was at length drowned, in consequence of the 
torch, which Hero held to direct his course, being extinguished 
during a storm. 

9. Cynossema, kwos (rrifxa, " a dog's tomb." 

10. Hemba, wife of Priam, king of Troy. 

11. Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, who, after the destruc- 
tion of Troy, went in quest of new habitations, accompanied by a 
band of his countrymen. 

12. Devorandus, " to be devoured.'' 

13. Cassander, son of Antipater ; he made himself master of 
Macedonia after his father's death. 

14. In extrema Macedonia, i. e. in extremis Macedoniae partibus. 

15. Assignasse, scil. iis. 

16. Scythia, a country between the Ister and the Maeotis Pal us 
or the Phasis, whic^ also extended into unknown regions of the 
north and east. The name of Riphaei Monies is applied to any 
cold mountams in a northern country ; it would appear that the 
ancients intended to denote by them the northern and western 
limits of the earth. 

®^ ^- -Majoribus, etc. i. e. quanta quis (aliquis) illustriores majores 

2. Taurica Chersonesus, (to distinguish it from the Ckersonesus 
TAracia), a peninsula in the Black Sea, now Crimea. 

3. Borysthenes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine, 
now the Dnieper. ' 

4. Byperborei, inep/Sdpeioi ; the word signifies " people who in- 
habit beyond the wind Boreas." Thrace was the residence of 



NOTES. 109 

Boreas, according to the ancients, and it appears that the Greeks 66 
called the Thracians Boreans ; it is probable, therefore, that they 
called the people be3'ond these Hyperboreans, perhaps the inhabit- 
ants of Russia and part of Siberia. Virgil places them under the 
north pole. 

5. Occidit. It was also during one half of the year day, and 
during the other night. 

6. Omni, equivalent to ulla. 

7. Taedet (like piget, poenitet) is used with an accusative of the 
person and a genitive of the thing, see n. 6, p. 15. 

8. Asiae nomiiie. Asia Minor is here meant, which is now 
called Natolia, A'tuxlolia, or rather Anadoli, from dvaToXii, oriens. 

9. Ad quem amnem. Respecting the arrangement of the words, 
see p. G3, n. 1. 

10. Victoriam reportavit. For an account of this battle, see Part 
II. E. § 18. 

11. Peninsulae. Cyzicus was originally an island. From the 
lime of Alexander, who joined it to the continent by a mole, it has 
been called a peninsula. 

12. Ab Argonautis occisus est, on their expedition in quest of the 
golden fleece. 

13. Aves absorbent, by fascination, as it would seem, or by the ef- 
fect of their breath. Something similar is told of rattlesnakes. 

14. Ab JasoTie. On the expedition to Colchis. 

1. Azcnus, from a^evoi, "inhospitable." 6T 

2. Euxinus, from Iv^eivoi, " hospitable." It bore the name of 
Axenus, until the establishment of numerous Greek colonies along 
its coast insured to voyagers a safe and friendly reception. 

3. Thervwdon, a river of Pontus, falling into the Euxine. 

4. Distinguunt ivotis, " tattoo their body," i. e. make punctures 
in the naked body, which are variously stained, so as to give them 
a parti-coloured appearance. So above, § 41. Agathyrsi ora et 
corpora pingunt. 

5. Asia proprie dicta, i. e. Asia Minor. 

6. Colonias misit. It sent out eighty colonies. 

7. Amazoncs, a fabulous nation of women, who are said to have 
dwelt in the eastern pan of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine, 
in the vicinity of the Thermodon. 

8. Ilium, otherwise, Troja. 

9. Fama qiuim natura majores, " more celebrated than large." 

10. Judicium illus. redd. See p. 26, § 11. 

11. Ajax, the son of Telamon, next to Achilles the bravest of 
the Grecian heroes who fought before Troy. After the death of 
Achilles, Ajax andljlysses disputed their claim to the arms of the 
hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged 
that he became bereaved of his understanding, and slaughtered a 
flock of sheep, supposing them to be the Greeks who had given the 
preference to Ulysses, and then stabbed himself with his sword. 

12. Mercede accept/i. The Greeks originally bore arms only for 
their native land. The custom of serving foreign princes (alieiui 
hella gerere) for pay {mercede accepta) was first introduced after 
the Peloponnesian war. 

13. Contusa, from contundo. 

14. Septdcrum. See p. 36, § 51. 

1. Zxivare, properly used in a transitive signification, iararc cw- 68 



110 NOTES. 

Page 

68 pus, membra, is also used in a neuter sense, instead ot se lavare, or 
lavari. 

2. Lucis, i. e. ^nemoribus. 

3. Terr ere dicitur. The greatest part of the Corycian cave was 
m reality a valley between rugged rocks ; in the bottom of the 
valley was a hole, in which the rushing of the water might pro- 
duce the effects here mentioned. There was another Corycian 
cave in Phocis near Parnassus. 

4. Cum terra conjuncta. This connexion with the main land 
was first made by Alexander, who, when besieging the place, 
formed a mole in order to gain access to the city, which was built 
on an island. 

5. Latrociniis vivunt. As the Bedouins at the present day. 

6. Aelius Gallus penetravit. In the reign of Augustus, A. U. C. 
729. 

7. Bactrianae et Arabiae, adjectives from Bactrianus and 
Arabius. The camel with one bunch or protuberance on its back 
is called a dromedary. 

69 I. Ambitu. The noun ambitus has the penalt short, although 
the participle ambitus has that syllable long. 

2. Moles. The arches on which the gardens rested, the plan of 
which was arranged by Semiramis. 

3. Successores. Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Alex- 
ander, who penetrated as far as the countries which border on the 
Ganges. 

4. Paropamisus, a mountain which separates Bactria from India. 

5. Ambitu corporis, i. e. corpora elephantorum aTnbientes et impli- 
cantes. 

6. Lanas ferunt. The cotton (gossypium) growing upon trees 
and shrubs. 

7. Insistunt. In like manner the Fakirs at the present day ac- 
quire a character for holiness by subjecting themselves to bodily 
tortures and mortifications. 

8. In rogos se praecipitantes. This is told of the Gymnosophis- 
tae. 

9. Plinius, a learned Roman, who lived in the reigns of 
Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian, and who has left an extensive 
work, giving an account of almost every natural object. He 
perished, in an eruption of Vesuvius. 

10. Meditantem, i. e. exercentem. 

11. Magna ex parte. In the east the battle is principally decided 
by the elephants. 

TO 1. Ebur adhibetur. The most famous statues of Phidias as the 
Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva in the Parthenon at Athene 
were of ivory, and were covered with golden garments 
2. Excipit, equivalent to sustinet. 

vigaiu''' '^'^*'' '^^^^^'^ °^ ^^' ^''^^' utuntur pro cymbis, iisque na- 
4. Terni, scil. homines, 
b. Ad centena, " about a hundred ^^^ry time " 

7 ^!?.-''''T/r'^' ".is an object of pride among the women." 
thp pH ""'' 1^- i^.°toni'i=^> the triumvir, who after the war wi^ 

pa ra thela J n^n^ '^ ^""T^^ ^"^"7' ^' Alexandria, with cTeo 
patra the last princess of Egypt, whom he rivalled in extrava. 

8. Catahathmus, Karaffadii^s, a region constantly declining. 



NOTES. Ill 

Pass 

9. Praecipitatus. This waterfall {Catarractes or Caiaracta) is TO 
the smallest of several, which the river forms before its entrance 
into Egypt. 

10. Septem ora. Many give it nine mouths. 

1. Aggeres aperiuntur. Egypt is intersected by canals, in order 7 1 
to extend the water of the river through every part of the country. 
These are kept shut by sluices and dams, until the Nile has attain- 
ed its proper height, 

2. In insula Nili. So says Pliny. According to others, Tenty- 
ra {ra TtvTvoa) is a town and district on the western side of the Nile. 

3. Crocodilos ostendit. The Roman Aediles took upon themselves 
the care of celebrating the Ludi Mazivii or Romani, and some other 
.festivals, in which they often caused foreign and rare animals to 
be exhibited to the people. 

4. Moeris, a lake in Middle Egypt, now BirTcet Caroun. The 
present extent of this lake is by no means the same as that repre- 
sented by the ancients. 

5. Labyrintkus. The labyrinth, which is said to have been built 
by 12 Egyptian kings, lay on the southern side of lake Moeris, not 
far from Arsinoe. 

6. Piolemacus, Lagi filius, or Soter, the first of the Ptolemies. 
Egypt was governed by these princes from the time of Alexander 
until it became a Roman province. From the light-house here 
mentioned, built upon the island of Pharos, the name Pharos is 
applied to light-houses in general. 

1. Inbibliotheciscondendis. The Alexandrian library, commenc- 72 
ed by the second Ptolemy (Philadelphus), is said to have increased 
until it contained 700,000 volumes (volumiTUt). Respecting the li- 
brary at Pergamus, see p. 5, n. 2. 

2. Medicalos, "embalmed," as mummies. 

3. Nee diu quaeritur. The priest kept another in readiness 
which had the required marks. 

4. Macrobii, fxaKpo^ioi, " long-lived." 

5. Terminatur Nilo. The Nile wels considered by many as the 
eastern limit of Africa ; others comprehended the whole of Egypt 
in Africa. 

6. Mauritania was bounded on the north by the Fretum Her- 
culeum, now Straits of Gibraltar, on the east by Numidia, on the 
south by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. It is now the 
empire of Fez and Morocco. The inhabitants were called Mauri. 

7. Columnae Her cutis app. See p. 58. § 1. 

1. Numidia, now the kingdom of Algiers. It was bounded on 73 
the north by the Mediterranean, south by Gaetulia, east by Africa 
Propria, and west by Mauritania. The inhabitants were called 
Nomades, and afterwards Numidae. 

2. Africa. That part of Africa called Propria corresponds with 
the modern Tunis. 

3. Bella cum liomanis. The three Punic wars, which terminat- 
ed in the destruction of Carlhoge. See Roman Hist. Lib. II. 10 
—13. Lib. 111.3— 11. Lib. IV. 4, 5. 

4. Narrantur. A full account of this transaction is given in 
the 79lh chapter of Sallust's History of the Jugurthine war. 

5. Catabathmus. The declivity which separated Cyrenaica from 
Egypt was called Catabathmus magnus, to distinguish it from ano- 
ther in the Lybian nome, called parvus. The former is called by 
the Arabs Akabct-Ossolom. 



1 12 NOTES. 

Page 

T3 6. Cyrenaica, corresponding with the modern Barca, was also 
called Pentapolis, from five principal cities which it contained, 
viz. Berenice or Hesperis, Barce, Ptolemais, ApoUonia, and 
Cyrene the capital. 

7. Solis, sci\. fontem. 

8. His, scil. locis regionibus. 

9. Ita promoveni. As the herds go in quest of food, so these pas- 
toral tribes wander about with their huts or tents. 

10. Generositas, scil. est. Instead of leories praecipue generosi. 

11. Prostratis, i. e. iis, qui se prosternunt. 

14: 1. Appetit, he finds him out in the greatest multitude, and attacks 
him. 

2. Ill campis Philippicis. After the battle in the plains of Phi- 
lippi in Macedonia, in which Brutus and Cassius perished, and 
the party of Octavianus and Antonius proved victorious. 

3. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa, which empties into 
the sea between Utica and Carthage. 

4. Regulus, imp. Rom. Concerning Regulus, see Roman Hist. 
Lib. 11. 11, 12. 

6. Manu, " with its trunk. 



DICTIONARY. 



Explanation of Abbreviations and Marks. 



a. Active. 

adj. Adjective. 

adv. . . • - . Adverb. 

al. Ut alii putant. 

c. Common gender. 

comp. Comparative. 

eonj. Conjunction. 

contr. .... Contraction. 

def. Defective. 

def.pret. • • • Defective preteritive. 

d. Deponent. 

dim. Diminutive. 

/. Feminine. 

freq. . . - - . Frequentative, 

fr. ----- • From. 

imper. . - - - Imperative. 

impers. - - - - ImpersonaL 

inc. Inceptive. 

ind. Indeclinable. 

int. Interjection. 



irr. Irregulat 

m. Masculine. 

n. Neuter. 

n. p. Neuter passive. 

num. Numeral. 

card. num. Cardinal do. 

ord. num. Ordinal do. 

distr. num. Distributive do. 

mult.num. Multiplicative do. 

adv. num. Adverbial do. 

part. Participle. 

pass. - -^^ - - - Passive. 

pp. - -^^ ' - - Perfect passive. 

pi. Plural. 

prep. Preposition. 

pr. cum. ace. A preposition with the ace. 
pr. cum. abl. A proposition with the abl. 

pro. Pronoun. 

sup. Superlative. 

Vide, See. 



The Arabic numbers denote the declension and conjugation. A short vowel is 
marked thus (>-'), a long one (— ). 



a, short fqr db. As E for Ex. 
ab, prep. cum. abl. from, by, &c./r. 

d-rrd, dz'. 

Abdera, ae, /. 1. a maritime town 
of Thrace, at the mouth of the 
river Nestus. 

abdittis, a, um, pari, d^ adj. (fr. ab- 
do) hidden, removed, secret. 

abdo, ere, idi, Hum, a. 3. («A et do) 
to put away from view, hide, re- 
move. Do in its compounds is 
often to put or place, els in condo, 
subdo. For I give or consign to 
a place what I put in it. 

abduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ab et 
duco) to lead from, to lead or take 
away. 

abductus, a, um, part. pass, led from 
or away. 

abeo, ire, ivi et ii, Hum, irr. n. {ah et 
eo) to go from or oflf, to depart. 

aberro, are, dvi, dtum,n.\.{ab et 
erro) to stray from, wander, lose 
the way. 

abjectus, «, um, part. pass, {ab et 



jaciw5)thrown from,thrown away, 
cast off. 

abjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ab et 
jdcio) to throw from, throw away, 
lay by, throw aside. > 

abluo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {ab et 
luo) to wash off, make clean, pu- 
rify, 

abs,prep. cum. abl. from, Er. ab, 

I for softness. Al. from dip, back. 

abscindo, indere, idi, issum, a. 3, {ab 
et scindo) to tear off, cut off, part 
asunder. 

absens, tis part, absent. Fr. abs 
and ens. Ens, entis, from ci^l, 
part, cii, ivrdi, whence entis, ents, 
ens. 

absolve, olvere, olvi, latum, a. 3. {ab 
et solvo) to loose from, loose, un- 
tie, release. 

absorbeo,bere, bui, more frequently 
than psi,ptum, a. 2. {ab et sorbeo) 
to sup or suck in, absorb, swal- 
low, 

abstcrreo, e e, ui, Hum, a. 2. {abs et 



114 



DICTIONARY. 



terreo) to frighten from or away, 
terrify, deter. 

abstin/'ntia, ae.f. 1. an abstaining 
from, abstinence. 

abstineo, inere, inui, CTitum, a. 1. for 
absteneo (abs et tened) to hold off 
from, keep from, abstain, refrain 
from. 

absum, esse, fui, irr. n. {ah et sum) 
to be at a distance from a place 
or person, to be absent. Parum 
abest, it wants but little. Fui, 
and the part. futurus,hoth. come 
from the old verb fuo,fr. ^uw to 
be. 

absumo, ere, si or psi, turn or ptum. 
a. 3. {ab et sumo) to consume 
destroy, make an end of Absumi 
dolore, to fret one's self to death, 
to die of grief ^ 

absumtus vel ptus, a, umfl^art. pass 
consumed, destroyed, wasted. 

absurdus, a, um, adj. grating, dis- 
cordant, not agreeing with the 
subject in hand, inconsistent, ab- 
surd. As said of that {ab) from 
which one turns away one's ears 
and is (surdus) deaf to it. 

ahundantia, ae, f. 1. abundance 
plenteousness. 

abundo, are, dvi, dticm, n.l.to over- 
flow, abound. Properly said of 
(unda) water rising {ab) out of its 
bounds. So ezundo is used 

ac, conj. and, as, than. Aeque ac, 
just as much as ; non secus ac 
not otherwise than. Soft for ate 
fr. atque, whence atq', ate, as Ne- 
que, Neq\ Nee. 

Acca, ae, f. 1. Acca Laurentia, the 
wife of Faustulus, shepherd of 
king Numitor's flocks, who 
brought up Romulus and Remus, 

acctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. i. e, ce- 
do ad, to come to, draw near, ap- 
proach. Also, to acquiesce in, 
^coincide with ; properly, I come 
up to a proposal, ad negotia, to 
enter upon business, come to the 
subject in hand. 

accendo, ere, di, sum, «. 3. to light 
up, set on fire. Accendo is fr. 
cando, tomake to shine, /r. cari- 
deo, to shine ; as fugo, fr. fugio. 

accensus, a, um, part. pass, lighted | 
up, set on fire. 



accessus, us, m. 4, a coming to, an 
approaching or drawing near to. 

accldo, ere, i. n. 3. {ad et cddd) to 
fall down at or before, accidit, it 
happens. 

accipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. {ad 
et cdpio) to take to, receive, com- 
prehend, verba, to hear. 

accipiter, tris, m. 3. a hawk, falcon. 
Fr. accipio, where capio is used in 
its stronger sense of seizing,#om 
its rapacity. 

accommodatus,' a, um, adj. accom- 
modated to, _adjusted, fit, suita- 
ble. 

accumbo, mbere, hui, bltum, n. 3. {fr. 
accUbo, i. e. cUbo ad), to lie down 
or sit down at table. 

accurate, adv. accurately, diligent- 
ly, attentively. 

accurdtus, a, um, adj. {fr. euro) 
done with care, much attended to, 
accurate. 

accurro, currere, curri et cucurri, 
cursum, n. 3. {ad et curro) to run 
to. 

accuso, dre,dvi,dtum,a, 1. to arraign, 
accuse. For accauso, (as Exclu- 
do for Ezclaudo),fr. causa, a ju- 
dicial process. So incuso. 

deer et dcris, ere, sup. dcerrimus, adj. 
fr. aKT], a point), sl^arp, keen, 
brisk, enterprising, valiant. 

dcerbus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to be 
tart), bitter, tart, harsh, severe. 

dcerrime, adv. sup. See acriter. 

dcervus, i, m. 2. aheap. For ager- 

VUS,fr. dyepoijfut. dyupw, tO COlleCt. 
V as in sylva. 

dcetum, i, n. 2. vinegar. Fr. dceo, 
to be tart. 

Achaicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Achaia(which name was extend- 
ed by the poets to all Greece) or 
Greece, Grecian. 

Achelous, i, m. 2. a river of Greece, 
which rises in mount Pindus in 
Epirus, and after dividing Acar- 
nania from Aetolia, falls into the 
Ionian sea. It is now called As- 
pro Potamo or the White river. 

AcMrusia, ae,f. 1. a lake in Cam- 
pania, between the promontory 
of Misenum and Cumae. ]N!"ow 
Lago delta Collucia. 
[Achilles, is et eos, m. 3. son ol 



DICTIONARY. 115 

Peleus and Thetis, th€ bravest of dddmas, antis, m. 3. (aJa^aj, avros,^ 
the Grecian heroes in the Trojanj a diamond, adamant, 
war. 'additus, a, um, part, added. 

dcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to he addo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. {ad et do) 
tan) sour, tart, harsh. | to add. That is, to place a thing 

dcies, iti,f. 5. {fr. d<\g, a point) thej {ad) near to or by another, 
.sharp edge or point of any thing, adduco, cere, xi, cluvi, a. 3. {ad et 
as of a sword or spear. Hence,! ducd) to lead to, conduct, bring, 
a battalion, an army in battle ar-j induce ; in dvbitaiioncm, to bring 

_ ray | into doubt. 

dcinus, i, m. 2. {fr. uKig, a point) a.ddemlusorptus,a,um,part.fr.adi- 



berry, kernel, grape-stone, 
dcris, ere-, adj. See deer, 
dcriter, crins, cerrivie, adv. sharply, 

boldly, valiantly. 
Acroceraunia et i, orum. n. et m. pi. 

2. {fr. uKpog, high, and Kcpawoi, a 



mo, taken away. 
ddeoj adv. {ad eo) to such a degree, 
to such a pass, so. Ad is joined 
to an adverb, as in adhuc. So in 
English, hereto, hitherto, there- 
fore. 



thunderbolt, because they were ddeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, Itum, irr. n. {ad 
often struck on account of their et eo) to go to, approach, 
height) very high mountains «^/i«C7Co. rere, si,n. 2. {ad et hae- 
that separate Epirus from Mace-| reo) to stick close to, grow to, ad- 
donia. here. 

Acrocorinthos, i, f. 2. 'AKpoKoptvdog^Adherbal, dUs,'m. 3. a Numidian 
a high hill overhanging Corinth, ■ prince, son of Micipsa and grand- 
on which was a citadel of the' son of Massinissa. 
same name. ^adhlbeo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to adopt, 

Acropolis, is, f. 3. the citadel of apply, employ, use. That is, 
Athens. | {hdbeo\ I hold any thing in my 

actio, onis, f. 3. {fr. actum sup. of hand (ad mcos usus) for the pur- 
dgo) a thing done or doing, act,' pose of using it. 
action ; business; action at law. adhuc, adv. up to this point, hither- 
Aclium, i, n. 2. now Azio, a town to, as yet. See Adeo. 

and promontory of Epirus, fa- ddimo, imere, emi, emlum or cmp- 
mous for the naval victory obtain-| t^cm, a. 3. to take away. Fr. emo, 
ed by Augustus over Antony and' I take. Emo ex alio ad vie, 1 take 
Cleopatra. j from another to myself. 

actus, a, um, part, {dgo, agtum, ac- dditus, us, m. 4. {fr. dxlitum, sup. 
turn, actus) led, conducted, dri-j of ddeo) a going to, entry, ac- 
ven. I cess. 

dculeus, i, m. 2. {fr. dcuo, to sharp- adjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. {ad etjdceo) to 

en) a sting, a point. j lie near, border upon. 

dciimen, inis, n. 3. {fr. dcuo, to adjungo, gcre, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ad et 
sharpen) sharpness, or sharp jungo) to join to, annex, unite, 
point, acuteness. adjulus, a, um, part. pass, of adjuvo, 

dais, us, f 4. {fr. okIs, a sharp point,' "helped, aided. 

or acuo) a needle, bodkin. adjuvo, uvdre, uvi, utum, a. 1. {ad 

dcutiLS, a, um, adj. {fr. dciilum sup.^ et juvo) to help, aid. 
of acuo) sharp-edged, pointed, Admetus, i, m. 2. one of the Argo- 
acute. j nauts, king of Pherae in Thessa- 

ad, prep, cum ace. (shortened from' ly. 

a pud) at, about, near a ^\aQ.t. adniinistcr, iri, m. 2. an assistant, 
Also, to, unto. Ad, in composi- servant. 

tion, increases the force of words, administro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. {ad 
For, if I put any thing {ad) to et ministro) to lend aid, direct, 
another, I increase that o\hcT admira.tio,Onis,f.^. {admiror)Q.Oi- 
thing. I miration, wondei. 

PART I. L 



116 



DICTIONARY. 



admiratus, a, um, part, of admiror. 
admiring. 

admiror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {ad et 
mlror) to wonder greatly, to ad- 
mire. 

admissus, a, um, part, of admitto, 
admitted. 

admitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3, {ad 
et mitto) to admit to one's own 
presence, to receive ; to admit 
to one's own attention or appro- 
bation, give heed to, approve, al- 
low. 

admodum, adv. just, exactly, en- 
tirely. That is, ad modum jus- 
ium, up to the just and proper 
measure ; simply, up to the mea- 
sure. 

admoneo, ere, ui,, Hum, a. 2. {ad et 
moneo) to put in mind, warn, ad 
monish. 

admonUus, a, um, part, admonish 
ed. 

admoveo, overe, 6vi,-6tum, a. 2. {ad 
et movco) to put near, bring near 
to, apply. 

adndto, are, dvi, dium, n. 1. {ad et 
ndto fr. no) to swim to or to- 
wards. 

ddolescens, tis, adj. {fr. adolesco) 
growing, young ; subst. m. et f. 
one still growing, or still growing 
in strength and vigour ; a young 
man or woman. 

ddolcscentia, ue,f. 1. youth. 

adolesco, olescere, olevi, very rarely 
olui, ultnm, {ad et olesco,fr. oleo.) 
n. inc. 3. to grow up, grow in 
strength. 

adopto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. I desire 
choose, adopt. That is, {opto) I 
desire to be {ad me) by me. Or 
ad is very much. 

adorior, oriri, ortus sum, dcp. 3. el 
i.{ad et orior) to set about, takt 
in hand, undertake ; invade, at 
tack. 

Adria, ae, et Hadria, ae, m. 1. the 
Adriatic sea,. Also /. a city be- 
tween the mouths of the Padus 
and Athesis, from which the sea 
was called. 

Adriaticus, a, um, adj. (from A dria). 
Mare Adriaticum vet Hadriati- 
cuvi, the Adriatic or Hadriatic 
sea ; now, the Gulf of Venice. 



adrosus, a, um, part, (from adrodo, 
ere, osi, osum, 3.) gnawed, gnaw- 
ed round, bitten. 

adscendo vel ascendo, dire, di, sum, 
a. 3. {ad et scando) to ascend, 
mount, climb. 

adsisto vel assisto, sistere, stiti, (com- 
mon with asto) n. 3. {ad et sistc) 
to stand by the side of, assist, 
help. 

adspergo vel aspergo, gere, si, sum, 
a. 3. {ad et spargo) to sprinkle, 
besprinkle, bedew, 

adspicio vel aspicio, icere, exi, ecium, 
a. 3. {ad et specio) to look at, be- 
hold, see. 

adsto vel asto, stare, stiti, n. 1. {ad, 
et sto) to stand by or near. 

adsum, ades, adesse. adfui, irr. n. 
{ad et sum) to be by or near an- 
other, help, attend to. 

ddiddlor, oris, m. 3. {adulor) a flat- 
terer. 

aduncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curv- 
ed, bent. 

advclio, here, xi, clum, a. 3. {ad et 
veko) to bear to, conduct, convey. 
advekor, to arrive, 

advena. ae, m. 1. a new corner, 
stranger. 

advenio, enlre, eni, entum., n.!i. {ad 
et venio) to come to, arrive. . 

adventus, us, m. 4. a coming, an ar- 
rival. 

adversarius, i, m. 2. {fr. adverser) 
an adversary. 

adversus et adversum, prep, cum ace. 
against, opposite, towards. 

adversus, a, um, adj. turned to 
w^ards, facing or right opposite 
to; adversa vulnera, wounds in 
front ; adverso corpore, on the 
breast. 

advoco, are, dvi, dhm, a. 1. {ad et 
voco) lo call to, call. 

advolo, are, dvi, dtum., n. 1. {ad et 
volo) to fly to, or towards. 

aedlfico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (i. e. 
a'edem facia) to build a house, 
build. 

aedllitas, dtis, f. 3. the office of 
Edile. 

aedilitiiLS, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Ediles ; {vir) one who has held 
the office of Edile. 

Aegacus^ a, um, adj. pertaining to 



DICTIONARY. 



117 



the Aegaean. Aegaeum mare, 
the Aegaean sea (now Archipe- 
lago) a part of the Mediterrane- 
an, dividing Greece from Asia 
Minor. 

aeger, gra, grum, adj. (sup aeger- 
rimus) weak, infirm, sick. Pr. 
depyds transp. dtypos. That is, in- 
capable of work or action. 

aegre,adv.(fr -aeger) hardly, scarce- 
ly, with difficulty. 

aegritudo, inis, f. 3. {aeger) sorrow, 
grief, affliction. 

Aegyptus, i, f. 2. (AiyvnTos) Egj^pt. 

Aelius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family; abbreviated thus, 
Ael. 

Aemilius, i, the name of a Roman 
family : Paulus Aemilius, sur- 
named Macedonicus, was one of 
its most illustrious members. 

aemuldlio, 6nis,f. 3. emulation, am- 
bition. 

aemulus, a, um, adj. emulous. 

aemulus, i, m, 2. a rival. 

Aeneas, ae, m. 1. a Trojan prince, 
son of Anchises and the goddess 
Venus. 

aeneus, a, um, ad.j. {for aerineus,fr. 
aes, aeris) brazen. 

iienigma, dtis, n. 3. (uif ty/xa) a riddle, 
obscure (question. 

Aenos, i, f. 2. now Eno, an inde- 
pendent city of Thrace, at the 
eastern mouth of the Hebrus, con- 
founded with Aeneia, of which 
Aeneas was founder. 

Aeolis, idis,f. 3. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Aegae- 
an. 

aequabiliter, adv. {fr. aequabilis) 
equally, uniformly. 

aequdlis, e, adj. equal. 

aequdliter, adv. equally. 

aequltas, atis, f. 3. equity, imparti- 
ality, love of justice. 

aequus, a, um, adj. just, equal, even ; 
aequus animus, equanimity. 

der, aeris, m. 3. (dt'ip) the air. 

aerarium, i, n. 2. {aes, aeris, money) 
the treasury. 

aes, aeris, n. 3. (/r. dlai?, splendour) 
brass. 

Aeschylus, t, m. 2. an excellent sol- 
dier and celebrated writer of tra- 
gedies, born at Athens. 



Aesculapius, i, m. 2. son of Apollo, 
was god of medicine. 

aestas, dtis, f. 3, (/r. aestus) the 
summer. 

aestimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r. 
aes ; timo being a termination, as 
tivius in maritimus) to value, es- 
timate. . 

aestuo, are, dvi, dtum, {fr. aestus) to 
be hot, boil, rage. 

aestuosus, a, um, adj. {aestus) stor- 
my. 

aestus, us, m. 4. {fr. oiaTat. pp. of 
aWo), to burn) heat. 

aetas, dtis, f. 3. (for aevitas fr. ae- 
vum) age. 

aeternus, a, um, adj. (for aeviternus 
fr. aevum) lasting for ages or all 
ages, eternal. 

Aethibpia, ae,f. 1. a country of Afri- 
ca, divided into Superior and In- 
ferior. The former answers to 
modern Abyssinia, the latter to 
the southern parts of Africa. 

Aethiops, upis, m. 3. an inhabitant 
of Aeihiopia. 

Aetna, as,f. 1. a volcanic mountain 
of Sicily, now Mongibello. 

aevum, i, n. 2. {fr. aiwv) length of 
time, an age. 

Afer, ra, rum, adj. relating to Afri- 
ca, African. 

affdbre, adv. skilfully, exquisitely. 
Fr. faber, ri. Ad modum fabri, 
workmanlike. Or ad is, very. 

affectus, a, um, part, of afficio. 

affero, afferre, attuli, alldtum, irr. a. 
(ad et fero) to bring, cause. 

afficio, icere, tci, ectum, a. 3. {ad et 
fdcio) to affect, influence ; gaudio 
afficcre, to fill with joy ; Jwstem 
cladibus afficcre, to defeat an ene- 
my ; afficifebri, to be seized with 
fever. 

affigo, glre, xi, xum, a. 3. {ad et 
figo) to fix or fasten to, attach 
to ; ajfigcre cruci, to crucify. 

affinis, e, adj. adjoining. That is, 
dwelling {ad fines) at or by the 
boundaries of another's estate or 
dwelling. Affines, relations. 

a.Jfflrmo, dra, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr.fir- 
mus) to make firm or sure, to say 
firmly or positively, affirm. 

ajflxus, a, um,, fart, of affigo. 

aj/ldtus, iis, m. 4. {fr. ajio) a breath- 



118 



DICTIONARY. 



ing upon, gust of wind ; inspira 
tion, enthusiasm. 

Africa^ ae,f. 1. Africa. 

Africanus^ i, m. 2. the surname of 
two of the Scipios, Publ. Corne- 
lius, and Publ. Aemilianus, call 
ed Africanus the younger. 

Africus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
Africa, African. ' 

Agamemnon, onis, m*3. king of 
Mycenae and Argos, brother to 
Menelaus, He was appointed 
commander-in-chief of the forces 
sent against Troy. 

Agathyrsi, orum, m. pi. 3. an effe 
minate nation of Scythia, dwell 
ing near the Maeotis Pal us. 

dgellus, i, m. 2, dim. of ager, a 
small piece of ground, a little 
field. 

Agenor, oris, m. 3. a king of Phoe- 
nicia, was son of Neptune and 
Libya, and brother to Belus. 

ager, gri, m. 2. iAy^oq) a field, farm 
land, estate, agri, rorum, the 
country in opposition to the city, 

agger, Iris, m. 3. a heap, mound 
rampart. 

aggredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. {ad 
et grddior) I go to or up to, enter 
upon, assail, attack. 

aggressus, a, um, part, of aggre- 
dior. 

agitator, oris, m. 3. {agito) a driver 

dgito, are, dvi, dium,freq. a. 1. (/r 
ago') to drive, stimulate, agitate, 
harass, think of, revolve in the 
mind. 

Aglaus, i, m. 2. the poorest man of 
Arcadia, pronounced by the ora- 
cle more happy than Gyges, kin 
of Lydia. 

agmen, inis, n. 3. (for agimen fr. 
ago) an army on march, a troop, 
band. 

agnitus, a, um, part. pass, of ag- 
nosco. 

agnosco, oscere, dvi, Hum, a. 3, {ad et 
nosed) to know, recognise, own. 

agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, a. 3, {fr. 
uy(o) to do, act, carry on, lead, 
drive, spend the time ; funus, to 
perform funeral ceremonies ; an- 
num, to be in a certain yearj 



diem, to pass a day ; bene, to be 
well. 

agricola, ae, m. 1. {ager et colo) a 
husbandman, farmer. 

agricultiira, ae, f. 1. tilling of the 
ground, agriculture. 

Agrigentum, i, n. 2. now Girgenti, 
a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from 
the sea. 

dhtnum, i, n. 2. a brazen vessel, a 
caldron. 

aio, is, def. to say, speak. 

Aja.v, dcis, m. 3. the name of one 
of the most celebrated Grecian 
heroes that fought before Troy. 
He was son of Telamon. 

dla, ae,f. 1. a wing, an armpit. 

aldcer, cris, ere, adj. lively, brisk, 
spirited. 

aldtus, a, um, adj. having wings, 
winged. 

Alba, ae,f. 1. Longa, a city of La- 
tium, built by Ascanius, B. C. 
1152. 

Albdnus, a, um, adj. mons Albanus, 
mount Albanus, which derived 
its name from Alba, was 16 miles 
from Rome, subst. m. 2. an in- 
habitant of Alba. 

Albis, is, m. 3, now the Elbe, a river 
of Germany falling into the Ger- 
man ocean. 

Albaia, ae, m. 1, the ancient name 
of the river Tiber. 

albus, a, um, adj. white. 

Alcestis, zdis, f. 3. a daughter of Pe- 
lias, and wife of Admetus. 

Alcibiddes, is, m. 3. an Athenian 
general, disciple to Socrates ; he 
was nephew of Pericles, and line- 
ally descended from Ajax. 

Alcinous, i, m. 2. was king of the 
Phaeacians, and is praised for his 
love of agriculture. His gardens 
are beautifully "described by Ho- 
mer. 

Alcyone or Haley one, es, f. 1. daugh- 
ter of Aeolus, married Ceyx, 
king of Trachinia. They were 
both transformed into birds call- 
ed Halcyons. 

Alcyonius, a, um, adj. Alcyonii dies, 
halcyon days. 

Alexander, ri, m. 2. the 3rd, sur- 
named the Great, was son of 



DICTIONARY. 



119 



Philip and Olympias. He was 

born B. C. 356. 
Alexandria, ae^f. 1. a great and ex 

tensive city of Egypt, built B. C. 

332, by Alexander. 
algeo, ere, si, n. 2. to be cold, to 

shudder with cold. 
alicunde, adv. (aliquis et unde) from 

some place. Properly, from some 

whence. 
aliendtus,a, um,part. of alitno. 
alitno, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to make 

{alienum) different, estrange ; to 

make another's, transfer. 
alitnus, a, urn. adj. {fr. alius) be 

longing to another, derived from 

another source, foreign. 
alio, adv. to another place. 
aliquamdiu, adv. for some time. 
aliqioando, adv. (aliquis et quando) 

at some time, sometimes, for- 
merly. 
aliquanlum, adv. somewhat, a little, 

rather. 
aliquis, qiui, quod et quid, pro. some- 
body, some one. 
aliquot,ind. adj. some, some certain. 

a few. 
aliter, adv. in another way, other- 
wise, 
alius, a, ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, adj. 

another, other, alii....alii, some... 

others. 
alldtus, a, um, part, of o.ffcro. 
allectus, a, um, part, of allicio. 
alltvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad ct 

levo) to lift up, lighten, mitigate, 

relieve. 
Ailia, ae,f. 1. a river of Italy, flow- 
ing into the Tiber. It is now 

the Aia. 
allicio, icere, exi, eci/um, a. 3. {ad et 

lacio) to allure, attract, entice. 
alligo, dre,dvi,dtum, a. \.{ad et ligo) 

to bind to. 
alloquor, qui, quutus vel cuius S2cm, 

d. 3. (ad et loquor) to speak to, 

addresf, accost. 
alhLo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {ad, et luo, 

fr. Xouo), to wash,) to flow hard 

by or near to, to lave. 
dlo, ere, ui. Hum vel turn, a. 3. to 

nourish, support, feed. 
Aloeus, i, m. 2. a giant, son of Titan 

and Terra. 
Alpes, ium, f. pi. 3. the Alps. 



Alpkeus, i, m. 2. now Alfeo or Al- 
pheo, a famous river of Pelopon- 
nesus,which rises in Arcadia,and 
after passing through Elis falls 
into the sea. 

Alplnus, a, um, adj. relating to the 
Alps, Alpine. Alpini mures, 
marmots, quadrupeds about the 
size of the rabbit, allied to the 
murine tribe. They inhabit the 
higher regions of the Alps and 
Pyrenees. 

alte, tius, tissime, adv. high, high- 
ly- 

alter, era, erum, adj. one (of two) the 
other. 

alternus, a, um, adj, one after ano- 
ther, alternate. 

Althcae, ae, f.\. the wife of Oeneus, 
king of Calydon, and mother of 
Meleager. 

altitiido, inis,f. 3. {fr. alius) height. 

altrix. Ids, f. 3. {fr. alo) a female 
nourisher, foster-mother, nurse. 

alius, a, um, adj. high, deep, loud ; 
alta voce, with a loud voice ; al- 
tum silentium, profound silence. 

alummcs, i, m. 2. {fr. alo) one who 
is reared up, as a foster child, pu- 
pil, &c. 

alveus, i, m. 2. the channel or bed of 
a river; a dilch, trench. 

alvus, i, f. 2. the belly. 

amdrus, a, um, adj. bitter. 

Avidzon, onis, f. 3. {fr. a, non, et 
jia^oi,mammxi) an Amazon. Amd- 
zones, a nation of female war- 
riors, who established themselves 
in Pontus, along the coast of the 
Euxine. 

ambitio, onis, f. 3. ambition. JF^r. 
ambio ; properly a going round, 
canvassing for posts of honour. 

ambitus, us, m. 4. a going round, 
compass, circuit, 

ambo, ae, o, adj. pi. ("A^t^w) both. 

amhnto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to walk, 
walk along. 

dmicitia, ae,f. 1. friendship. 

amicus, a, um, adj. {fr. amo) friend- 
amicus, i, m. 2. a friend. 

dmitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. {a et 
mitlo) to send away, dismiss ; suf- 
fer to go, lose. 

Amman et Ilammon, onis, m. 3. a 



120 



PICTIONARY. 



name of Jupiter, worshipped in 
Libya, 

amnis, is, m. 3. a river. 

dmo, are.^ dvi, dtum, a. 1. to love; 
amans adcujus rei, fond of any 
thing. 

dmoenus, a, wTO,«<Z;.pIeasant,charm- 
ing, delightful. 

amor, oris, m. 3, love. 

Amphinomus, i, m. 2. and Andpus. 
two brothers of Sicily, who. 
when Catana and the neighbour- 
ing cities were in flames by an 
eruption of Aetna, saved their 
parents on their shoulders. They 
received divine honours in Sicily 
after their death, and the place 
of their burial was called Camp- 
us piorum. 

Amphlon, onis, m. 3. a son of Jupi- 
ter, who received from Mercury 
the lyre, by the sound of which he 
raised the walls of Thebes. 

ample, adv. amply. 

dmplector, cti, xus sum, d. 3. {am 
about, et plecto) to fold one's self 
about another, embrace. 

amplio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to in- 
crease, enlarge; i. e. amplius fa- 
cia. 

ampliUs, adv. {fr. ampU,^ more. 

amplus, a, um, adj. great, extensive 
ample. 

Amulius, i, m. 2. king of Alba, was 
son of Procas, and younger bro- 
ther to Numitor. 

Amyclae, drum, f. pi. 1. a city of 
Laconia in Peloponnesus, south- 
west of Sparta, and in its vicini- 
ty. 

Amycus, i, m. 2. a son of Neptune, 
and king of the Bebryces. He 
was slain by Pollux, one of the 
Argonauts. 

an, adv. whether'? whether, or, 
else. 

Anacreon, tis, m. a famous lyric poet 
of Teos in Ionia,* who flourished 
532 B. C. 

Andpus vel Anapius, i, m. 2. vel 
ATiapis, is, 3. see Aviphinomus. 

Anaxagoras, ae, m. I. a philosopher 
of Clazomenae in Ionia, disciple 
to Anaximenes, and preceptor to 
Euripides and Pericles. 

anceps, ipltis, adj. doubtful. 



Anchlses, ae, m. 1. son of Capys, 
and father of Aeneas. 

ancilla, ae,f. 1. a maid-servant. 

ancora, ae,f. 1. {liyKvpa) an anchor. 

Ancus, i, m. 2. Martins, the 4th king 
of Rome, was grandson to Numa, 
by his daughter. 

Andriscus, i, m. 2. a worthless per- 
son, called also Pseudophilippus, 
who incited the Macedonians to 
revolt against Rome. 

Andromeda, ae, f. 1. daughter of 
Cepheus, king of Aetniopia, oy 
Cassiope. 

ango, gtre, xi, a. 3. to press close, 
afiiict, vex, trouble. 

anguis, is, c. 3. a snake. 

angidus, i, m. 2. an angle, corner. 

angustiae,drum,f. 1. a narrow place 
or pass, narrowness. 

anguslus, a, um, adj. {Jr. ango) nar- 
row, confined. 

anima, ae,f. 1. breath, life, the soul ; 
anlmam reddere, to give up life ; 
animam recipere, to come to one's 
self again. 

animadvcrto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (i. e. 
verto animum ad) to take notice 
of, attend, observe. 

animal, dlis, n. 3. an animal. 

anlmosus, a, um, ^(ij.spirited, coura- 
geous. 

anivius, i, m. 2. the mind, disposi- 
tion of the mind, courage, soul, 
purpose or design ; generosus ani- 
mus, generosity ; una animo, una- 
nimously ; aniraus mihi est, I have 
a mind, am inclined. 

Anio, 67115, m. 3. now the Teverone, 
a river of Italy, flowing through 
the country of Tibur, and falling 
into the river Tiber, about 3 miles 
north of Rome. 

annecto, ectcre, exui, exum, a. 3. {ad 
et necto) to join to, attach, an- 
nex. 

annHlus, i, m. 2. a ring. 

annumero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad 
et numero) to number, count, enu- 
merate. 

annuo, ere, ui, utum, n. 3. {ad et 
nuo) to nod to, assent by a nod, 
assent. 

annus, i, m. 2. a year. 

annuus, a, um, adj. yearly. 

anser, is, m. 3. a goose. 



DICTIONARY. 



121 



anserinus, a, um, adj. of or per- 
taining to a goose; ova, goose 
eggrs. 

ante, prep, cum ace. before. 

aiite, adv. before, on a former occa- 
sion. 

antea, adv. formerly, afo'etime. 

antecello, ere, ui, a. Z. \ante et cello, 
to drive.) to surpass. 

antepono, ponere, posui, posUum, a. 
3. {pMe el pono) to place before, 
prefer. 

antequam, adv. before that, before. 

Antiockia. ae, f. 1. now Antakia, a 
city of Syria, on the river Oron- 
tes, about 20 miles from its 
mouth. 

Antioc/ius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Syrian kings. 

Ardiope, es, f. 1. the mother of Am- 
phion and Zethus. 

Antipdter, tris, m. 3. a poet of Si- 
don. 

antiquus, a, um, adj. old, ancient. 

Antium. i, n. 2. now Antio, a ma- 
ritime town of Italy, upon a 
promontory 32 miles from Os- 
tia. It was the capital of the 
Volsci. 

Antonius, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral Romans. 

antrum, i, n. 2. a cave. 

Apelles, is, m. 3. a celebrated paint- 
er of the island of Cos, son of 
Pithius. 

Apenninus, i. m. 2. the Apennines. 

aper, ri, m. 2. a wild boar, a boar. 

aptrio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {ad et pd- 
rio) to open. 

apertus, a, um, part, oi aptrio, open- 
ed. 

apex, ids, m. 3. a top, a summit. 

apis, is, f. 3. a bee. 

Apis, is, m. 3. a god of the Eg)'p- 
tians worshipped imder the form 
of an ox. 

Apollo, inis, m. 3. son of Jupiter 
and Latona, called also Phoe- 
bus. 

apparatus, us, m. 4. (/r. appdro) a 
preparing, preparation. 

appdreo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. {ad et 
pdreo) to appear; appdret, it is 
apparent. 

appellatus, a, um, part, of appello, 
addressed. 



appello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et 
pello) to call to, call upon, ad- 
dress. 

append,o, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {ad et 
pendo) to hang to, to weigh. 

apptto, ere, Ivi et ii, Itum, a. 3. {ad. 
et peto) to try to get, aim at, de- 
sire vehemently. 

Appius, i, m. 2. the praenomen of 
an illustrious family at Rome. 

appono, oTure, osui, ositum, a. 3. {ad 
et pono) to place near, set before, 
apply to, attach, unite. 

apposltus, a, um, part. pass, of ap- 
pono. 

appropinquo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
{ad et propinquo) to draw nigh, 
approach. 

apricus, a, um, adj. {fr. aperio) ex- 
posed to the sun, sunny, clear, 
warm. 

apto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fit, 
adapt. 

aptus, a, um, part. {fr. apo vel apio, 
to bind), well suited, fit. 

apud, prep, cum ace. ut, close by, 
near, among. 

Apulia, ae,f. 1 . now Puglia,a. coun- 
try of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
lying along the Adriatic. 

aqua, ae, f. 1. water, 

aquaeductus, iis, m. 4. an aqueduct. 

aquila, ae,f. 1. an eagle. 

Aquilo, onis, m. 3. the north-wind. 

Aquitdnia, ae, f. 1. a country of 
Gaul, between the Garumna or 
Garonne and Pyrenees. 

Aquitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Aquitania. 

dra, ae,f. 1. an altar. 

Arabia, ae,f. 1. a large country of 
Asia, forming a peninsula be- 
tween the Arabian and Persian 
gulfs. 

Arabicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Arabia ; Arabicus sinus, the Red 
sea. 

Arabius, a, um, adj. Arabian. 

Arabs, obis, m. 3. an Arabian. 

arbitror, dri, dtussum,d. 1. to judge, 
think", imagine. 

arbor et arbos, oris,/. 3. a tree. 

area, ae,f. 1. a chest. 

Arcadia, ae, /. 1. a country in the 
middle of Peloponnesus, sur- 
rounded on evcrv side bv land. 



122 



DICTIONARY. 



Areas, ddis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter 
and Callisto. He reigned in Pe- 
lasgia, called from him Arcadia. 

arceo, ere, ui, a. 2. to keep off, drive 
away ; to keep in, restrain. 

arcessitus, a, urn, part. pass, oiar- 
cesso. 

arcesso, ere, Ivi, Uum, a.3. to call for, 
invite, summon. 

Archimedes, is, m. 3. a famous geo- 
metrician of Syracuse, born B. C. 
287. 

arcMtectus, i, m. 2. an architect. 

Archytas, ae, m. 1. a Pythagorean 
philosopher of Tarentum, and an 
able astronomer and geometri- 
cian. He flourished 400 B. C. 

arete, arctius, arctissime, adv. tight- 
ly, closely. 

arctus, a, urn. adj. confined, close. 

arcus, us, m. 4. a bow, an arch. 

Ardea, ae,f. 1. now Ardia, a town 
of Latium, near the coast, the ca- 
pital of the Rutuli. 

ardeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. to glow, 
burn, be consumed by fire. 

arduus, a, um, adj. high, steep, dif- 
ficult. 

arena, ae,f. 1. sand. 

arenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. 

Arethusa, ae, /. 1. a fountain in 
Elis, said to force its way under 
the sea and rise again in the is 
land of Ortygia, near Syracuse 
in Sicily. 

argentum, i, n. 2. silver. 

Argias, ae, m. 1. the founder of 
Chalcedon. 

Arglvi, orum, m. pi. 2. the Argives, 
the inhabitants of Argos and Ar- 
golis in Peloponnesus. 

Arglvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Argos. 

Argonautae, drum, m. pi. 1. a name 
given to those heroes who went 
with Jason on board the ship Ar- 
go to Colchis, 1263 B. C. 

Argos, i, n. 2. et inplur. num. Argi^ 
orum, m. 2. the capital of Argolis 
in Peloponnesus. 

arguo, ere,ui, utum, a. 3. (fr. dpyvs, 
white) to make clear, prove ; 
prove another to be guilty, con- 
vict. 

Ariminum, i, n. 2. now Rimini, a 



city of Umbria in Italy, at the 
mouth of the river Ariminus. 

Aristippus, i, m. 2. the elder, a phi- 
losopher of Cyrene, disciple to 
Socrates, and founder of the Cy- 
renaic sect, flourished about 392 
B.C. 

Aristobulus, i, m. 2. a name com- 
mon to some of the high priests 
and kings of Judaea. 

Aristoteles, is, m. 3, a famous phi- 
losopher, born at Stagira, B. C. 
384. 

arma, drum, n. pi. 2. arms. 

armdtus, a, um, part. pas^. of armo, 
armed. 

Armenia, ae,f. 1. now Turcomania, 
a large country of Asia, divided 
into Upper and Lower,calledalso 
Major. 

Armenius, a, um, adj. Armenian. 

armentum, i, n. 2. a herd (of large 
cattle). For aramentum,fr. are. 
As useful for ploughing. 

armilla, ae,f. 1. a bracelet. 

armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to arm. 

aro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (dj&ow, dpw) 
to plough.' 

arreptus, a, um, part. pass, of arri- 
pio. 

arripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (ad 
et rdpio) to take by force, seize, 
lay hold of. 

arrogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. [ad et 
rogo) to claim to one's self, 
claim more than one's right,arro- 
gate. 

ars, lis, f. 3. art, occupation, craft. 

Artemisia, ae, /. 1. a queen of Ca- 
ria, wife of Mausolus. 

artifez, ids, m, etf. 3. an artist. 

arundo, znis,f. 3. a reed. 

Aruns, tis, m. 3. a son of Tarquini- 
us Superbus. 

arx, cisj. 3. {fr. uKpa) a lofty place, 
citadel. 

Ascanius, i, m. 2. a son of Aeneas 
by Creusa. 

ascendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. See ad- 
scendo. 

Asia, ae,f. 1, one of the three parts 
of the ancient world. 

^siaticus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
Lucius Corn. Scipio,for his con- 
quests in Asia. 



DICTIONARY. 



123 



Asina, ae, w. 1. a surname of a 
branch of the gens Cornelia. 

asinus, i, m. 2. an ass. 

asper, a, um, adj. rough, rugged 
harsh. 

aspergo. See adspergo. 

aspernor, art, dtus, sum, d. 1. "{ad et 
zperno) reject, spurn, despise, dis- 
dain. 

aspis, idis, f. 3. an asp. 

assequor, qui, quiitus vel cuius sum, 
d. 3. {ad et sequor) to come up 
with, reach, gain, procure. 

asservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et 
servo) to watch over, preserve. 

assigno,dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ad et 
signo) to assign, allot. 

assisto. See adsisto. 

assurgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, 
n. 3. {ad et surgo) to rise, rise up. 

astronomia, ae,f. 1. astronomy. 

astutus, a, um, adj. {fr. astus, us, 
craft) crafty, cunning. 

asylum, i, n. 2. {acvXav) an asylum, 
sanctuary. 

at, conj. but. 

Atalanta, ae, f. 1. a daughter 
Schoeneus, king of Scyros. 

Athenae, drum., f. pi. 1. the capital 
of Attica, founded 1556 B. C, by 
Cecrops and an Egyptian colony; 
called Athenae {'Adiivai), in ho- 
nour of Minerva, {'AOqvri). 

Atheniensis, is, m. 3. an inhabitant 
of Athens. 

Atilius, i, 7». 2. a name of Regu- 
lus. 

Atlanticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Atlas ; mare Atlanticum, the 
Atlantic ocean. 

atque, conj. and. 

atrociter, adv. {atrox)cr\ie\\y , fierce- 
ly- 

Altdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Pcrga- 
mus. 

attentus, a, um, adj. (fr. attendo) at- 
tentive, diligent. 

altera, tercre, trivi, tritum, a. 3. {Ofd 
et tero) to rub against, wear, des- 
troy. 

AUhis, idis, f. 3. a name given to 
Attica from a daughter of Cra- 
naus the 2d, king •f Athens. 

Attica, ae, /. 1. a country of Greece. 

Atticus, a, um, adj. Attic, Athenian. 



attingo, tingere, tlgi, tactum, a. 3. 
{ad et tango) to touch, border 
upon, reach, gain. 

attollo, ere, a. 3, {ad et tollo) to lift 
or raise up. 

attritus, a, um, part. pass, of atiero. 

auctor, oris, m. 3. an author. 

auctoritas, dtis,f. 3. authority. 

actus, a, um, part. pass, of augeo. 

audacia, ae, f. 1. {fr. audax) cou- 
rage, audacit}'. 

audax, dcis, adj. {fr. audeo) daring, 
bold. 

audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. p. 2. to 
dare, adventure. 

audio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. 4. to hear, 
hearken. 

auditor, oris, m. 3, a hearer. 

auditus, a, um, part. pass, of audio. 

auditus, iis, m. 4. a hearing, report. 

aufero, auferre, abstUli, abldtum, irr. 
a. {abs et fero) to carry off, take 
away, remove. 

aufugio, ugere, ugi, ugltum, n. 3. 
{abs etfugio) to flee or run away, 
fly from. 
oi\augendus, a, um, part, of augeo, to 
be increased. 

augeo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 2. to increase, 
enlarge. 

augurium, i, n. 2. {fr. avis et gero^ 
divination from the flight and 
singing of birds ; an augury. 

auguste, adv. reverently. 

augustus, a, um, adj. august, vene- 
rable, sacred. 

Augustus, i, m. 2. Octavianus Cae- 
sar, second emperor of Rome, 
was son of Octavius, a senator, 
and Accia, sister to Julius Cae- 
sar. 

Aulis, idis et Idos, f. 3. a town of 
Boeotia on the sea-coast; where 
all the Greeks conspired against 
Troy. 

Aulus, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon among the Romans. 

Aurelius, i, m.2. the name of many 
Romans. 

aureus, a, um, adj. golden. 

auriga, ae,f. 1. a charioteer. 

auris, is,f. 3. the ear. 

aurum, i, n. 2. gold. 

auspicium, i, n. 2. {fr. auspcx) an 
auspice. 



124 



DICTIONARY. 



ausus, «, um, part, of audeo, having 
dared. 

aixt, conj. or ; aui...aut, either.. .or. 

autem, conj. but. 

autumnus, i, m. 2. autumn. 

auzllium, i, n. 2. aid, help ; auxilia, 
auxiliaries. 

dvdriiia, ae,f. 1. avarice. 

dvdrus, a, um, adj. covetous, avari- 
cious. 

dveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {a et vehd) 
to carry away. 

dvello, ere, velli, et vulsi, vulsum, a. 
3. (a et vello) to tear or drag 
away. 

Avcniinus, i, m. 2. one of the seven 
hills on which Rome was built ; 
it was not reckoned within the 
precincts of the city till the reign 
of the emperor Claudius. 

dversus, a, um,part.pass. of dverto. 

dverto, tere, ii, sum, a. 3. (a etverto) 
to turn from or away, avert, re- 
move. 

avicula, ae, dim. of avis, /.La small 
bird. 

avidus, a, um, adj. (^fr. aveo, to long 
for) eager, desirous, greedy. 

avis, is, f. 3. a bird. 

dvbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. {a et voco) 
to call oiF or away. 

dvolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. I. (a et volo) 
to fly away. 

dvuncMus, i, m. 2. a maternal un- 
cle, 

dvus, i, m. 2. a grandfather. 

Azenus, i, m. 2. mevos) the ancient 
name of the Euxine. The word 
signifies inhospitable, and was 
highly applicable to the inhabit- 
ants of the coast. 

axis, is.m. 3. an axle, axis. 



B 



Babylon, onis, f. 3. a celebrated 
city, the capital of the Assyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Eu- 
phrates. 

Babylonia, ae, /. 1. a large province 
of Assyria, of which Babylon 
was the capital. 

hacca, ae,f. 1. a berry. 

Bacchus, i. m. 2. the son of Jupiter 
and Semele, the daughter of Cad- 
mus ; the god of wine. 



Bactridna vel Bactria, ae, /. 1. a 
country of Asia, which derived 
its name from the river Bac- 
trus. 

Bactridni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Bactriana. 

Bactridnus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Bactria, Bactrian. 

baciXlum, i, n. et bacillus, i, m. 2. a 
staff, stick. 

Baetis, is, ace. Baetim, dbl. Baeti, 
m. 3. now the Guadalquiver, a 
river of Spain, from which a 
part of the country has received 
the name of Baetica. 

Baetlcus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the Baetis ; Baetica provincia, or 
simply Baetica, the southern part 
of Hispania Ulterior. 

Bagrdda, ae, m. 1. now Megerda, 
a river of Africa flow ' 
Utica and Carthage, 

ballista, ae,f. 1, (/r. /JdAXw, to throw) 
a warlike engine to shoot stones 
or darts with, 

Balticus, a, um, adj. mare Balticum, 
the Baltic sea. 

barbdrus, a, um, adj. barbarous, un- 
civilized; Z>arZ>ari,barbaTians,(not 
Greeks, or, not Romans ) 

Batdvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Batavia, now Holland. 

beatitudo, inis, f. 3. beatitude, feli- 
city. 

bedtus, a, um, adj. {fr. heo, to make 
happy) happy, blessed. 

Bebrycia, ae,f. 1. an ancient name 
of Bithynia, from the Bebryces 
who settled there, after passing 
from Europe. 

Belgae, drum, m. pi. 1. the most 
warlike people of ancient Gaul. 

Belgicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the Belgae. 

Bellerophon, tis, m. 3. the son of 
Glaucus, king of Ephyre, con- 
,quered the Chimaera. 

bellicosus, a, um, adj. warlike. 

bellicus, a, um, adj. warlike ; belUca 
laus, military glory. 

belligero, dre, dvi, dlum, n. 1. {bellum 
ct gcro) to wage war. 

bello. dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wage 
war. 

bellua, ae,f. 1. a beast, monster. 

jbellum, i, n. 2. war. 



DICTIONARY. 



125 



Belus, i, m. 2. one of the most an- bos, bovis, c. 3. an ox, a cow. 

cient kings of Babylon. \Bosphdrus vel Bosporus, i, m. 2. 



bene, adv. comp. melius, sup. optime 
well ; berie pugnare, to light with 
success. 

bene/ icium, i, n. 2. a kindness, fa- 
vour, benefit. 

benevolcntia, ae,f. 1. good will, be- 
nevolence. 

benigne, adv. kindly. 

benignus, a, um, adj. kind, liberal. 



bestia, ae, /.la beast. 

Bestia, ae, m. 1. Calpurnius Bestia, 
a Roman consul. 

bestiola, ae,f. 1. a little beast. 

Bias, antis, vi. 3. one of the seven 
wise men of Greece, son to Teu- 
tamidas, born, at Priene. 

bibliolheca, ae, f. 1 
brary. 

hibo, ere, i, itum, a. 3. to drink, im- 
bibe ; bibtre colorem, to take a 
colour. 

Bibulus, i, m. 2. a son of M. Cal- 
purnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato's 
daughter. He was Caesar's col- 
league in the consulship. 

blduum, i, n. 2. the period of two 
days. 

bini, ae, a, distr. num. adj. two, two 
by two. 

bipes, edis, adj. two-footed. 

bis. num. adv. twice. 

Biihynia, ac,f. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, formerly called Bebry- 
cia. 

blanditia, ae.f. 1. a complimenting; 
blanditiae, blandishments, flatte- 
ry. 

blandus, a, um, adj. soothing, flatter- 
ing. 

Boeolia, ae, / 1 . a countryof Greece, 
north of Attica. 

bonitas, dtis,f. 3. goodness. 

bonus, a, um, adj. good ; melior, bet- 
ter ; optimus, best ; bowum, a good 
thing, good ; bona, goods ; bcmi, 
upright men. 

Boredlis, e, adj. northern. 

Boreas, ae, m. 1. the north wind. 

Borysthtnes, is, m. 3. a large river 
ofScyihia, falling into the Eux- 
ine, now called the Dnieper. 

Borysthenis, idis,f. 3. a town situ- 
ate at the mouth of the Borys- 
thenes. 



Thracius, now the Straits of Con- 
stantinople, which connect the 
Propontis with the Euxine ; 
Cimmerius, now the Straits oj 
Caffa or Theodosia, which con- 
nect the Maeotis Palus with the 
Euxine. 

brachium, i, n. 2. an arm. 

brevi, adv. {scil. tempore) shortly. 



brevis, e, adj. short. 

brevitas, dtis, f. 3. shortness, brevi- 
ty- 

Brigantia, ae, f. 1. Brigantiae la- 
cus, a lake of Rhaetia between 
the Alps, now lake of Con- 
stance. 
{J3i/3XioO)'iKri) a li- Britannia, ae,f. 1. Great Britam. 

Britannicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Britain, British. 

Britannus, a, um, rt^?. British ; Bri- 
tanni, the JBritons. 

bruma, ae, f. 1. the shortest day of 
the year, the winter solstice ; win- 
ter. 

Bruttium, i, n. 2. a promontory of 
Italy. 

Bruttii, drum, m. pi. 2. a people m 
the farthest part of Italy. 

Brutus, i, VI. 2. the name of a noble 
family at Rome. 

Bucephalus, i, m. 2. a horse of Alex- 
ander's. 

Bucephdlos, i, f. 2. et Bucephdla, ae, 
f. 1. a city of India, on the Hy- 
daspes, built by Alexander in 
honour of his horse. 

buxeus, a, um, adj. {fr. buxum) of 
box, of a pale yellow, like box, 

Byzantium, i, n. 2. now Caastanti- 
nople, a town situate on the Eu- 
ropean sidcof 4he Thracian Bos- 
phorus. 



C. 



Cabira, ind. a town of Pontus, on 
the river Iris. 

caciimen, inis, n. 3. the lop or sum- 
mit of any thing. 

Cadmus, i. vi. 2. the son of Agenor, 
king of Phoenicia. 

cddo, cadcre, ctcidi, cdsum, n. 3. to 
fall : bene, to turn out well ; mate, 
ill. 



126 



DICTIONARY, 



caducus, a, um, adj. ready to fall, 
falling. 

Caecilius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
maa family. 

Caecubum, i, n. 2. vel Caecubus ager 
a district in Latium, famous for 
its wines. 

Caecubus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Caecubum. 

caedes, is, f. 3. slaughter. 

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, a. 3, 
to cat, fell, kill. 

caeldtus, a, um, part, of caelo, en- 
graved ; columnae caeldtae, fluted 
columns. 

caelo, are, dvi, dtum, a, 1. to carve 
engrave, emboss. 

caepe, n. ind. an onion. 

Caepio, onis, m. 3. a surname of one 
of the branches of the Servilian 
family. 

Caesar, dris, m. 3. a surname of the 
Julian family. 

caestus, us, m. 4. (fr. caedo, to strike) 
a gauntlet, boxing glove. 

caesus, a, um, fart, of caedo. 

caetera, (et cetera) ae, f. caeterum, i 
n. (in the oblique cases used also 
in the masculine) adj. the rest, 
residue, other. 

caeterum, adv. as for the rest, but. 

Caius, i, m. 2. a praenomen very 
common at Rome. 

Calais, is, m. 3. son of Boreas, bro- 
ther of Zethes. 

calamitas, dtis, f. 3. calamity, mis- 
fortune, 

calamus, i, m. 2. a reed (for writing 
with). 

calathiscus, i, m. 2. a little basket. 

calefdcio, facere, feci, factum, a. 3 
(/r. cdleo etfdcie) to make warm 

calef actus, a, um, part. pass, of cale- 
Jio. 

calef to, fieri, f actus sum, pass. irr. 
to be warmed, grow hot. 

calidus, a, um, adj. warm. 

callidus, a, um, adj. {fr. called) skil- 
ful, practised, crafty. 

cdlor, oris, m. 3. heat. 

Calpe, es, f 1. now Gibraltar, a 
mountain in the south of Spain, 
opposite Abyla on the African 
coast. 

Calpurnius, i, m. 2. the name of a 
noble Roman family. 



Calydonius, a, vm, adj. pertaining 
to Calydon, a city of Aetolia in 
Greece. 

camelus, i, c. 2. a camel. 

Camillus, i, m. 2. (L. Furius) a ce- 
lebrated Roman. 

Campdnia, ae, f. 1. now Campagna, 
a country of Italy, south-east of 
Latium. 

campestris, e, adj. belonging to a 
plain, even, level. 

campus, i, m. 2. a plain, field. 

cancer, cri, m. 2. a crab. 

candidus, a, um, adj. white. 

candor, oris, m. 3. sheeny white- 
ness, brightness, splendour. 

cdnis, is, c. 3. a dog. 

Cannae, drum, f. pi. 1. a village of 
Apulia, near the Aufidus. 

Cannensis, e, adj. pertaining to Can- 
nae. 

cdno, cdnere, cecini, cantum, a. 3. to. 
sing, sound, blow. 

canthdrus, i, m. 2. a beetle. 

Cantium, i, n. 2. a country in the 
south-eastern extremity of Bri- 
tain, now called Kent. 

canto, dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. {fr. 
cdno) to sing often, to sing. 

cantus, us, m. 4. a song ; galli cantus, 
the crowing of the cock. 

cdnus, a, um, adj. hoary, gray. 

cdpaz, dcis, adj. {fr. cdpio) contain- 
ing, capacious. 

cdpesso, ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 3. {fr. -ta- 
pio) to take, undertake, enter up- 
on. 

cdpiendus, a, um, part, of capio. 

cdpio, cdpere, dpi, captum, a. 3. to 
take, make captive; take to one's 
self, enjoy. 

cdpltdlis, e, adj. capital, dangerous ; 
capitate odium, deadly hatred. 

cdpitolium, i, n. 2. a celebrated tem- 
ple and citadel at Rome on the 
Mons Capitol in us. 

capra,ae,f. 1. a goat. 

captlvus, a, um, adj. captive. 

captlvus, i, m. 2. a prisoner, cap- 
tive. 

■pto, dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. {fr. 
capio,) to catch at ; auguria, to 
watch for auguries. 

captus, u, um, part, of capio. 

Capua, ae, f. 1. the chief city of 
Campania in Italy. 



DICTIONARY. 



127 



cdpvi, itis, n. 3, a head, life ; capitis 

damnare, to condemn to death; 

praecipua capita, the chief points. 

2. a chief city. 
carbonarius, i, m. 2. a collier. 
career, eris, m. 3. a prison. 
cardo, inis, m. 3. a hinge, 
careo, ere, ui, itum, {cum dblaiivo) 

to be without, want. 
Cares, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Caria, anciently called 

Leleges. 
Caria, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia 

Minor, south of Lydia. 
carica, ae,f. 1, a fig. 
carmen, inis, n. 3. a verse, song, 

poem. 
Carneddes, is, m. 3. a philosopher 

of Cyrene in Africa. 
caro, nis,f. 3. the flesh of animals. 
carpenium, i, n. 2. a kind of carriage, 

chariot, wagon. 
Carpitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people 

of Spain. 
carpo, pere, psi. plum, a. 3, to gather, 

pluck, tear. 
Carrac, drum, f. pi. 1. a very an- 
cient townof Mesopoiamia,south- 

east of Edessa. 
CartJuiginiensis, e,adj. pertaining to 

Carthage. 
Carthago, inis, f. 3. a celebrated 

city of Africa. 
cdrus, a, um, adj. dear, precious, 

costly. 
cdsa, ae, f. 1. a cottage or cabin, 

hut. 
Casca, ae, m. 1. one of Caesar's 

assassins, who gave him the first 

blow. 
cdseus, i, m. 2, cheese. 
Cassander, dri, m. 2. a Macedonian, 

son of Antipater. 
Cassiope, es, f. 1. married Cepheus, 

king of Aethiopia, by whom she 

had Andromeda. 
Cassius, i, m. 2. the name of many 

Romans. 
Castalius, a,um,adj. of Castalia, a 

fountain of Parnassus in Phocis, 

sacred to the Muses, 
castigdlus, a, um, part, of castigo. 
cast.igo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1, to chas- 
tise, punish. 
caslrum, i, n. 2. a castle, fort ; cas- 

tra, drum, a camp, encampment ; 
PART I. ] 



castra ponere, to pitch a camp, 
encamp. 

casus, us, m. 4. a falling, accident, 
chance, occurrence. 

Catabatkmus, i,f. 2. {^KaraffaQudC) a 
great declivity separating Cyre- 
naica from Egypt. 

Catdna, ae, /. 1. a town of Sicily, 
at the foot of Mount Aetna. 

Catdnensis, e, adj. pertaining to Ca- 
tana. 

Calienus. i, m. 2. Plotlnus, a man. 
who burnt himself upon the fu- 
neral pile of his patron. 

Catilina, ae, m. 1. L. Sergius, a no- 
ble Roman, who formed a con- 
spiracy against his country, but 
was baffled in his attempts by Ci- 
cero. 

Cato, onis, m, 3. a surname of the 
Porcian family. 

Catulus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
ral distinguished Romans. 

catulus, i, m. 2. a young dog, whelp ; 
the young of other animals. 

Caucasus, i, m. 2. the name of the 
highest and most extensive range 
of mountains in the northern part 
of Asia. 

Cauda, ae,f. 1. a tail. 

Co-udimLS, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Caudium, a town of the Sam- 
nites. See faux vel furcula. 

caula, ae,f. 1. a sheep-cote, fold. 

causa, ae, /. 1. a cause, reason ; 
mea causa, on my account; ali- 
cujus rei causa, on account of a 
thing. 2. a matter in dispute, law- 
suit ; thus, causam habere cum alt- 
quo. 

cautes, is, f. 3. a rugged rock, cliff. 

cdveo, cdvere, cdvi, cautum, n. 2. to 
beware, or take heed of; cavere 
ab aliquo, to beware of any one. 

cdverna, ae,f. 1. a hollow place, ca- 
vern. 

cdvus, a, um, adj. hollow. 

Cecropia, ae,f. 1. the original name 
of Athens. 

Cecrops, opis, m. 3. an Egyptian, 
deemed the first founder of 
Athens. 

cedo, ccdtre, cessi, cessum, n. 3. to 
give place, give way, yield, de- 
part ; loco aiicui, to give way to 
any one. 



m 



DICTIONARY. 



celeber, bris, e, adj. frequented, much 
resorted to, famous. 

celebrdtus, a, um, part, of celebro. 

celebritas, dtis,f. 3. celebrity, fame. 

celebro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fre- 
quent, resort' to, celebrate. 

celeritas, dtis,f. 3. swiffhess, quick- 
ness, speed. 

celerlter, ius, rime, adv. speedily. 

Celeus, i, m. 2. a king of Eleusis, 
father to Triptolemus. 

Celo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to hide, 
conceal. 

Celtae, drum, m. pi. 1. a name given 
to a part of the Gauls, whose 
country,called GalliaCeltica,was 
situate between the rivers Sequa- 
na and Garumna. 

censeo, ere, ui, um vel Uum, a. 2. to 
count, reckon ; thus, censere in- 
ter, to count or enrol among; 
hence, 2, to estimate, judge, 
think. 

Ce7isori7ms, i, m. 2. a Roman gene- 
ral, sent against the Carinagini- 
ans. 

eensorius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
the censor ; so eensorius {vir), one 
who has been a censor. 

census, us, m. 4. a valuation of 
every man's estate, a rating, tax- 
ing. 

centeni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
hundred. 

eentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
hundredth, 

centies, num. adv. a hundred times. 

centum, ind. num. adj. pi. a hun- 
dred. 

centurio, onis, m. 3. a centurion. 

Cephallenia,ae,f. l.now Cefalonia, 
an island in the Ionian sea, be- 
low Corcyra. 

cera, ae,f. 1, wax. 

Cerberus, i, m. 2. a dog of Pluto, 
with 50 heads according to He- 
siod, and three according to 
others ; he was stationed, as a 
keeper, at the entrance to the in- 
fernal regions. 

Cercdsum, i, n. 2. a town of Egypt. 

Ceres, eris, f. 3. the goddess of corn 
and harvests. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. to 
distinguish, see, descry. 

certamcn, inis, n. 3. a contest, strife., 



certe, ius, issime, adv. certainly, as- 
suredly. 

certo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. el n. 1. to 
contend, strive, fight. 

certus, a, um, adj. established, sure, 
certain. 

cerva, ae,f. 1. a hind. 

cervinus, a, um, adj. of a stag or 
hart. 

cervix, lcis,f. 3. the neck. 

cervus, i, m. 2. a stag. 

cessdior, oris, m. 3. a loiterer, lin- 
gerer, idler. 

cesso, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1, to give 
over, intermit, cease. 

ceteri, ae, a. See caeteri. 

ceterum: See caeterum. 

cetum, i, n. 2. any large sea-fish, a 
whale. 

Ceyx, yds, m. 3. a king of Trachi- 
nia, husband of Alcyone. 

Chalcedon, onis, f. 3, now Kadi- 
Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, 
opposite Byzantium. 

Chaldatcus, a, um, adj. of Chaldaea, 
a country of Asia, between the 
Euphrates and Tigris. 

charta, ae,f. 1. paper. 

Chersiphron, onis, m. 3. a builder of 
the temple at Ephesus. 

Chersonesus, i, f. 2. {x^p<r6vr)aos) a 
peninsula. 

Chilo, onis, m. 3. a Spartan philoso- 
pher, who has been called one of 
the seven wise men of Greece. 

cibus, i, m. 2. food. 

cicatrix, ids, f. 3. a scar, wound. 

Cicero, onis, m. 3. a native of Ar- 
pinum, son of a Roman knight, 
one of the most celebrated of the 
ancient orators. 

clco'iiia, ae,f. 1. a stork. 

Cilicia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Medi- 
terranean. 

Cimbri, orum, m. pi. 2. a people of 
Germany, who occupied the 
Chersonesus Cimbrica, or mo- 
dern Jutland. 

ductus, a, um, part, of cingo. 

Cineas, ae, w. 1. a Thessalian, mi- 
. nister and friend of Pyrrhus,king 
of Epirus. 

cingo, gcre, xi, ctum, a. 3. to gird, 
encompass, surround. 

cinis, eris, m. 3. ashes. 



DICTIONARY. 



129 



Cimia, ae, m. . L, Cornelius, a par- 
tisan "of Marius. during the civil 
■wars between him and Sylla. 

cinndmum, i, n. 2. cinnamon. 

circa, prep, cum ace. about, around, 
in the neighbourhood oi. 

circuitus, iis, m. 4. a going around, 
circuit. 

circumddtus, a, um, part, of circum- 
do. 

circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. 
{circum et do) to put or set around, 
surround, encompass. 

circumco, Ire. ivi, et ii, itum, irr. n. 
(circum et eo). 

circumjlvA), Ire, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow 
round or about. 

circumjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (circum 
et jaceo,) to lie about, border up- 
oii. 

circumsto, stare, steti, n. 1. (circum 
et sto) to stand round, beset. 

circumvenio, enire, tni, etvlum, a. 4. 
(circum etvenio) to surroimd, cir- 
cumvent, defraud. 

circumveTitus, a,um,part. of circum- 
venio. 



Ciris, is, f. 3. (fr. Ketpo), to cut) a 
name of Scylla, daughter of Ni- 
sus, king of Megara. It means 
a lark, into which she was chang- 
ed. 

Cisalpinus, a, um, adj. (i. e. qui cis 
Alpes est) on this side of the Alps 
(with reference to Rome), Cisal- 
pine. 

cista, ae,f. 1. a basket of osiers, a 
chest. 

citdtus, a, um, part, et adj. stirred 
up, hurried, swift. 

Cithacron, onis, m. 3. amoimtain of 
Boeoiia. 

cito, tins, tissime,adv. quickly. 

citra, prep, cum ace. et adv. on this 
side. 

citus, a, um, adj. quickly. 

civicus, a, um, adj. (fr.civis) relat- 
ing to a citizen; corona civica, a 
civic crown. 

civilis, e, adi. of a citizen, civil. 

civis, is, c. ^. a citizen. 

civilas, dtis, f. 3. a city, a state, a 
constitution, the right of citizen- 
ship, 

cUides, is, f. 3. overthrow, destruc- 
tion, disaster. 



clam, adv. secretly ; (pr. cum ace. et 
abl.) without the knowledge of. 

clamo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cry 
out or aloud, to call on. 

clamor, oris, m. 3. a loud voice, cry, 
shout. 

clandestinus, a, um, adj. secret, hid- 
den. 

claritas, dtis,f. 3. brightness, fame. 

cldrus, a, um, adj. clear, loud, re- 
nowned. 

Claudius, i, m. 2. the name of an 
illustrious patrician family at 
Rome. 

claudo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. to shut, 
close. 

claudus, a, um, adj. lame, limping. 

clausus, a, um, part, of claudo. 

clavus, i, m. 2. a nail. 

Clemens, tis, adj. mild, merciful. 
:mentia, ae, 
clemency. 



adj 



dementia, ae,f. 1. mildness, mercy, 



Cleopatra, ae.f. 1. a queen of Egypt, 
daughter of Ptolemy Auletes.' 

clodca, ae, f. 1. a common sewer, 
sink. 

Ciuentius, i, m. 2. a Roman citizen, 
of the family of the Clueniii. 

Clusium, i, n. 2. now Chiusi, a town 
of Etruria, on the banks of the 
Clanis. 

clypeus, i, m. 2. a shield. 

Cneius, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon among the Romans, 

coactus, a, um, part, of cogo. 

coccyx, ygis, m. 3. a cuckoo. 

Codes, itis, m. 3. Pu^. Horatius, a 
Roman famed for his valour. 

codilis, e, adj. dried, burat j later cVf 
hcs, brick. 

coctus, a, um, part, of coquo. 

caelum, i, n. 2. et in plural num. coe- 
li, drum, m. 2. heaven, the cli- 
mate. 

cocTia, ae, f. 1. supper. 

coepi,coepisse, def.pret. I begin, have 
begun, or taken in hand. 

cocptus, a, um, part, of coepi, begun. 

coerceo, ere, ui. Hum, a. 2. (con et ar- 
ceo) to keep in, confine, restrain, 
check, control. 

cogitdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a thought, deli- 
beration. 

cogitdtum, i, n. 2. a thought. 

cogito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (for a>a- 
gito) to think. 



130 



DICTIONARY. 



cognitus, a, um, part, of cognosco 
kuown. 

cognomen^ inis, n. 3. a surname. 

cognosco, oscere, ovi, iturn, a. 3. (con 
et nosco) to know, learn, deter- 
mine judicially ; de causa, to de- 
cide a cause. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, a.2.{con 
et ago) to lead together, collect 
compel, constrain ; cogere agmen 
to bring up the rear. 

cohaereo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. {con et 
haereo) to hang together, be unit 
ed to. 

cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {con et 
habeo) to hold, hold in, restrain 

cohors, tis, f. 3. a. cohort, the tenth 
part of a legion. 

Colchis, idis, f. 3. now Mingrelia, a 
country of Asia, east of the Eux 
ine sea. 

colldhor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {con et 
labor) to fall down, give way 

colldre, is, n. 3. a collar, a kind of 
band for the neck. 

Collatlnus, i, m. 2. L. Tarquinius 
a nephew of Tarquin the Proud 
husband of Lucretia. 

collectus, a, um, part, of colligo. 

coUega, ae, m. 1. a colleague. 

collegium,, i, n. 2. a college, society. 

colligo, Igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. {con 
et lego) to gather together, col- 
lect. 

coUis, is, m. a hill. 

collocdtus, a, um, part, of colloco 

colloco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
loco) to place, settle. 

colloquium, i, n. 2. conversa.tion,con- 
ference. 

colloquor, qui, quiitus vel cuius sum 
d. 3. {con et loquor) to speak with 
one, converse. 

collum, i, n. 2. the neck. 

colo, colcre, colui, cultum, a. 3. to cul- 
tivate, look up to with respect, 
honour, inhabit. 

colonia, ae,f. 1. a colony. 

coWrius, i, m. 2. a colonist. 

color, oris, m. 3. a colour. 

columba, ae,f. 1. a dove, pigeon. 

columbdre, is, n. 3. a dove-cot. 

colmmia, ae,f. 1. a column. 

combiiro, urere, ussi,ustum, a. 3.(for 
comuro, con et uro) to burn, con- 
sume. 



comedendus, a, um, part, of comedo^ 

comedo, edere, edi, esum, a. 3. (co?i et 
edo) to eat up. 

comes, itis, c. 3. a companion. 

comissor, dri, dtus sum, d.l. to go 
to a feast, to go to. 

comitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to ac- 
company, follow. 

commemdro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
{con et memoro) to make mention 
of. 

commendo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {co^n, 
et mando) to commit to one's 
charge, commend. 

commeo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con et 
meo) to go, pass, go together. 

commercium, i, n. 2. commerce, traf- 
fic. 

commigro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con 
et migro) to migrate. 

comminuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {con 
et minuo) to break in pieces, 
bruise, lessen. 

comminutus, a, um, part, of commi- 
nuo. 

commissus, a, um, part, of committo. 

committo, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (con 
et mitto) to join together, com- 
mit, consign; pugnam, to join 
battle ; crimen, to commit a 
crime. 

commoditas, dtis,f. 3. aptness, con- 
venience. 

commodum, i, n. 2. profit, advan- 
tage. 

commorior, mori, mortuus sum, d. 3. 
(con et morior) to die along with. 

commoror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (conet 
moror) to abide, stay, tarry. 

commotus, a, um, part.' of commoveo. 

commoveo, overe, ovi, dtum, a. 2. 
(con et moveo) to move together, 
move, stir ; bellum, to begin a 
war. 

communico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
communis) to share with one, im- 
part, communicate. 



communis, e, adj. common 
moedii 
medy 



comoedia, ae 



aaj. c( 



(*cw/jwjia) a CO- 



compdratus, a,um,part. of compdro. 

c&inpdro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {con 
et fdro) to compare, acquire, pro- 
cure, 

compello, pellerc, puLi, pvlsum, a. 3. 
(con et pcllo) to drive together, 



DICTIONARY. 



131 



drive, compel; in fugam, lo ^ni cqvxurro, currere, curri et cncurri, 
to flight. j cursum, n. 3. {con et curro) to run 

armpenso, are. art, dtnm, a. 1. {conet. together ; meet. 
penso) to weigh one thing against cfTTj^i/s^tiS, a, urn, part, of concutio. 



another, compensate. 



Icancutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3, {con 



compirio. erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. {con' et qudtio) lo shake, agitate, dis- 
ci pdrio.) to find out, discover.! quiet, 
learn. \condendus, a, nm, part, of condo. 

complector, cti, xus, sum, d. 3. {con et conditio, 6nis,f. 3. a state, situation, 
^/€C<<?) to embrace, to take hold of; I condition; stipulation, terms of 
compkcii amove, to love. agreement. 

'cmp&no, 6n€re,dsui,dsltwn,a.3.{co7i conditus, a, nm, part, of condo. 
et poTw) to put together, compose, condo, ere, idi, Hum, a. 3. {con et do) 



perform. 
co'/npositus, a, um, part, of comp&no. 
zomprehendendus, a, um.part. ofcam- 

prehendo, to be seized 
comprehendo, dire. di. sum, a. 3. {con 
et prekendo) to lay hold of, com 
preheud. 
tomprehensus, a, um, part, of com- 
prehendo. 

compulsus, a, um, part, of compello. 

condtus, a, um, part, of conor. 

ioncedo, dire, ssi, ssum, a. 3. {con et 
cedo) to yield, concede, allow. 

conceptus, a, um, part, of concipio. 

concessus, a, um, part, of concedo. 

concha. ae,f. 1. a shell-fish, a shell. 

conchylium, i, n. 2. a shell-fish. 

concilio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to unite, 
join together, conciliate, gain 
over, reconcile ; conciliare sibi, to 
acquire for one's self. 

concinnus, a, um, adj. well-adjusted 
elegant, agreeable. 

concio,6nis,f. 3. an assembly, a meet 
ing of the people. 

concipio, ipire, epi, eptum, a. 3. {con 
et cdpio) to conceive, draw up, 

concito, dre, dvi, dtum.freq. a. i.{con 
et cito) to stir up, rouse to action 
excite. 

concitor, oris, m. 3. one who rouses 
or stirs up, an exciter. 

concoquo, quire, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con 
et cbquo) to boil, digest, concoct. 

Concordia, ae,f. \. union in {cordc) 
heart or mmd, unanimity, con- 
cord. 

concredo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. {con et 
crtdo) to consign, confide, en- 
trust. 

concrimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
crimo) to bum with, consume by 



fire. 



m2 



to lay or treasure up, hide ; to 
lay together (as bricks in build- 
ing), construct, found. 

condiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et 
diicd) to hire, bargain for, 

confectus, a, um, part, of conficio. 

conftro,ferre, tuli, latum, irr.a. {con 
etfiro) to carry or bring together, 
collect; se conferre, to betake 
one's self, go. 

conficio, icire, eci, eclum, a. 3. {con 
et fdcio) to do thoroughly, finish, 
complete ; do up, destroy ; seneo- 
tfit^, to weaken, exhaust ; plagis, 
to beat severely ; bellum, to ter- 
minate a war. 

corxfido, fidire, fisus sum, n. p. 3. 
to trust, put confidence in. 

canjidtus, a, um, part, of conflo. 

conjligo, gire, xi, ctum, a. 3. {conet 
fiigo) to dash one thing against 
another, contend, engage. 

conflo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con etflo) 
to blow together, melt together, 
compose, unite. 

conjluo, ire, xi, xum, n. 3. {con et 
jluo) to flow together, flock, 
crowd. 

confodi, odere, odi, ossum, a. 3. {can 
et fodio) to dig, pierce, stab. 

confossus, a, um, part. o{ con fodio. 

confugio, iigere, ugi, Hgitum, n. 3. 
(conet fugio) to flee to, take refuge 
with, have recourse to. ^ 

congero, rire, ssi, stum, a. 3. {conet 
giro) to carry together, heap up, 
accumulate. 

congridior, idi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
{con et gridior) to go together, join 
battle, encounter. 

congrigdlus, a, um, part, of congrt" 

SO- 
congrcgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. I. {con 



132 



DICTIONARY. 



et grex) to collect together, as- 
semble. 

conjectus, a, wm, paH. of conjicio. 

conjicio, ictre, tci, ectum, a. 3. {con 
etjdcio) to throw together, conjec- 
ture. 

conjugium, i, n. 3. marriage, wed- 
lock. ^ . 

conjunctus, a, um, part, of conjungo. 

conjungo, gere, xi, cium, a. 3. {con et 
jungo) to join together, unite. 

conjurdttos, a, um, part, of conjuro 

conjuro, are dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con ( 
juro) to swear together, league 
together, conspire. 

conjux or unx, ugis, c. 3. a hus- 
band, wife. F'r. jugo or jungo, 
to couple. 

Conor, art, dtus, sum, d. 1. to strive, 
endeavour, attempt. 

conqueror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. {con et 
queror') to complain, bewail, la- 
ment. ' 

conscendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {con 
et scando) to climb up, mount, as- 
cend. 

conscensus, a, um, part, of conscendo. 

conscieiitia, ae,f. 1. joint knowledge, 
conscience. 

conscisco, iscere, ivi, itum, a. 3. {con 
et scisco) to execute, put in execu 
tion ; mortem sibi consciscere, to 
lay violent hands on one's self. 

conscius, a, um, adj. conscious, privy 
to. 

consecro, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. {con et 
sacro) to consecrate, dedicate 

consenesco, escere, ui, inc. 3. {con et 
senesco) to grow old. 

consentio, tire, si, sum, n. 4. {con et 
sentio) to be of the same opinion, 
agree, unite. 

consequor, qui, quutus vel ciitus sum. 
d. 3. {con et sequor) to procure, 
obtain. 

consequiitus or cuius, a, um, part, of 
consequor. 

co7is9ro, erere, erui, ertum, a. 3. {con 
et sero) to join. 

conservo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
servo) to preserve, protect. 

consideo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. {con 
et sedeo) to sit together. 

consldo, idere, edi, essum, n. 3. {con 
et sldo) to sit down together, en- 
camp. 



consilium, i, n. 2. counsel, a plan, 
purpose, council ; eo consilio, ut, 
with the intention of, to the end 
that. 

consisto, sistere, stiti, n. 3. {con ex 
sisto) to stand firmly, stand, con 
sist. 

consolor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {con ei 
solor) to console, comfort, solace 

conspectus, a, um, pari, of conspicio 

conspectus, us, m. 4. a sight ; in con- 
spectu, in the sight. 

conspicdtus, a, um, part, of conspicor. 

conspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {con 
et specio) to behold, observe. 

conspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be- 
hold. 

co7ispicuus, a, um, adj. conspicuous, 
illustrious. 

constans, tis, adj. firm, steady. 

constituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {con 
et stdiuo') to set up, appoint, es- 
tablish. 

consiiiutus, a, um, pari, of constituo. 

consto, stare, stiti, stdium, n. 1. to 
consist of; magno, to be dear; 
constat, imp. it is certain, evident, 
known. 

construo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et 
struo) to put together, construct, 
build, pile up. 

consuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. {con 
et suesco) to be accustomed or 
used to, to be in the habit of. 

consuetudo, inis,f. 3. custom, usage, 
habit. 

consul, mis, m. 3. a consul. 

consuldris, e, adj. pertaining to the 
consul ; {vir), one who has held 
the consulship. 

consuldtus, its, m. 4. the consulship. 

consulo, ere, ui, tum, a. 3. to consult, 
deliberate. 

consulto, dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. to 
ask advice, consult, deliberate. 

consumo, umere, umsi et umpsi, um- 
tum et umptum, a. 3. (^con et sumo) 
to destroy, consume, waste. 

consumtus, vel ptus, a, um, part, of 
consumo. 

contdgiosus, a, um, adj. contagious. 

contemnendus, a, um, part, of con- 
temno. 

contemno, nere, si vel psi, tum vel 
ptum, a. 3. {con et temno) to un- 
dervalue, contemn, despise. 



DICTIONARY. 



133 



corUempldtus, a, um, part, of corUem- 

plor. 

contemplor, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
view steadfastly, observe, con- 
template. 

contemtim et ptim, adv. contemptu- 
ously, scornfully. 

conterntus vel ptus, a, urn, part, of 
contemno. 

conterntus vel ptus, s. m. 4. contempt, 
scorn. 

contendo, dere, di, sum or turn, a. et 
n. 3. to contend, engage, solicit, 
ask ; ad aliquem, to go to some 
one. 

contentio, 6nis,f. 3. a straining; ef- 
fort, exertion, contention. 

contentus, a, urn, adj. content, satis- 
fied. 

conterOjterere, trivi, tritum, a. 3. {con 
et tiro) to break or bruise small, 
wear out. 

contiuens, tis,part. et adj. adjoining, 
adjacent; continued, successive; 
temperate. 2./. 3. the continent, 
main land. 

contineo, intre, inui, entum, a. 2.{con 
et teneo) to hold together, contain, 
comprehend. 

contingo, tingere, t'lgi, tactum, a. 3. 
{con et tingo) to touch ; coiitingit 
{imp.) mihi, it happens to me, 1 
have the fortune. 

continuus, a, um, adj. continual, con- 
tinued, following inclose succes- 
sion. * 

contra, prep, cum ace. right opposite 
to, against ; adv. on the other 
hand. 

contractus, a, um, part, of contraho. 

contradico, cere, xi, ctvm, a. 3. {con- 
tra et dico) to speak against, con- 
tradict. 

contradiclus, a, um, part, of contra- 
duo. 

contraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con 
et trdho) to draw together, collect, 
contract. 

contrcrius, a, um, adj. opposite, con- 
trary. 

contueor, tri, itus sum, d. 2. {con el 
tueor) to gaze upon, behold, sur- 
vey. 

contundo, tundire, tudi, tusum, a. 3. 
{con et tundo) to break, strike, 
bruise, crush. 



contusus, a,um,part. of contundo. 

convalesco, escere, ui, n. 3. {con et 
valesco) to grow strong, return to 
a state of health, recover. 

convenio, enire, eni, entum, n. 4:.{con 
et venio) to come together, meet. 

converto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {con et 
verto) to turn, convert, change ; 
in usum suum convertere, to apply 
to his own use ; apply to ; conver- 
tere se in preces, to have recourse 
to entreaties : converti in fugam, 
to fly. 

conversus, a, um, pa,rt. of converto. 

convicium, i, n. 2. loud noise, abuse, 
reproof. 

covivium, i, n. 2. a banquet, enter- 
tainment. 

convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {conet 
voco) to call together, 

convolvo, vcre, vi, utnm, a. 3. {con et 
volvo) to roll together ; convolvi, 
to roll one's self together. 

cooperio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {con et 
pdrio) to cover. 

copia, ae, f. 1. plenty, abundance, 
a swarm, multitude; pi. copiae, 
troops, forces. 

copiose, adv. plentifully, abundant- 
coquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to boil, 
bake, 

coquus, i, m. 2. a cook. 

cor, dis, n. 3. the heart. 

coram, prep, cumabl. in the presence 
of, before ; adv. face to face, open- 
ly 

Corcyra, ae, f. 2. now Corfu, an isl- 
and in the Ionian sea, on the 
coast of Epirus. 

Corinthius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Corinlh, Corinthian. 

Corinthus, i. f. 2. an ancient city of 
Greece, now called Corito, on the 
isthmus of Corinlh. 

Coriolanus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
C. Marcius, from his victory over 
Corioli. 

Corioli, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
Latium, on the borders of the 
Volsci. 

corium, i, n. 2. the skin or hide of a 
beast. 

Cornelia, ae,f. 1. a Roman lady. 

Cornelius, i, m. 2. the name of an 
illustrious family at Rome. 



134 



DICTIONARY. 



cornix, ids, f. 3. a crow. 
cornu, u, n. 4. a horn. 
corona, ae,f. 1. a crown. 
corpus, oris, n. 3. a body, corpse. 
correptus, a, um, part, of corripio. 



credo, dere, dtdi,diium,a.3.to creditf 

believe, trust. 
credulus, a, um, adj. easy of belief, 

ciedulous. 
Cremera, ae, /. 1. a small river of 



corrigo, igtre, ezi, ectum, a. 3. {con Tuscany, falling into the Tiber. 

et rego) to make straight, makecremo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to. bum, 

better. set on fire. 

corripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3.(^con creo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make, 



ef rdpio) to lay hold of hastily 
seize. 

corrodo, dere, si, sum, a. 3, (cow et 
rodo) to gnaw. 

corrosus, a, um, part, of corrodo. 

corrumpo, umpire, upi, upturn, a. 3 
{con et rumpo) to waste, injure, 
corrupt, bribe. 

corruo, uere, ui, n. 3. {con et ruo) to 
fall together, go to ruin, decay. 

corrwptus, a, um, part, of corrumpc 

Corsica, ae, /.I. an island in the 
Mediterranean, north of Sardi- 
nia. 

coruscus, a, um, adj. glittering, shin- 
ing, bright. 

Corvinus, i, m. 2. a name given to 
M. Valerius. 

corvus, i, m. 2. a raven. 

Coryciiis, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Corycus, a town and promontory 
of Cilicia Campestris ; antrum 
Corycium,the Corycian cave near 
the town 

Cos. an abridgment for Consul and 
Consulem 

Coss. an abridgment for Consules 
and Consulibus. 

Cotta, ae, m. 1. the surname of a fa 
mily which belonged to the gens 
Aurelia. 

cramhe, es,f. 1. a sort of cabbage or 
colewort, 

crassus, a, um, adj. thick, coarse. 

Crassus, i, m. 2. the surname of a 
family belonging to the gens Li 
cinia. 

crater, tris, m. 3. {Kparvp) a bowl, 
goblet ; the basin, crater, or hol- 
low on the top of a volcano. 

Crates, is, m. 3. a philosopher of 
Thebes in Boeotia,disciple of Di 
ogenes the Cynic. 

credtus, a, um, part, of creo. 

creber, bra, brum, adj. thick, close 
frequent. 

crebro, adv. frequently. I 



create, appoint, elect. 

cresco, escpre, evi, etum, n. 3. to in- 
crease, grow. 

Creta, ae,f. 1. now Candia, one of 
the largest islands of the Mediter- 
ranean sea, at the south of all the 
Cyclades. 

Cretensis, e,adj. pertaining to Crete, 
Cretan. 

crimen, inis, n. 3. charge, accusa- 
tion, a crime. 

crlnis, is.m. 3. the hair. 

Crixus, i, m. 3. a leader of gladia- 
tors. 

crocodilus, i, m. 2. a crocodile. 

crucidtus, a, um, part, of crucio. 

crucidtus, ixs, m. 4. torment, tor- 
ture. 

crucio, d,re, dvi, dtum, «. 1. to tor- 
ture, afflict. Fr. the tortures {crvr- 
cis) of the cross. 

crudelis, e,adj. savage, cruel. 

crudeliter, adv. cruelly. 

crudus, a, um, adj. raw, rough, 
rude. 

cruentus, a, um. adj. bloody. 

cruor, oris, m. 3. blood, gore. 

crus, iiris, n. 3. the leg. 

crux, ucis,f. 3. a cross. 

cubitu7n, i, n. 2. et cubitus, i, m. 3. 
the arm below the elbow, the el- 
bow. 

culex, ids, m. 3. a gnat. 

culpa, ae, /. 1. a fault, offence ; 
blame, 

culpo, dre, dvi, dtum, a.l.to blame. 

cultellus, i, m. 2. a knife. 

cultus, a, um, part, of colo. 

cum, prep, cum abl. with ; adv.when ; 
cum...tum...hoih...a.nd. In compo- 
sition cum increases the force of 
the simple word. 

cunctdtio, 6nis,f. 3. delay, a linger- 
ing, hesitation. 

cuniculus, i, m. 2, a rabbit. 

cupiditas, dtis, f. 3. a desire eager- 
ness. 



DICTIONARY. 



135 



cttpldo, ints,f. 3. desire. 

cupidus, a, um, adj. desirous. 

cupio, ere ivi. et ii, Itncm, a. 3. to 
desire. 

cur, adv. why 1 for what reason 1 

cura, ae,f. 1. care, solicitude, anx- 
iety. 

Cures, ium, f. pi. 3. a town of the 
Sabines, of which Tatius was 
kin^:. The inhabitants, called 
QvArites, were carried to Rome. 

curia, ae, f. 1. a curia, one of the 
thirty parts into which Romulus 
divided the Roman people ; a 
place of meeting, the senate- 
house. 

Curiatii, drum, m. pi. 2. a family of 
Alba, carried to Rome by Tullus 
Hostilius, and entered among the 
patricians. The three Curiatii, 
who engaged the Horatii, were 
of this family. 

euro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to take 
care of, attend to, be concerned 
about. 

curro, currere, cucurri^ cursum, n. 3. 
to run. 

currus, us, m. 3. a chariot. 

Cursor, oris, m. 3. L. Papirius, an 
illustrious citizen of Rome. 

cursus, us, m. 4. the act of running, 
running; a course. 

curvus, a, um, adj. curved, crook- 
ed. 

custodia, ae, f. 1. the act of keep- 
ing, a guard, guard-house, pri- 
son. 

custodio, ire, ivi, Hum, a. 4. to 
guard. 

'uslos, odis, m. 3. a guard, keep- 
er. 

cutis, is,f. 3. the skin. 

cyaneus, a, um, adj. (^Kvdvcoi) of a 
bright blue, azure. 

Cyclddes, um, f. pi. 3. a name given 
to certain islands of the Aegaean 
sea, that surround Delos, as with 
a circle {kvk>.»<;). 

Cyclopes, um, m- pi. 3. a race of 
men of gigantic stature, who in- 
habited the western parts of Si- 
cily. 

Cydnus, i, m. 2. a river of Cilicia 
Campestri.^;, which falls into the 
sea a little below Tarsus. 



Cyllene, es,f. 1. a mountain of Ar- 
cadia. 

cymba, ae,f. 1. a boat. 

cymbdhcm, i, n. 2. a cymbal, hollow 
musical instrument of brass. 

Cynicus, i, m. 2. a Cynic, one of the 
Cynici, a sect of philosophers 
founded by Antisthenes. 

Cynocephdlae, drum, f. pi. 1. emi- 
nences in Thessaly. 

Cynocephdli, drum, m. pi. 2. a na- 
tion in India, who have the head 
of a dog, according to some tra- 
ditions ; probably a species of 
baboons. 

Cynocephdlus, i, m. an Egyptian 
deity. 

Cynossema, dtis, n. 3. a promontory 
of the Thracian Chersonesus. 

Cynthus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
Delos. 

Cyrenaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Cyrene. 

Cyrenaica, ae, /. 1. a country of 
Africa, east of the Syrtis Minor. 
It corresponds with the modern 
Barca. 

Cyrene, cs, et Cyrenae, drum, f. 1. 
the capital of Cyrenaica. 

Cyrencnsis, e, adj. pertaining to 
Cyrene. 

Cyrnus, i, m. 2. (Kvpj/of) a name of 
Corsica. 

Cyrus, i, m. 2. a king of Persia. 

Cyzlcus, i,f. 2. an island of the Pro- 
poniis ; a town upon the island. 

D. 

Daedalus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, the 
most ingenious artist of his age. 

davinandus, a, um, part, of damno. 

damndtus, a, um, part, of damno. 

damno, are, dvi, dtum, a. \. io con- 
demn ; damnare capitis, to con- 
demn to death. 

damnosus, a, um, adj. hurtful, pre- 
judicial, injurious. 

Da-imns, i, m. 2. a son of Belus and 
brother of Aegyptus, who esta- 
blished himself on the throne of 
Argos. He was the first of the 
race of the Bclidcs. 

dandus, a, um, part, of do. 

Danid)ius, i, m. 2. the Damtbe^ the 



136 



DreTIONARY. 



largest river in Europe, except 

the Rha or Volga, 
daps, ddpiSjf. 3. a banquet, repast, 

meal. 
Dardania, ae, /. 1. a district of 

Troas, in the north-western part 

of Asia Minor, extending from 

Abydos to the promontory of 

Rhoeteum. 
ddturus, a, um, part, of do. 
ddtus, «, um, part, of do. 
de,prep. c. abl. of, from, outof,touch 

ing, concerning. 
dea, ae,f. 1. a goddess. 
debelldtus, a, um, part, of debello. 
debello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

bello) to finish a war, vanquish, 

subdue. 
debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to owe, be 

in debt, be obliged. 
debilis, e, adj. feeble, infirm. 
debilito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ener 

vate, enfeeble. 
debltus, a, um, part, owing, due, 
decedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {de et 

cedo) to go away, withdraw, yield, 

depart this life, die. 
decemvir, i, m. 2. one of ten men 

appointed to execute jointly any 

public commission; thence called 

Decemviri, 
decerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3 

{dc et cerno) to judge, determine 

decree, contend ; bellum alicui, to 

delegate to one the command of a 

war. 
decerpo, ere, si, turn, a. 3. {de et carpo) 

to pluck off, take away, lessen. 
decido, idere, idi, n. 3. {de et cado) 

to fall from or down, fall. 
decimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

tenth. 
Decius, i, m. 2. a name among the 

Romans. 
decldro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

cldro) to declare, show clearly, 

manifest. 
decoctus, a, um, part, of decoquo. 
decoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3, {de et 

coquo) to boil, boil away. 
decorus, a, um, adj. comely, beauti- 
ful, decorous, decorated. 
decretus, a, um, part, of decerno. 
decresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, n. 

3. {de et cresco) to decrease, wear 

away. 



decumbo, umbere, cubui, ubitum, n. 3. 

{de et cubo) to lie down. 
decurro, currere, curri et cucurrt, 

cursum, n. 3. {de et curro) to run 

down, flow doM^n. 
deditio, dnis,f. 3. a yielding up, sur- 
render. 
deditus, a, um, part, of dedo. 
dedo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. to give 

up, surrender. That is, {Do) I 

give {de) away from myself 
deduce, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 

diico) to bring down, lead forth. 
deductus, a, um, part, of deduco. 
defatigdtus, a, um, part, of defatigo. 
defatigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

fatigo) to weary out, fatigue. 
defectio, onis, f. 3. et defectus, us. m. 

4. a deficiency, want ; also, an 

eclipse (of the sun or moon). 
defendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {de et 

fendo, to hit) to hit off, ward oflf; 

protect, defend. 
defensus, a, um, po.rt. of defendo. 
defero,ferre, tuli, Idtum, irr. a. {de 

etfero) to carry down or along, 

bring, bestow. 
deficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. et n. 3. 

{de etfdcio) to decrease, fail, be 

wanting. 
dejieo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. {de etjleo') 

to bewail, lament, deplore. 
dejiuo, uerc, uxi, urum, n. 3. {de et 

Jiuo) to flow down. 
defodio, bdtre, odi, ossum, a. 3. {de 

etfodio) to dig, bury. 
deformis, e, adj. deformed, ugly 
deformitas, dtis,f. 3. deformity, 
defossus, a, um, part, of defodio. 
defunctus, a, um, part, of defungor, 

{vita) dead. 
defungor, gi, ctus sum, d. 3. {de et 

fungor) to perform, be freed 

from. 
dego, gere, gi, a. et n. 3. (for deago. 

i. e. vitam, aetatem, tempus,) to 

lead, pass, spend, dwell. 
degusto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

gusto) to taste. 
deinde, adv. after that, next in 

order. 
Deiotdrus, i, m. 2. first distinguished 

as tetrarch of Galatia, and after- 

Avards made king of Armenia 

Minor by Pompey. 
dejectus, a, um, part, of dejicio. 



DICTIONARY. 



137 



dejicio, icere, ed, edum. a. 3. (^de et 
jdcio) to throw down. 

delator, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {de et 
labor) to fall or slide down. 

delapsus, a, um, part, of delabor. 

deldlus, a, um, part, of defero. 

delecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r. de- 
licio, delectum^'fr. lacio) to delight, 
please, 

delectus, a, um, part, of deligo. 

delendus, a. um, part, of deleo. 

delco, ere, ivi, etum, a. 2. to blot out, 
efface, destroy. 

dcletus, a, um., part, of delco. 

dcliciae, drum,/. 1. delights, luxu- 
ries. 

delictum, i, n. 2. a fault. Fr. delin- 
quo, delictum, a failure in duty. 

deligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. {de et 
lego) to choose out, select. 

Delphicus, a. um, adj. pertaining to 
Delphi. 

Delphi, drum, m. pi. 2. now Castri, 
a town of Phocis, famous for a 
temple and oracle of Apollo. 

delphinus, i, m. 2. (AeX^ij/) a dol- 
phin. 

Deltu, ae^ f. 1, that part of Egypt 
near the Mediterranean, be- 
tween the Canopic and Pelusiac 
mouths of the Nile. It was so 
called from its resemblance to the 
form of the fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet, A. 

deh'djrum, i, n. 2. {fr. deluo, to 
clean.se, purify) an altar, temple, 
or sacred place. 

Delus vel-os, i,f. 2. an island of the 
Aegaeaft, situate in the centre of 
the Cyclades, the birth-place of 
Apollo and Diana. 

Demardtus, i, m. 2. a rich citizen of 
Corinth, falherofLucumo, after- 
wards Tarquinius Priscus. 

denurgo, gire, si, sum, a. 3. {de et 
merge) to plunge, sink, drown. 

dcmersus, a, um, part, of demergo. 

Demetrius, i, m. 2. a prince of Ma- 
cedonia. 

deiinssus, a, um, part, of demitto. 

demitto. iltere, isi, issum, a. 3. (de et 
viitLo) to throw or send down. 

Dcvwcritus, i, m. 2. a celebrated phi- 
losopher of Abdera, commonly! 
known under the appellation ofi 
the laughinp philosopher. | 



demonstrdturus, a, um, part, of de- 
monstro. 

dtmonstro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de 
et monstro) to point out, show, de- 
monstrate. 

Demosthenes, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
orator of Athens, born B. C. 
381. 

dtmum, adv. at length, in fine, only, 
merely. 

dtni, ae^ a, distr. num. adj. pi. every 
ten. 

dtnique, adv. in fine, lastly. 

dens, tis, m. 3. a tooth. 

densus, a, um, adj. thick, close. 

Dentdtus, i, m. 2. Siccius, celebrat- 
ed for the large number of re- 
wards which he earned by his 
valour. 

denuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
nuntio) to denounce,declare,fore- 
warn. 

depascor, ci, tus sum, d. 3. (de etpas- 
cor) to feed upon, eat up. 

depingo, ngere, nxi, cium, a. 3. (de et 
pingo) to paint, depict, figure. 

deploro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
plGro) to deplore, lament, be- 
wail. 

depono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (de 
et pono) to lay or put down. 

depopuldtus, a, um, part, of depopu- 
lor. 

depdpulor, dvi, dtus sum, d. 1. (de et 
popular) to lay waste, ravage, de- 
populate. 

dtprehendo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (de 
et prehendo) to seize, catch, take 
unawares. 

deprehensus, a, um, part, of depre- 
hendo. 

depulso, dre, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (de 
etpulso) to drive down or away. 

dtscendo, dere, di, sum, n. 3. (de et 
scando,^ to descend. 

describo, oere, psi, ptum, a. 3. (de et 
scrlbo) to describe, arrange, dis- 
tribute. 

descro, rcre, rui, rtum, a. 3. (de et 
sera) to abandon, forsake. 

desertum, i, n. 2. a desert. 

dtsertus,a.um,part. et. adj. forsaken, 
lonely, uninhabited, waste. 

desidcrium, i, n. 2. a longing for, 
desire ; grief for the want of, re- 
gret. 



138 



DICTIONARY. 



desino, stnere, slvi et sii, sihim, a. et 

n. 3. {de et sino) to cease, leave 

oiF, give, over, abandon. 
desptrdtus, «, urn, part, of despero. 
despero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 

spero) to despair of. 
desponsdtus, a, um, part, of despon- 

so. 
desponso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. 

{fr. despondeo,) to promise in 



lus, i,f. 2. a dialect, 

'., ae,/. 1. the sister of Apollo. 



destino, are, dvi, dtum, «. 1. to make 
fast, fix, assign, appoint, aim at, 

desum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. n. {de 
et sum) to be wanting, fail. 

deterior, adj. comp. deterrimus, sup. 
(no positive), {fr. dettro) worse. 

deterreo, ere, m. Hum, a. 2. {de ei 
terreo) to deter, frighten, discour- 
age. 

detestor, dri, dtus sum, d. I. {de et 
testor) to detest. 

detractus, a, um, part, of detraho 

detrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 
trdho) to draw down or off, to 
take away. 

detrimentum, i, n. 2. damage, loss. 
jPr. detriium, supine of detero. 

deus, i, m. etf. {Qedi) God, a deity 
divinity. 

deveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 
veho) lo carry down, convey, 
transport. 

devexus, a, um, adj. inclining down- 
wards, sloping. 

devictus, a, um, part, of devinco. 

devtnco, vincere, vlci, victum, a. 3. 
{de et vinco) to conquer, van- 
quish. 

devolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1, {de et 
volo) to fly down, fly away. 

devorandus, a, um, part, of devoro 

dcvordtus, a, um, part, of devoro. 

devoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 
voro) to devour, eat up. 

devotus, a, um, part, of devoveo 

devoveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. {de et 
voveo) to vow, doom, devote, ofler 
up, immolate. 

dexter, tera, et tra,terum, et trum, adj. 
right, on the right hand. 

dextra, ae,f. 1. the right hand. 

diadema, dtis, n. 3. {6La.6j]iia) a di- 
adem. 

Diagcras, ae, m. 1. an athlete 
Rhodes, 460 B. C. He saw his 



three sons crowned the same day 
at Olympia, and died through 
excess of joy. 

dialectus, 

Didna, 

dico, dre, dvi, dtum, a.l.to assign, 
dedicate, consecrate. 

dico, cere, xi, ctuJa, a. 3. to say, tell, 
speak, 

dictator, oris, m. 3. {fr. dicto) a chief 
magistrate elected on extraordi- 
nary occasions, and vested with 
absolute authority; a Dictator. 

dicto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. of 
dico) to speak or dictate what an- 
other may write. 

dictum, i, n. 2. a word, saying, ex- 
pression. 

dictus, a, um, part, of dico. 

dies, ei, m. vel f. in sing. m. in pi. 
5. a day. 

differo, differre, distuli, dildtum, irr. 
a. etn. to carry hither and thither, 
be different, 

difficile, adv. with difficulty. 

difficilis, e, adj. difficult. For dis- 
facilis; dis contradicts, as in dis- 
similis. 

difficultas, dtis, f. 3. difficulty, trou- 
ble, a bad condition. 

digitus, i, m. 2. a finger, a finger's 
breadth. 

digndtus, a, um, part, of dignor. 

dignitas, dtis, f. 3. dignity, rank, 
honour. 

dignor, dri, dtus sum, d.X.Xo think 
{dignurm) worthy; to think a 
thing worthy to do, deign to do. 

dignus, a, um, adj. worthy, deserv- 
ing of 

dildnio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {di et 
Idnio) to tear or rend in pieces, 
mangle. 

diligens, tis, adj. {fr. diligo) fond 
of, partial to a pursuit, diligent, 
attentive. 

diligenter, adv. (m5,W5tW€)diligent- 
ly, attentively. 

diligo, Igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to es- 
teem highly, love. For dilego, 
to choose one apart from oth- 
ers, 

dimicdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a flight, encoun- 
ter, contest, 
of dimicdtus, a, um, part, of dimlco. 

dimico, dre, dvi, (rarely mz,), dtum, 



DICTIONARY. 



139 



a. 1. {ii et mico) to fight, encoun 
ter, contend. 

dimissus, a, um, part, of dlmitto. 

dimiltendus, a, um, part, of dlmitto 

dimitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. {di et 
mitto) to let go, dismiss. 

Diogenes, i, m. 3. a celebrated Cy- 
nic philosopher of Sinope. 

Dioviedcs, is, m. 3. a king of Aetolia 
one of the bravest of the Grecian 
chiefs in the Trojan war. 

diphthongus, i,f. 2. a diphthong, 

diremturus, a, um, part, of dirimo 

dlreptus, a, um, part, of diripio. 

dirimo, imere, emi, emtum vel emp- 
tum, a. 3. {dis et emo) to divide, 
separate, determine. 

diripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (di et 
rdpio) to plunder, spoil, pillage. 

diruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. [di etruo) 
to overthrow, destroy. 

dims, a, um, adj. dreadful, dire, por- 
tentous. 

dlrutus, a, um, part, of diruo. 

discedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {dis ct 
cedo) to go away, depart. 

discendus, a, um, part, of disco. 

discerpo, pere, psi, plum, a. 3. {dis et 
carpo) to tear in pieces, rend. 

discerptus, a, um, part, of discerpo. 

disciplina, ae,f. 1. instruction, dis- 
cipline. 

discipHlus, i, m. 2. {fr. disco)z. learn- 
er, pupil. 

disco, discere, didici, a. 3. to learn. 

discordia, ae,f. 1. discord, disagree- 
ment. 

discordo, are, avi, dtum, n. 1. to be 
at variance, disagree, differ. 

discrcpo, are, dvi vel ui, n. 1. {diset 
crepo) to differ in sound,vary, dis- 
agree. 

diserte, adv. clearly, expressly, elo- 
quently. 

disputdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a learned dis- 
cussion, discourse. 

dispUlo, dre, dvi, dtum, a.\.\.o de- 
bate, argue. Said of persons who 
in discourse {putant diversa)a.Ye 
of opposite sentiments. 

disstmino, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
spread abroad. 

dissero, ere, ui, t/iim, a. 3, to say, de- 
bate, discuss. 

dissidium, i, n. 2. {fr. dissideo,to dis- 
agree with) disagreement. 

PART I. N 



dissimilis, e, adj. {dis et similis) un- 
like, dissimilar. 

distinctus, a, um, part, of distinguo. 

distinguo, guere, zi, ctum, a. 3. 
{di et stingMo) to distinguish by 
marks, mark, adorn. 

disto, stare, n. 1. {di etsfo) to stand 
apart, be distant. 

distribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {dis et 
tribuo) to divide, distribute. 

ditior, V. dives. 

ditissimus, v. dives. 

diu, adv. {diutius, diutissime,) for a 
long time. 

diurnus, a, um, adj. {fr. diu) diur- 
nal, daily. 

diiitinus, a, um, adj. {fr. diu) last- 
ing. 

diuturnltas, dtis,f. 3. length of time, 
long duration. 

diHiurnus, a, um, adj. {fr. diu) last- 
ing. 

dlvello, vellere, velli, (saepius quxim 
vulsi), vulsum, a. 3. {di et vello) to 
pull asunder, disjoin, pull off: 

diversus, a, um, adj. different. 

dives, itis, {ditior for dlvitior, di- 
tissimus for divitissimus) rich, 
wealthy. 

dlvido, idtre, Isi, Isum, a. 3. to di- 
vide. 

dlvlnus, a, um, adj.Ye\a.iingto{Divi) 
the Gods, divine. 

dlvlsus, a, um, part, of dlvido. 

dlvitiae, drum, f. pi. 1. {fr. dives- 
" ";) riches. 

divulsus, a, um, part, of divello. 

do, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. {fr. SSo, 
iw) to give ; dare viam, to give 
way ; dans, a giver; poenasdare, 
to suffer punishment ; crimini, to 
accuse. 

doceo, ere, ui, tum, a. 2. to teach. 

dbcilitas, aiis,f. 3. aptness to learn, 
docility. 

doctrlna, ae, f. 1. instruction. The 
art of making {doctum) learned. 

doctus, a, um, part, of doceo. 

Dodona, ae, /. 1. a famous city of 
Epirus, with a forest in the neigh- 
bourhood,situate near the sources 
of the Acheron. 

doleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to grieve, 

I sorrow, be in pain. 

^dolor, 6ris, m. 3. {fr. doleo) grief, 

I pain. 



140 



DICTIONARY. 



dolus, i, m. 2. (AoXo?) a device, art 

ful contrivance, wile. 
domesticus, a, um, adj. appertaining 

to (ddmum) a house, domestic. 
domicilium, i, n. 2. (jr. domus) 

house, place of abode. 
domina, ae,f. 1. a mistress {domus) 

of a house. 
domination onis, f. 3. dominion, des- 
potism, tyranny, 
dominus, i, m. 2. a master {domus) 

of a house ; master, lord. 
domitus, a, um, part, of domo. 
domo, are, ui, itum, a. 1, (/r. Sajidcj, 

w) to subdue, vanquish, break or 

tame wild animals. 
domus, i et its, 2. et 4. (Aoy^ios) a 

house. 
dondtus, a, um, paH. of dono. 
donee, adv. while, until. 
dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to give, 

bestow freely, present. 
donum, i, n. 2. a gift. 
Doricns, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

the Dorians, Doric. 
dormio. Ire, ivi. Hum, n. 4. to sleep, 
dorsum, i, n. 2. the back. 
dos, dotis, f. 3, (Awj) a marriage- 
portion, dowry. 
draco, onis, m. 3. (ApaKwv) a dragon. 
Druidae, arum, m. pL.l. the Druids, 

priests of Britain and Gaul. A 

Celtic word. 
dubitdtio, onis, f. 3. a doubting ; 

doubt, hesitation. 
di^bito, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {dubius) 

to be in doubt, hesitate. 
dUMum, i, n. 2. doubt ; sine et pro- 

cul dubio, without doubt, beyond 

a doubt, doubtless. 
ducendus, a, xtm, part, of duco. 
ducenti, ae, a, card. num. adj.pl. two 

hundred. 
duco, cere., xi, ctnim, a. 1. to lead, 

carry, draw; uxorem, to marry; 

exequias, to discharge the last 

duties to any one. 
ductus, a, um, part, of duco. 
Duillius, i, m. 2. C. Nepos, a Roman 

consul, the first who obtained a 

victory over the naval power of 

Carthage, B. C. 260. 
dulcis, e, adj. sweet. 
dum, adv. as long as, whilst, until. 
duo, ae, o, card. num. adj. pi. (Avo) 

two. 



duodecim, card. num. adj. pi. ind. 
twelve. 

duodecimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the twelfth. 

duodeviginti, card. num. adj. ind. 
two from twenty, eighteen. 

duritia, ae,f. 1. vel diirities, iei, f. 
5. {diirus) hardness. 

durus, a, um, adj. hard, harsh, se- 
vere. 

dux, ducis, c. 3. (/r. duco^ duxi) a 
leader, guide, general. 

Dionysius, i, m. 2. the 1st, or the 
elder, a tyrant of Syracuse. The 
2nd, surnamed the younger, was 
son of the 1st, and succeeded his 
father as tyrant of Sicily. 



E. 



e, ex, prep. c. dbl. (tl) from, out of, 

among. 
ebibo, ibere, ibi, ibitum,a.3. (eethibo) 

to drink up. 
ebrietas, diis,f.3. (fr. i'brius, drnnk) 

drunkenness. 
ebicr, oris, n. 3, ivory. 
edico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e et dico) 

to speak out, declare publicly, 

announce. 
editus, a, um, part, of edo. 
edo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (e et do) 

to give out, publish, proclaim; 

spectaculum, to give an exhibi- 
tion ; stragem, to make a slaugh- 
ter, to overthrow. 
edo, edere, vel esse, edi, esum, irr. a. 

(tJw) to eat. 
ediicdtus, a, um, pari, of educo. 
duco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1 {fr. du^o) 

to bring up, educate. 
tduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {e et diico) 

to lead forth. 
efficio, icere, eci, ecttim, a. 3. (e et 

fdcio) to bring to pass, accomplish, 

make. 
effigies, iti,f. 5. an image. 
effio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (e etfio) to 

breathe out ; animam, to breathe 

one's last, die. 
^jfi'-gio, ugere, iigi, ngUum, a. etn. 3. 

(e etfugio) to fly from, fly away, 

escape. 
effundendus, a, um, part, of effun- 

do. 
effundo, fundere, fiidi, fusum, a. 3. 



DICTIONARY, 



141 



(e et fundo) to pour out, spill, 

waste. 
effusus, a, nm, part, of effundo. 
egeo, tre, ui, n. 2. to be in want of. 

want. 
Egeria, ae, f. a nymph of Aricia 

in Italy, who was courted by 

Numa, and according to Ovid be- 
came his wife. 
egero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. (e et giro) 

to carry out, cast out. 
egestus, a, um part, of egero. 
ego, mei, pro. I. 
egridior, di, ssus sum, d. 3. (e et 

grddior) to walk out, go forth, 
egregie, adv. in a distinguished 

manner. 
egregius, a, um, adj. eminent, sur- 
passing ; one chosen (e grege) out 

of the flock. 
egressus, a, um, part, of egredior. 
eldbor, hi, psus sum, d. 3. {e et labor) 

to slide away, escape, disappear. 
elapsus, a, um, part, of eldbor. 
Elephantis, idis, f. 3. an island and 

city of the Nile in Egypt. 
elepkantus, i. m. 2. et elephas, antis, 

m. 3. an elephant. 
Eleusinii, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
bitants of Eleusis. 
Eleusis et -in, Inis, f. 3. a town of 

Attica, celebrated for the festivals 

of Ceres. 
elldo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. (e et laedo) 

to dash in pieces, crush. 
eligo, tgere, tgi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 

lego) to pick out, select. 
eloquens, tis, adj. -ntior, -ntissimus, 

eloquent. 
eloquentia, ae, f. 1. eloquence. 
eloquor, qui, quiitus vel ciitus sum, 

d. 3. {e et loquor) to speak out or 

plainly, say. 
6luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. {e et luceo) to 

shine forth. 
imergo, gere, si, sum, n. 3. (g et 

mergo) to come out, rise up, 

emerge. 
tmineo, ere, ui, n. 2. (e et mdneo) to 

rise above, be conspicuous, be 

eminent. 
emilto, iltere, xsi, issum, a. 3. (e et 

mitlo) to send forth; in mare 

emitti, to empty into the sea. 
emo, cmere, emi, emtum vel emptum. 



a. 3. to take ; as in demo, adimo, 
buy, purchase. 

emorior, mori, mortuus sum, d. 3. to 
die. 

emlus vel emptus, a, um, part, of emo. 

eTiascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (e et 
nascor) to spring from, grow up, 
be born of. 

endtus, a, um, part, of enascor. 

eneco, are, ui, turn, vel dvi, dtum, a, 
1. (e et neco) to kill, slay. 

enervo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weak- 
en, enervate. 

enim, adv. for, indeed. 

Enna, ae,f. 1. a town of Sicily, situ- 
ate on an eminence in the middle 
of the island. 

Ennius, i, m. 2. an ancient poet, 
born at Rudiae in Calabria, flou- 
rished towards the close of the 
first Piyiic war. 

enuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. {e et 
nuntio') to pronounce, publish, de- 
clare. 

eo, ire, ivi, Uum, irr. n. (ecj) to go. 

ed, adv. thither, so far. 

Eous, i, m. 2. Lucifer, the mornmg 
star. 

Eous, a, um, adj. ('Hwoj fr. 'Hwf 
the morning) of the morning, 
eastern. 

Epaminondas, ae, m. 1. a famous 
Theban, descended from the an- 
cient kings of Boeotia. 

Ephesus, i, m. 2. a city of Ionia, 
famous for a temple of Diana, 
one of the seven wonders of the 
world. 

Ephialtes, is, m. 3. a giant, son of 
Neptune and brother of Otas. 
They were called Aloides, from 
their reputed father Aloeus. 

Epimenides, is, m. 3. an epic poet of 
Crete, contemporary with Solon. 

Epirus, i, f. 2. a country of Greece, 
to the west of Thessaly, lying 
along the Hadriatic. 

epistola, ae, f. 1. {iiTi<TTo\fi) an epis- 
tle, a letter. 

cpitortie, es,f. 1, {tniTo^ii'i) an abridg- 
ment, abstract. 

epHlae, drum,/. 1. (for edipiilae,fr, 
edo) food, a feast, banquet. 

epulor, dri, dtus, sum, d. I. to feast, 
banquet. 



142 



DICTIONARY. 



eqv£S, Uis, m. 3, a horseman 

knight, 
equidem, conj. indeed, truly, for my 

part. 
equitdtus, us, m. 4. cavalry. 
equito, are, dvi, dtum, a.l. to ride 
equus, i, m. 2, a horse. 
erectus, a, um, adj. et part. (^fr. eri- 

go) raised up, upright, erect. 
erepius, a, um, part, of eripio. 
erga, prep. c. ace. over against, to- 
wards. 
ergo, conj. on account of, there 

fore. 
erigo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 

rego) to set upright. 
erindceus, i, m. 2. a hedge-hog 
eripio, ipere, Ipui, eptum, a. 3. (e et 

rapio) to take away by force. 
erro, dre, dvi, dium,n. 1. to wander,. 

stray, err. 
erodo, dere, si, sum, a. I?, {e et ro 

do) to gnaw off, eat into, con 

sume. 
erudio, Ire, Ivi, et ii, Itum, a. 4. to 

instruct, inform. E rudi doctun 

facio. 
eruditio, onis, f. 3. a teaching, in 

struction, learning. 
erudltus, a, um, part, of erudio. 
esurio. Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. (/r. esuy- 

rus,fr. edo) to desire to eat, be 

hungry. 
et, conj. and, also, even; et...et, 

both.. .and. 
etiam, conj. also; with the comp. 

even. For etjam, and now, now 

further. 
Etruria, ae,f. 1. a celebrated coun 

try of Italy, lying to the west of 

the Tiber. 
Etrusci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit 

ants of Etruria. 
Etruscus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

Etruria. 
Euboea, ae, f. 1. now Negroponte, 

an island of the Aegaean, on the 

eastern coast of Greece, separat 

ed from the main land by the 

Euripus. 
Eumenes, is, m. 3. a Greek officer 

in the army of Alexander ; the 

2d, a king of Pergamus, celebrat- 
ed for his love of learning. 
Euphrates, is, m. 3. a large river of 

Asia, which rises in a part of the 



most northern chain of Taurus, 
joins the Tigris, and with it emp- 
ties into the Sinus Persicus. 

Euripides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
tragic poet, born at Salamis the 
day on which Xerxes was defeat- 
ed by the Greeks. 

Euripus, i, m. 2. a narrow strait di- 
vidingEuboea from the main land 
of Greece. 

Europa, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
Agenor,king of Phoenicia,whom 
Jupiter, under the form of a bull, 
carried to Crete ; one of the 
three main divisions of the an- 
cient world, supposed to have 
taken its name from the daugh- 
ter of Agenor. 

Eurotas, ae, m. 1. a river of Laco- 
nia, flowing by Sparta. It is 
now called Vasilipotamo, a cor- 
ruption of Basilipotamos (king of 
rivers), a name given it by way 
of eminence. 

Eux'mus, i, m. 2. (fr. 'Kv^eivos, hos- 
pitable) the Euxine, an inland 
sea, north of Asia Minor, now the 
Black Sea. 

evddo, dere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et vddd) 
to go out, escape. 

eversus, a, iLm, part, of everto. 

everto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (e et verto) 
to overturn, overthrow, destroy. 

evocdtus, a, um, part, of evbco. 

evoco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {eet voce) 
to call out, invite, summon. 

evolo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. \.{e et volo^ 
to fly out or away. 

evomo, ere, ui, itum, a. 3. (e et vomo) 
to vomit forth, cast out. 

ex, prep. c. abl. (il) from ; v. e. 

exactus, a, um, part, of exigo. 

exaequo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1, {ex et 
aequo) to make equal or even, to 
equal. 

exdnimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
animo) to deprive of life, kill. 

exardesco, descere, si, n. inc. 3. to 
grow hot, be on fire, burn. 

exasperdtus, a, um, part, of exaspe- 
ro. 

exaspero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
provoke, exasperate. That is, to 
make {asperum) sharp in tem- 
per. 

excedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {ex et 



DICTIONARY, 



143 



ctdo) to go forth, depart ; go be- 
yond, exceed. 

excello, ere, ui, n. 3. {ex et cello, to 
urge forward) to be high, excel, 
surpass. 

ezcelsus, a, um, adj. {fr. celsum, sup. 
of cello) high. 

ezcidium, i.n. 2. (fr.excido) destruc- 
tion, ruin, an overthrow. 

excido, ere, i, n. 3. {ex et cddo) to 
fall out. 

excido, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {ex et 
caedo) to cut or hew out, hew 
down. 

excipio, ipere, epi, eptwm, a. 3. {ex et 
cdpio) to receive, take up, sus- 
tain. 

excisus, a, um, part, of excido. 

ezcitandus, a, um, part, of exclto. 

ezcito, are, dvi, dt^tm, a. 1. {ex et 
cito) 10 call out, stir up, awaken, 
cause. 

excldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et 
clamo) to cry out, exclaim. 

exclude, dere, si, , sum, a. 3. {ex et 
claudo) to shut out, exclude, 
hatch. 

excaecovel-coeco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
{ex et caeco) to make blind. 

ezcolo, colcre, colui, cultum, a. 3. {ex 
et colo) to cultivate, improve, ex- 
ercise. 

excrucio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {exet 
crucio) to torture greatly, excru- 
ciate. 

excHbiae, drum,/, pi. 1. {fr. excubo, 
to lie out) watches (properly, by 
night;) the sentry, guard. 

excusdlio, onis, f. 3. an excusing, 
excuse, defence. 

excdo, edere ct esse, tdi, esum, irr. 
a. {ex et edo) to eat up. 

eocemplum, i, n. 2. an example. 

exequiae, V. exscquiae. 

exerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {ex et ar- 
ceo, vel Jr. l^epy^^) to exercise, 
practise ; odium, to hate ; agros, 
to till a field. 

exercitus, us, m. 4. an army. Fr. 
part, of exerceo, as being trained 
and exercised. 

exhaurio, rire, si, stum, a. 4. {ex et 
haurio) to draw out, exhaust. 

Sxigo, igere, eei, actum, a. 1. {ex et 
ago) to lead or thrust out, ba- 
nish. 

n2 



exiguus, a, um, adj. slender, small, 

exilis, e, adj. slight, small, feeble. 

exilium, i, n. 2. (for exulium,fr. exuZ, 
an exile) banishment. 

eximie, adv. remarkably, excellent- 
ly- 

eximius, a, um, adj. {fr. eximo, to 

choose out) choice, excellent, re- 
markable, 

existimdtio,6nis,f. 3. opinion,credit, 
honour, 

existimo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 2. {ex et 
acstimo) to think, esteem, judge. 

exitium, i, n. 2. {fr. sup. of exeo) 
ruin, destruction. 

exitus, us, m. 4, a going out, event, 
issue. 

exoptdtus, a, um, adj. greatly wished 
or longed for. 

exordtus, a, um, part, of exoro. 

exorior, oreris, oriri, ortus sum, d. 3. 
et 4. {ex et orior) to rise, arise, 
spring up. 

exorno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et 
orno) to adorn, embellish. 

exoro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et 
oro) to pray earnestly, gain by en- 
treaty. 

exorttcs, a, um, part, of exorior. 

expecto vel -specto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. {ex et specto) to look for, wait 
for. 

expedio. Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to disen- 
tangle, rid, prepare, equip. That 
is, to take one's {pedevi) foot {ex) 
out of confinement. 

expedltio, 6nis,f. 3. {fr. expedio) a 
military expedition. 

expello, pellere, paii, pulsnm, a. 3, 
{ex et pello) to drive out, ba- 
nish. 

expers, lis, adj. for expars, being 
without any part in a concern, 
without, destitute. 

expetendus, a, um, part, of expcto. 

expeto, ere, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 3. {ex et 
peto) to seek out, long for. 

expio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expi- 
ate, atone for. 

expleo, tre, tvi, etum, a. 2. {ex etpleo) 
to fill up. 

explico, dre, dvi, dtum, et ui, itum, 
a. 1. {ex etplico) to unfold, devel- 
ope, explain. 

expldrdlor, oris, m. 3. {fr. expldro) a 
spy, scout. 



144 



DICTIONARY. 



ezpglio, ire, Ivi, itum, a. 4. to polish 
well, finish, adorn. 

expono, onere, osui, osltum, a. 3. {ex 
et pond) to set forth, explain. 

exprobo, dre^ dvi, dtum, a. 1. to up- 
braid, reproach. 

expugndtus, a, um, part, of expug- 
no. 

expugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {exet 
pugno) to take by storm or as- 
sault, conquer. 

expulsus, a, um, part, of expello. 

cxsequiae, drum, f. 1. pi. funeral 
solemniiies; properly, a following 
to the grave, fr. sequor. 

exsequor, qui, quiitus, vel cuius sum, 
d. 3, {ex et sequor) to follow, pur- 
sue, prosecute. 

exsilio, Ire, ui et ii, ultum, n. 4. {ex 
et salio) to spring forth. 

exspecto, V. expecto. 

exsplro vel -plro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
1, {ex et spiro) to breathe out 
expire. 

exstinctus, vel -tinctus, a, um, part 
of exstinguo. 

exstinguo vel-tinguo, guere, xi, ctum 
a. 3. {ex et stinguo) to put out 
extinguish, kill ; extingui w.orho 
to die a natural death. 

exstructus vel -tructus, a, um, part. 
of exstruo. 

exstruo vel -truo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3 
{ex et struo) to build up. 

exsurgo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. {ex 
et surgo) to rise, rise up. 

exter vel exterus, a, um, adj. -terior. 
-timus, of another country, fo- 
reign. 

externus, a, um, adj. outward, ex- 
ternal. 

exto vel -sto, dre, iti, atum, n. 1. {ex 
et sto) to appear or be above, re- 
main, exist. 

extorqueo, quere, si, turn, a. 2. {ex et 
torqueo) to wrest from, extort. 

extra, prep. c. ace. without, beyond 

extractus, a, um, part, of extrdho. 

extrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ex et 
traho) to draw out, extract. 

extrtmus, a, um, adj. sup. of exterus 
the utmost, last ; extrema senec- 
tus, extreme old agp. 



fdba, ae, f. 1. a bean, 

fetter, ri, m. 2. {for fdciber,fr.facio^ 
a workman, artificer. 

Fabius, i, m. 2. the name of a no- 
ble and powerful family at Rome, 
who derived their name from 
faba, a bean, because some of 
their ancestors cultivated it. 

fabrica, ae,f. 1. {fr.fdber) a shop, 
the art of framing or forging. 

Fabricius, i, m. 2. Caius Lniscinus^ 
a Roman general, distinguished 
by his consummate knowledge 
of military affairs, and his incor- 
ruptible fidelity. 

fabrico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr.fd- 
ber) to make, frame, forge, con- 
struct. 

fabula, ae, f. 1 . {fr. for, faris) a re- 
port, tale, fable, play. 

fdbiilosus, a, um, adj. fabulous. 

fdciendus, a, um, part, of facio. 

fades, iei, f 5. {fr. fdcio, as species 
fr. specio) the inake, appearance, 
countenance. 

facile, ius, lime, adv. easily. 

fdcinus, oris, n. 3. {fr. fdcio) a 
deed. 

fdcio, facere, feci, factum, a. 3. to 
make, do, value ; pluris, to value 
higher ; fac^ imper. take care. 

factum, i, n. 2. a deed, action. 

factitrus, a, um, part, of facio. 

factus, a, um, part. offo. 

faex, faecis, f. 3, lees, dregs. 

Falerii, drum, m. pi. 2. now Falari, 
a town of Etruria, of which the 
inhabitants were called Falisci. 

Falernus, i, m. 2. a fertile plain of 
Campania, with a mountain, fa- 
mous for its wine. 

Falernus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Falernus, Falernian. 

Falisci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Falerii. 

fallo, falUre, fefelli, falsum, a. 3. to 
deceive, escape the notice of. 

falsus, a, um, adj, deceitful, faith- 
less, false. 

fama, ae, f. 1. (^^/t;?) report, rumour, 
fame. 



DICTIONARY. 



145 



fdmelicus, a, um, adj. hungry. 

fames, is,f. 3. hunger. 

fdmilia, ae, f. 1. (for famulia fr. 
famvlus) the slaves belonging to 
, a master, a family. 

fdmilidris, e, adj. belonging to the 
same {familia) family, intimate, 
familiar. 

fdmilidritas, dtis, f. 3. friendship, 
intimacy, confidence. 

fdmilidriter, adv. familiarly, as i 
he were one of the same family. 

fdmula,ae,f. l.afemale slave, maid 
servant. 

fas, n. ind. divine law, justice, 
right ; nonfas est, it is not allow- 
ed. 

fascis, is, m. 3. a bundle of wood, 
twigs, &c. the fasces carried be- 
fore the Roman magistrates were 
generally of birch. 

fdldlis, e, adj. (fr.fatum) destined 
by fate, fatal. 

fdteor, fdliri, fassus sum, d. 2. to 
own, confess. 

fdtidicus, a, um, adj. foretelling fu- 
ture events, prophetic. 

fdtigdtus, a, um, part, oifatigo. 

fdtigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weary, 
fatigue. 

fdtiscor.fatisci, fessus sum, d. 3. to 
be exhausted, wearied. 

fdtum, i, n. 2. a prophecy; fate, 
destiny ', fato fungi, to die. 

Faustulus, i, m. 2. the shepherd 
v;ho preserved Romulus and Re- 
mus. 

faux, cis, f 3. the throat, a pas- 
sage, defile; Caudinae Fhirculae 
vel Fauces, a defile near Caudi 
or Caudium, where a Roman ar- 
my was obliged to surrender to 
the Samnites and pass under the 
yoke. 

fdveo, favtre, fdvi, fautum, n. 2. to 
favour. 

favor, oris. m. 3. favour. 

febris, is,f. 3. a fever. 

fecundus, a, um, adj. fruitful, fertile. 

felicitas. dtis,f. 3. happiness, good 
fortune. 

feliciter, adv. happily, fortunately. 

felis, is, f. 3. a cat. 

ftliz, icis, adj. happy, felicitous. 
femina, ae, /.la female, woman. 



femineus, a, um, adj. of a woman, 
womanly, 

fera, ae, f 1. a wild beast. 

feraz, dels, adj. {fr.fero) fruitful. 

fere, adv. about, nearly, almost. 

ferinus, a, um, adj. (fera) of wild 
beasts. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (^£pw) 
to bear, carry, relate ; ferunt, 
they say ',fertur, it is said, 
f feroz, ocis, adj. {fr. fera} fierce, 
wild, bold. 

ferreus, a, um, adj. iron, cruel, hard- 
hearted. 

ferrum, i, n. 2. iron. 

fertilis.e,adj. ( fr.fero) fertile, fruit- 
ful. 

fertilitas, dtis,f. 3. fertility ,fruitful- 
ness. 

ferula, ae,f. 1. a reed, rod, staff. 

ferus, a, um, adj. {fr. fera) savage, 
wild. 

fervco, vere, vi et bid, n. 2. to boil, 
seethe, foam, be hot, glow. 

fessus, a, um, part, oifatiscor. 

festino, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to has- 
ten, be in a hurry. 

festum, i, n. 2. a feast. 

festus, a, um, adj. festive, jovial, 
merry. 

fctilis, e, adj. {fr. fetus, part, of fin- 
go) made of- earth or clay. 

ficus, i et us, f. 2. et 4. a fig-tree, 

fig- 

fi delis, e, adj. f aithf a], fr. fides. 

fides, ei, f. 5. credit, faith, integri- 
ty ; infidcm, in confirmation ; in 
fidem accipere, to give an assu- 
rance of protection, to accept a 
capitulation. 

fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. 

figo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. to fix, fast- 
en. 

filia, ae,f. 1. a daughter. 

filius, i, m. 2. a con. 

findo, findere, fidi, flssum, a. 3. to 
cleave, cut, split. 

flngo,flngire,finxi,flctum, a. 3. to 
form, frame; devise, feign. 

finio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to end, 
conclude, finish. 

finis, is, m. et f. the end or conclu- 
sion, a limit, boundary. 

finitus, a, um, part, oi finio. 

finltimus, a, um, adj. neighbouring. 



146 



DICTIONARY. 



fio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. n. to be 
made or done, happen, become. 

Jirmdtus, a, um, part, oijirmo. 

firmiter, adv. firmly, steadfastly. 

firmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
firm, establish. 

Jirmus, a, um, adj. firm, steady, 
sure. 

fissus, a, um, part, offindo. 

Jldgello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r. 
jidgellum, a whip) to whip, 
scourge. 

fidgitiosus, a, um, adj. infamous, 
flagitious, wicked. 

fidgitium, i, n. 2. a shameful crime, 
reproach. 

jldgro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to burn, 
be on fire. 

Flaminius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral distinguished Romans. 

Jiamma, ae, /. 1. a flame, 

Jiecto, dire, xi, xum, a. 3. to bend 
twisf, turn. 

fieo, fiere, Jltvi, fietum, a. 2. to shed 
tears, weep. 

fietus, us, m. 4. weeping. 

Flevo, onis, m. 3. a lake formed by 
the Rhine, which, having been in 
progress of time much increased 
by the sea, assumed the namex)f 
Zuyder Zee or Southern Sea. 

Jlexus, a, um, part, of fiecto. 

fioreo, ere, ui, n. 2. (Jios) to flourish, 
bloom. 

Jlos, oris, m. 3. a flower, a blossom. 

Jluctus, us, m. 4. ifr. fluo) a wave. 

Jiumen, inis, {fr.fiuo) n. 3. a stream, 
river. 

fiuo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow. 

Jluvius, i, m. 2. {jr.jluo) a river. 

fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. to 
dig. 

foecundltas, dtis,f. 3. fruitfulness. 

foecundus, a, um. adj. fruitful. 

foedus, eris, n. 3, a league. 

folium, i, n. 2. a leaf. 

fons, tis, m. 3. a fountain. 

forem, def I shall be ; fore, to be 
about to be. 

foris, adv. without doors, abroad. 

forma, ae,f. 1. a figure, form, beau- 
ty. 

formica, ae,f. 1. an ant. 

formiddbilis, e, adj. to be feared, 
formidable. 



formido, Inis, f. 3. fear. 

formidolosus, a, um, adj. fearful. 

formositas, dtis, f. 3. beauty. 

formosus, a, um, adj. beautiful, 
handsome. 

fors, tis, f. 3. chance. 

fortasse, adv. perhaps. 

forte, adv. (the abl. of /or5, Tised ad- 
verbially) by chance, accidental- 
ly- 

fortis, e, adj. (jior, -issimus) brave, 

valiant. 

fortiter, {-ius, -issime) bravely, vali- 
antly. 

/<9riiiw<^<?,ms,/.3.bravery,fortitude. 

fortitna, ae,f. 1. {fr.fors) fortune, 
chance, luck, destiny. 

forum, i, n. 2. a market-place, a 
public place in Rome, where as- 
semblies of the people were 
held, and justice was administer- 
ed. 

fossa, ae, f. 1. {fr. fossum, sup. of 
fodio) a ditch. 

fovea, ae,f. 1. a pit. 

fbveo, fovere, fovi, fotum, a. 2. to 
keep warm, cherish. 

fractus, «, um, part, offrango. 

frdgilis, e, adj. {fr. frango) easily 
broken, frail, perishable. 

frdgilitas, dtis, f. 3. brittleness, 
frailty. 

fragmentum, i, n. 2. a fragment. 

frango, frangere,fregi,fractum, a. 
3. to break, break in pieces, break 
down, weaken. 

frdter, iris, m. 3. a brother. 

fraudHlentus, a, um, adj. {fr.fraus) 
fraudulent. 

fraus, dis, f. 3. fraud, deceit. 

freqtiens, tis, adj. frequent,constant, 
numerous. 

fretum, i, n. 2. a strait, a sea. 

frico, dre, ui, turn, a. 1. to rub, 
chafe. 

frigeo, gere, xi, n. 2. to be cold. 

frigidus, a, um, adj. {fr. frigeo") 
cold. 

frlgus, oris, n. 3. (fr. frigeo) cold. 

frons, dis, f. 3. the leaf of a tree, 
a branch with leaves, a green 
bough. 

fructuosus, a, um, adj. fruitful, pro- 
fitable. 

fnuMs, ws, m. 4. fruit. 



DICTIONARY. 



147 



frugalitas, dtis, f. 3. temperance, Gaditdnus, a, urn, adj. of Gades ; 

frugality. i /return Gaditanum, the straits or 

frumentum, i, n. 2. corn, grain. | Gibraltar, 
fruor, iy itus et clus sum, d. 3, to Galatia, ae, f. 1. called also Gallo- 

enjoy. I graecia, a country of Asia Minor, 

frustra, adv. to no purpose, in vain.' south of Paphlagonia. 
frustrdtus, a, um, part, oi frustror. Gallia, ae,f. 1. Gaul, an extensive 
frustror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to de-j and populous country of Europe. 

ceive, disappoint, frustrate. | Gallicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

frutex, ids, m. 3. a shrub. j Gaul. 

frux, gis, f. 3. {frux rarely found) gallvtia, ae,f. 1. a hen. 

the fruit or produce of the earth, gallindceus, i, m. 2. a cock. 

com. Igallus, i, m. 2. a cock. 

fuga, ae,^\. {(pvyfi) flight, Gallus, i, m. 2. a Gaul, 

fugdtus, a, um, part, of fugo. Ganges, is, m. 3. a famous river of 

fugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. to India. 

fly, run away, escape. Garumna, ae,f. 1. a river of Gaul, 



fUgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to put to 
flight, rout. 

fulgeo, gire, si, n. 2. to shine, glitter. 

fuligo, inis,f. 3- soot. 

Julio, onis, m. 3. a fuller. 

fulmen, iuis, n. 3- lightning, thun- 
der. Fr. fulgeo, fulgiinenjulmen. 

fundie, is, n. 3. a torch. 

funditus, adv. (fr. fundus) from 
the very bottom, utterly. 

fundo,fundtre, fuidi, fiisum, a. 3. to 
pour out ; lacrimas, to shed tears ; 
hostes, to rout the enemy. 

fundus, i, m. 2- the bottom of any 
thing, ground ; a field, farm. 

funestus, a, um, adj. {fr. funus) 
deadly, fatal, inauspicious. 

funis, is, m. 3. a rope, cord, 

funus, cris, n. 3. a funeral. 

fur,furis, c. 3. (iiwf») a thief 

furcula, ae, f (a dimin, of furca 
a fork) a little fork; Furculae 
Caudinae, v. faux. 

furiosus, a, um, adj. furious, mad. 

Purins, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly at Rome, which Camillus first 
raised to distinction. 

furtum, i, n. 2. {fr. fur) theft. 

fiisus, a, um, part, oi'fundo. 

futurus, a, um, part, of sum. 



Gades, ium,f. et m. pi. 3. now Ca- 
rfi;r,thenameofaflourishingcom- 
mercial city of Spain, situate on 
an island of the same name, at 
the mouth of the Baetis. 



which falls into the Sinus Can- 
tabricus, now the Bay of Biscay. 
It is now called the Garonne. 

gaudeo, gandere, gavisus sum, n.p. 
2, to rejoice, be glad. 

gaudium, i, n. 2. joy, gladness. 

gavisus, a, um, part, of gaudeo. 

gelidus, a, um, adj. cold as {gelu) 
ice, 

gelu, n. et m, ind. ice, frost. 

geminus, a, um, adj. double ; gemim 
fratres, twins. 

gemmdtus, a, um, part, of gemmo^ 
set with precious stones. 

gemmo, are, dvi, dtum, m. 1, to bud, 
shine like precious stones. 

gener, i, m. 2. a son-in-law. 

genero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to beget, 
produce. 

gener ositas, dtis, f. 3. nobleness of 
mind, generosity, magnanimity. 

gener osus, a, um, adj. born of a no- 
ble (generis) race, noble-heart- 
ed, 

gcnitrix, ids, f. 3, a mother. 

genitus, a, um, part, of gigno. 

gens, tis,f. 3. a clan among the Ro- 
mans, nation, tribe. 

genus, iris, n. 3, {Tivoi) a family, 
race, kind. 

geometria, ae,f. 1. geometry, 

Germania, ae, f. 1. an extensive 
country of Europe at the east of 
Gaul. 

Gcrmanicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Germany, German. 

Germdnus, i, m. 2. an inhabitant of 
Germany. 



148 



DICTIONARY. 



germdnus, a, um, adj. german ; fra-\ hahere, to owe thanks; in graUam^ 

ter, a full brother. in favour of. 

gero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3, to hea.rjgrdtuldt'us, a, um, part, of gratulor. 

carry, do ; res, to do actions ; odi- grdtulor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to con 



um, to entertain hatred ; onus, to 

bear a burden. 
Geryon, onis, m. 3. et Geryones, ae, 

w. 1. a celebrated monster who 

lived in the island Erythia, near 

Gades. 
gesto, dre, dvi, dium, a. 1. freq. of 

gero, to bear, carry. 
gestus, a, um, part, oi gero ; res ges 

tae, exploits. 
Getae, drum, m. pi. 1. a tribe of 

Scythians remarkable for their 

strength and fierceness. 
giga,s, antis, m. 3. (Ftyaj) a giant. 
gigno, gignere, genui, genitum,a. 3 

to beget, produce. 
gldber, bra, brum, adj. smooth, bald 
gldcies, ei,f. 5. ice. 
gladiator, 6ris,m. 3. (fr. glddius) a 

sword-player, gladiator. 
glddidtorius, a, um, adj. pertaining 

to a gladiator. 
glddius, i, m. 2. a sword. 
glans, dis,f. 3. an acorn. 
glisco, ere, n. 3. to grow, increase. 
gloria, ae,f. 1. glory. 
glorior, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to boast 
Gorgias, ae, m. 1, a celebrated ora- 
tor and sophist, born at Leontium 

in Sicily jWhence he was surnam- 

ed Leontinus. 
gracilis, e, adj. slender, lean, light 
Gracchus, i,m.2.ihe name of seve- 
ral distinguished Romans. 
grddior, grddi, gressus sum, d. 3. to 

go, walk. 
gradus, its, m. 4. a step. 
Graecia, ae,f. 1. Greece. 
Graecus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 

Greece. 
grandis, e, adj. big, large. 
Granicus, i, m. 2. a river of Bithy- 

nia, famous for the victory of 

Alexander over Darius, B. C. 

334. 
grassor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to go on, 

advance, rage against. 
grdtes, f. pi. 3, thanks ; agere, to 

give. 
gratia, ae, f. 1. thanks, gratitude, 

grace ; gratiam reddere, referre, 

to give thanks; agere, to thank; 



gratulate, 

grdtus, a, um, adj. grateful, agreea- 
ble, pleasing. 

grdvis, e, adj. heavy, weighty, se- 
vere ; grave coelum, an oppressive 
climate. 

grdvitas, dtis,f. 3. heaviness, gravi- 
ty- 

grdviter, adv. heavily. 

grdvo, dre, dvi, dtum,a. Ifto burden, 
load. 

gregdtim, adv. in herds. 

gressus, us, m. 4. a step. 

gre-x, gis, c. 3, a herd, flock. 

grus, uis, m. etf. 3. a crane. 

guberndtor, oris, m. 3. a pilot, go- 
vernor. 

Gyarus, i, f. 2. a small island of the 
Archipelago. 

Gyges, is, m. 3. a minister of Can- 
daules, king of Lydia, who mur- 
dered his master, and usurped the 
throne about 718 B. C. 

Gymnosophista, ae, m. 1, one of a 
class of Indian philosophers, the 
same with the Brachmani, who 
were called gymnosophists,or na- 
ked philosophers, by the Greeks, 
from their going naked. 

H. 

habeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to have, 
hold, consider. 

hdbito, dre, dvi, dium, a. l.freq.fr. 
habeo, to inhabit. 

hdbitiirus, a, um, part, of habeo 

habitus, a, um, part, of habeo. 

hdbltus, its, m. 4. condition, dress, 
manner. • 

hactenus, adv. thus far, hitherto. 

Hadridnus, i, m. 2. the 15th em- 
peror of Rome, successor to Tra- 
jan. 

Haemus, i, m. 2. a chain of moun- 
tains forming the northern boun- 
dary of Thrace, and separating 
it from Moesia. 

halcyon, onis, f. 3. the halcyon. 

Halicarnassus, i, f. 2. now Bodron, 
a famous maritime city of Caria, 
in Asia Minor. 



DICTIONARY. 



149 



Hamilcar, dris, m. 3. a Carthagini- 
an general. 

Hannibal, dlis, m. 3. a Carthaginian 
general, the inveterate enemy of 
Rome. 

Hanno, onis, m. 3. a Carthaginian 
general. 

Harmonia, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
Mars and Venus, who married 
Cadmus. 

Harpyiae, drum,/, pi. 1. three wing- 
ed monsters, who had the face of 
a woman, the body of a vulture, 
and had their feet and fingers 
armed with sharp claws. 

haruspex, ids, m. 3. a soothsayer. 

Hasdrvhal, dlis, m. 3. a Carthagi- 
nian general. 

hasta, ae^f. 1. a spear. 

hand, adv. not. 

haurio, rlre, si, stum et sum, seldom 
rlvi et rii, ritum, a. 4. to draw, 
drink off. 

haustus, a, um, part, of haurio. 

haustus, us, m. 4. a draught. 

hebes, etis, adj. blunt, dull. 

htbesco, ere, n. inc. 3. to grow blunt, 
dim, or languid. 

Hebrus, i, m. 2. now Marisa, the 
largest river of Thrace. It emp- 
ties into the Aegaean. 

Hecuba, ae,f. 1. the second wife of 
Priam, king of Troy. 

Jicdera, ae,f. 1. ivy. 

Hegcsias, ae, m. 1. a philosopher of 
Cyrene. 

IlcUna, ae,f. 1. the most beautiful 
woman of her age, daughter of 
Jupiter and Leda. 

Helicon, onis, m. 3. a famous moun- 



Asia, Africa, and the islands of 

the Mediterranean. 
herba, ae,f.\. an herb ; grass, herb- 
age. 
herbidus, a, um, adj. full of herbs, 

rassy. 
Hercules, is, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 

son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 
Hercynia, ae,f. 1. a very extensive 

forest of Germany. 
Herennius, i, m. 3. a general of the 

Samnites. 
heres vel haeres, edis, c. 3, an heir. 
heri, adv. yesterday. 
Hero, us, f. 3. a beautiful priestess of 

Venus at Sestos, greatly beloved 

by Leander, a youth of Abydos. 
Hesperus, i, m. 2. a son of Japetus, 

brother to Atlas. He came to 

Italy,and the country received the 

name Hesperia fromhim,accord- 

ing to some accounts, 
keu, int. alas ! 
hiatus, us, m. 4. a gaping ; opening, 

aperture, 
Hibernicus, a, um, adj. Irish ; mare, 

the Irish Sea. 
hibcrnus, a, um, adj. wintry ; hiber- 

num tempus, the winter. 
hie, adv. here. 
hie, haec, hoc, pro. this. 
Hiempsal, dlis, m. 3. a brother of 

Adherbal, put to death by Ju- 

gurtha. 
hiems vel hyems, emis, f. 3. winter. 
Hiero, onis, m. 3. a king of Sicily. 
Hierosolyma, ae,f. I. et a, drum, n. 

pi. 2. Jerusalem, 
hi7ic, adv. hence, from this place. 
hinnio, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. to neigh. 



tain in Boeotia, near the gulf oi hinnitus, iis, m. 4. a neighing 



Corinth, sacred to the Muses 
and Apollo. 

helleborus, i, m. 2. hellebore. 

Hellespontus, i, m. 2. now the Dar- 
danelles, a narrow strait between 
Asia and Europe, near the Pro- 
pontis. 

Helvetia, ae,f. 1. now Switzerland 
a country of Gaul. 

Helvetii, drum, m. pi. 2. now the 
Swiss, the inhabitants of Helve- 
tia 

HerdcUa, ae,f. 1. a name given to' 



hinnxileus, i, m. 2. a young hind or 
fawn, 

hio, are, dvi, alum, n. 1, to gape, 
yawn, open. 

Hipparchus, i, m. 2. a son of Pisis- 
tratns, who succeeded his father 
as tyrant of Athens. 

HippoLytns, i, m. 2. a son of The- 
seus and Hippolyte, 

Hippomenes, is, m. 3. a son of Ma- 
careus, who married Aialanta 
with tlie assistance of Venus. 

hippopotdmus, i, m. 2. the hippopo- 



more than 40 towns in Europe,! lamus or river-horse. 



150 



DICTIONARY. 



Hispania, ae, f. 1. now Spain, an 
extensive country, forming a 
kind of peninsula, in the S. W. 
of Europe. 

Hispdnus, a, um, adj. Spanish; m. 
2. a native of Hispania. 

hodie, adv. (for hoc die) to-day. 

hoedus, i, m. 2. a kid. 

Homerus, i, m. 2, a Greek poet, the 
most celebrated and ancient of 
all the profane writers. 

homo, inis, c. 3. a man. 

honestas, dtis, f. 3. dignity, honour 
virtue. 

honestus, a, urn, adj. honourable, 

honor, et -os, oris, m. 3. honour, a 
post of honour, office. 

honorifice, {centius, centissime) ho 
nourably. 

hora, ae,f. 1. ("fllpa) an hour. 

Hordtius, i, in. 2. the name of se- 
veral Romans; Horatii, three 
brave Romans, born at the same 
birth, who fought against the 
Curiatii. 

horreo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be rough. 

horridus, a, urn, adj. {fr. horreo) 
rough, hideous, frightful. 

Hortensius. i, m. 2. the name of se- 
veral Romans. 

hortdtus, its, m. 4. (/r. hortor) an ex- 
hortation. 

hortor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to excite 
encourage, exhort. 

hortus, i, m. 2. a garden. 

hospes, His, c. 3. a stranger, guest. 

hospitium, i, n. 2. the act of receiv- 
ing (hospitcs) strangers, hospi 
tality ; hospitio accipere, to enter- 
tain. 

hostia, ae, /, 1, a victim, animal 
sacrificed. 

hostllis, e, adj. {fr. hostis) of an ene 
my, hostile. 

Hosiilius, i, m. 2. Tullus, the third 
king of Rome, succeeded Numa. 

hostis, is, c. 3. an enemy. 

hue, adv. hither; huc.illuc, now 
here.. .now there. 

hujusmodi, adj. ind. {hie et modus) 
of this kind or sort, such. 

humdnitas, dtis, f. 3. (humdnus) hu- 
man nature, humanity. 

humdnus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
man, human. Fr. homo, or allied 
to it. 



humerus, i, m. 2. the shoulder. 

hUmidus, a, um, adj. moist. Fr.Jm- 
mor. 

hUmilis, e, adj. low {humi) on the 
ground, low; humili loco natum 
esse, to be of humble origin. 

hitmor, oris, m. 3. moisture, 

hUmus, i, f. 2. the ground ; humi, on 
the ground. 

hyaena, ae,f. 1. the hyaena, "'Yaiva. 

hydrus, i, m. 2. ('Y6pos) a water- 
serpent. 

hymnus, i, m. 2. ("Y/ii/o?) a song. 

Hyperboreus, a, um, adj. (^'YTrepfiopsos) 
northern, wintry. 

hystrix, icis,f. 3. ("YffrptQ a porcu- 
pine. 



I. 



Iberus, i, m. 2. now the Ebro, one 
of the largest rivers of Spain, 
which empties into the Mediter- 
ranean. 

ibi, adv. there. 

ibidem, adv. in the same place. 

Ibis, idis, f. 3. ("!/?(?) the ibis ; an 
Egyptian bird like a stork, which 
devours serpents. 

Icarus, i, m. 2. the son of Daeda- 
lus. 

Icarius, a, um, adj. of Icarus; 
mare, a part of the Aegaean sea 
near the islands Myconos and 
Gyaros. 

Ichneumon, onis, m. 3. {^Ix^sviiOiv) 
the ichneumon or Egyptian rat. 

Ichnusa, ae, /. 1. a name given to 
the island of Sardinia, from its 
resembling a human footstep 

i:ixvoi). 

Ico, 'icere, ici, ictum, a. 3. to hit, 
strike ; icere foedus, to make, ra- 
tify. 

ictus, a, um. part, of ico. 

ictus, its, m. 4. {fr. ico, ictum) a 
stroke, blow. 

Idem, eddem, idem,, pro. the same. 

idoneus, a, um, adj. fit, proper, suit- 
able. 

tgltur, conj. therefore. 

igndrus, a, um, adj. {fr. in, not, et 
gndrus, knowing) ignorant. 

igndvus, a, um, adj. {in, not, etgnd- 
vus, industrious) idle, inactive, 
cowardly. 



DICTIONARY. 



151 



tgms, is, m. 3. fire. 

ignobilis, e, adj. {in, not, et nobilis) 
unknown, mean, ignoble. 

ignoro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. {fr.ig- 
ndrus) to be ignorant of, not to 
know. 

ignotus, a, um, adj. {in et notus) 
not known, unknown. 

Ilium, i, n. 2. a name of Troy, de- 
rived from Ilus, one of its kings. 

illdius, a, um, part, of infero. 

ille, a, ud, pro. he, she, that. 

illecebrae, drum, f. 1. {fr. illicio) 
enticements, allurements. 

illico, adv. {illoco, in hoc loco) in 
that place, on the spot, instantly, 

illv.c. adv. to that place, thither ; 
huc...illvx, now here. ..now there. 

illustris, e, adj. {fr. illuceo) clear, 
bright, illustrious, far-famed. 

illustro, dre, dvi, dtuvi, a. 1. (m et 
Instro) to illuminate, illustrate, 
make renowned. 

Illyria, ae,f. 1. et lUyricum, i,n.2. 
a country bordering on the Adri- 
atic Sea. opposite Italy. 

imago, inis, f. 3. an image, figure, 
likeness. 

imbexillis. e, adj. weak,feeble. That 
is, resting {in baciUum) on a 
stick. 

imbcr, bris, m. 3. {fr. o^ifipoi) a 
shower. 

imitdtio, onis, f. 3. {fr. imitor) imi- 
tation. 

imitor^ dri, dlus sum, d. 1. to imi- 
tate. 

immdnis, e, adj. horrible, cruel, 
monstrous. 

immcvior, oris, adj. {in, not, el me- 
mor) forgetful, regardless. 

immensus, a, um, adj. {in, not, et 
wc/io7-,m^nsu.v)immeasurable, im- 
mense, boundless. 

immcriius, a, um, part, {in, not, et 
meritus) undeserved, undeserv- 
ing. 

imminco. ere, ui, n. 2. {hv et mineo) 
to hang over,threaten, be at hand. 

imrnissus. a, um, part, of immilto. 

immitto, ittlre, isi, issum, a. 3. {in et 
milto) to send or let in, to send to, 
to throw at. 

immobilis, e, adj. {in, not, et mObilis) 
immoveable. 



immolo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sa- 
crifice, immolate. That is, to 

j sprinkle {molam) a salted cake 

' (i?i) upon a victim. 

immorldlis, e, adj. {in et mortdlis) 

I immortal. 

immotus. a, um, part, {in et motus) 
unmoved. 

immHtdtus, a, um, part, of immiito ; 
nihil immutdtus, unchanged. 

imviuto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et 
muto) to alter greatly, change. 

impdtiens, tis, adj. {in et pdtior, pd- 
tiens) that cannot or will not 
bear, impatient ; frigoris, unable 
to withstand the cold ; morae, im- 
patient of delay, 

impedio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to hin- 
der, check, prevent, F'r. in et 
pedes. That is, to throw any 
thing against the feet of another, 
and hinder his progress. 

impedUu^, a, um, part, of impedio. 

impendeo, dtre, di, n. 2. (m et pen- 
deo) to hang over, impend, threak- 
ten. 

impenetrdbilis, e, adj. {in et penetrd- 
bilis) impenetrable. ' 

impense, adv. {fr. impendo, to lay 
out money upon) at great cost 
of labour and pains, extraordina- 
rily. 

imperdtor, oris, m. 3. {fr. impero, 
imperdtum) a commander-in- 
chief of an army, general. 

imperito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
fr. impero) to command, govern. 

imperitus, a, um, adj. {iii, not, et 
peritus) unskilful, ignorant, inex- 
perienced. 

impcrium, i, n. 2. {fr. impero) com- 
mand, authority, government. 

impero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. 
pdro) to command, rule over, go- 
vern. 

impertio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to im- 
part, share. That is, to give 
{partem) a part. 

impctro, dre, dvi, dtum. a. 1. {in et 
pdtro, to effect) to accomplish , ac- 
complish the object of a request, 
obtain by request. 

impetus, ics. m. 4. {fr. imptlo, to as- 
sail) an assault or fury withwhich 
we assault any one, violence ; 



PART I. 



152 



DICTIONARY. 



impeium facere in aliquem, to 
make an attack upon one. 

impius, a, um, adj. (i7i et plus) im- 
pious, wicked. 

impleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. (pleo fr. 
nUo)) to fill, fulfil, accomplish. 

impliciius, a, um, part, of implico. 

implico, are, ui et dvi, ituvi et dium, 
a. 1. (m et piled) to entangle, in- 
volve ; implicari morho, to be seiz- 
ed with. 

imploro, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. {fr. 
ploro) to call upon with weeping, 
beseech, 

impono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (in 
et pono) to lay upon, impose. 

importmius, a, um, adj. importunate, 
outrageous, outrageous in de- 
mands, tyrannical, cruel. 

impositus, a, um, part, of impono. 

improbdttis, a, um, part, of improbo. 

improbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (m et 
probo) to disapprove of. 

imprudens, tis, adj. (in et prudens) 
iinprudent, inconsiderate. 

impugndiurus, a, um, part, of im- 
pugno. 

impugno, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. {in et 
pugno) to attack. 

impune, adv. without punishment, 
with impunity. 

imus, a, um, adj. {fr. infxmus, sup. 
of inferus) the lowest. 

in, (^prep. c. ace. et abl.) in, into, 
against, at, about, amongst, for; 
i7i dies, from day to day ; in eo 
esse, to be on the point of. 

tndnis, e, adj. empty, void, vain. 

inaresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be- 
come dry. 

inctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {in et 
ctdo) to go against or towards 
go, come. 

incendium, i, n. 2. {fr. incendo) a 
fire, conflagration. 

incendo, dere, di, suvi, a. 3. {fr. can- 
do') to set fire to, burn. 

incensus, a, um, part, of incendo. 

incertus, a, um, adj. {in et cerius) 
uncertain. 

inchoo, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to be- 
gin. 

inctdo, cldere, cldi, cdsum, n. 3. {in 
ei cddo) to fall into or upon, hap- 
pen ; in aliquem, to fall in with 
one. 



inclpio. cipere, cepi, ceptum, a, 3w 
(in et cdpio) to begin. 

incitdtus, a, um, part, of incito. 

incito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et 
cito) to rouse, excite, stimulate. 

includo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {in et 
claudo) to shut in or up, include. 

inclusus, a, um, part, of incliido. 

inclyius, a, um, adj. {fr. k^vtos) re- 
nowned, illustrious. 

incola, ae, c. 1, {fr. incolo') an inha- 
bitant. 

incolo, colere, cohci, cultum, a. 3. {in 
et cola) to inhabit, abide or dwell 
in. 

incolUmis, c, adj. {in et cdlUviis) safe, 
sound, unpunished. 

incompertus, a, um, part, {in, not, 
et compel tus) not discovered, un- 
known. 

inconslderdte, adv. inconsiderately. 

incredibilis, e, adj. {in et credibilis) 
incredible. 

incredibiliier, adv. incredibly. 

incrtmenium, i, n. 2. an increase. 
Fr. i7icresco, increvi, whence iu^ 
crevimentum, incrementum. 

increpo, dre, ui. Hum, a \. {fr. crepo, 
to make a noise) to make a noise 
at, upbraid, reprove. 

incrue7itus, a, aun, adj. {in et crue7i~ 
tus) not bloody, bloodless. 

inculte, adv. rudely, uncouthly, in- 
elegantly. 

i7icultus, a, um, adj. et part, {in ei 
cwZi^s)uninhabited,uncultivated, 
desert. 

incumbo, cu7nbere, ciibui, cubiium, n. 
3. {in et cubo) to lean, lie, or re- 
cline upon, to attend or apply to; 
gladio vel i7i gladium, to fall 
upon one's sword, slay one's self. 

inc7orsio, 6nis,f. 3. {fr. incurro, i7v- 
cursum) a running upon, incur- 
sion, attack. 

incus, iidis, f. 3. an anvil on which 
smiths {i7icud7ini) forge iron. 

inddgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. 
indu, within, et ago) to trace out 
as hunters do, investigate. 

inde, adv. from that place, thence. 

i7idex, ids, m. etf. {fr. indico) one 
who shows or discovers, a sign, 
mark, index. 

India, ae.f. 1. an extensive country 
of Asia, which took its name 



DICTIONARY. 



153 



from the Indus, its western boun-1 2 V^^^> ^erg, xi, zum, a. 3, {in et 
dary. | figo) to fix, fasten in. 

indico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {dico) infimus, a, urn, adj. lowest. For 
to show, discover, disclose. inferrivius^fr. inferus. 

indico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {in et di- infmlhts, a, um, adj. {in et finltus) 



co) to declare, proclaim. 
indictus, a, um, part, of indico. 
Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. 



without bounds, infinite; infini- 
tum argenti, an immense quanti- 
ty of silver. 



indigena,ae,c.\..a.n2LiiYeoidL'^\diCe.\infirmus, a, um, adj. (in et firmus) 



For indugena, fr. indu, in, and 
geno for gigno. 

indoles, is,f. 3. natural disposition. 

indue ft, cere, xi, ctum. a. 3. {in et 
diico) to lead in, induce, per- 
suade. 

inductus, a, um, part, of indiico. 

indtcOfUere.ui, iilum, a. 3. {fr. tvoiui) 
to put on, clothe 



weak, infirm. 

inflavimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {flam- 
mo) to set on fire, inflame, ex- 
cite. 

injldtus, a, um, part, of hijlo. 

infiigo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (wt et 
fligo) to inflict, strike. 

info, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {i7i etfio) 
to blow into or upon, puff' up. 



Indus, i, VI. 2. a celebrated river o[^infre7idco,ere,ui,n.2. {inetfrx:ndeo) 



India, falling, after a course of 
1300 miles,inio the Indian Ocean 
It forms the western boundary of 
India. 

industria, ae,f. 1. industry. 

indiitus, a, um, part, of indiio. 

inedia, ac,f. 1. {fr. in, not, and edo, 
to eat) want of food, hunger. 

ineo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. a. et n. 
to go into, enler ; foe du^, to form 
a league. 

inermis, e, adj. {fr. in, not, and 
anna) without arms, defence- 
less. 

inexplicdbilis, e, adj. {in et explicd- 
bilis) inexplicable, intricate. 

infdmis, e, adj. (fr.fama) infamous, 
disgraceful. 

infans, tis, c. 3. an infant. Fr.for, 
fans. One who cannot speak. 

infiri, drum, m. 2. the infernal re- 
gions ; the infernal gods ; the 
shades. 

inferior, us, adj. comp. of infervs. 

infcro, inferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. 
a. {in etfero) to bring into, bring 



to gnash with the teeth. 

infringo, ingere, egi, actum, a. 3. 
{i7i etfrango) to break in pieces. 

infundo, fundire, fitdi, fusum, a. 3. 
{in etfundo) to pour into. 

ingtnium, i, n. 2. {fr. ins^no, in- 
genui) natural disposition or ca- 
pacity, genius, character. 

ingeno, same as ingigno, gignere, 
genui, ginlium, a. 3. {in et gigno) 
to engender, produce. 

ingens, tis, adj. great, large. 

ingenuus, a, um, adj. {fr. ingeno) 
native, freeborn, liberal, candid. 

ingredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. {in 
et grddior) to walk into, go in, 
enter. 

ingressus, a, um, part, of ingredior. 

ingruo, uere, ui, n. 3. to fall violent- 
ly on, assail. 

inhaereo, rtre, si, sum, n. 2. {in et 
haereo) to cling to, adhere to ; 
cogitationihus, to be lost in 
thought. 
nhio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. {in 
et hin) to gape for, covet. 



against; bellum alicui, to w age linim tens, a, um. adj. {in et amicus) 



war agamsi. 

inferus, a, um. {inferior, infimus 
vet imu.s) whicli is below. 

infesto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to an- 
noy, molest, injure. Infestussum 
in. 

infestus, a, um, adj. {in, not, et fes- 
Vus) hostile 



unfriendly, hostile. 
inique. adv. {in et aeque) unequally, 

unjustly. 
iniquus, a, um, adj. {in ct aequus) 

unequal, unjust. 
inltium, i, n. 2. {fr. ineo, initum) a 

beginning. 
niturus, a, um, part, of iiieo. 



infidns, a. um, adj. {in, not, et fidus) injicio , icere, eci, edum, a. 3. {in et 
unfaithful, faithless. jdcio) to cast into, throw upon. 



154 



DICTIONARY. 



tnjiicundus, a, um, adj. (in etjucun-l 
dus) unpleasant, harsh. 

injuria, ae,f. 1. injury, wrong. Fr. 
jus, juris. Quod non jure Jit. 

i7inascor, nasci, ndtus sum] d. 3. (in' 
et nascor) to grow in. ' 

inndto, are, dvi, dium, n. 1. (in et 
ndio) to sMam into, float upon. 

inndtus, a, um, part, of innascor, 
inbred, innate. 

inniior, ti, sus vel xussum, d. 3. (m 
et nitor) to lean or rest upon, de- 
pend upon. 

innocens, tis, adj. innocent, guilt- 
less. 

innoccntla, ae,f. 1. innocence. 

innotesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (notus 
Jio) to become noted or known. 

iitnozius, a, wm, adj. (in et nozius) 
inoffensive, harmless. 

innumerdbilis, e, adj. (in et nuviera- 
biiis) innumerable. 

innuvierus, a, um, adj. countless, in- 
numerable. 

Inopia, SIC, f. 1 . (inops) want. 

inops, apis, adj. poor, needy. Qui 
est sine ope. 

Mopus, i, m. 2. a river of Delos, 
which the inhabitants supposed 
to be the Nile, coming from 
Egypt under the sea. Near its 
banks Apollo and Diana were 
born. 

in vel im- prlmis, adv. especially. 

inquam, is, it, def. I say, 

inqutndturus, a, um, part, of inqui- 
no. 

inquino, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to de- 
file, contaminate, stain. 

inquiro, rere, sivi. sltum, a. 3. (jn et 
quaere) to seek for, inquire, in- 
vestigate. 

insdnia, ae, f. 1. (insdnus) madness, 
folly. ^ 

insdnio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. (insdnus 
sum) to be mad. 

inscribo, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. (in et 
scribo) to write upon, inscribe. 

inscriptus, a, um, part, of inscribo. 

msectum, i, n. 2. (inseco, insectum) 
an insect. 

inslq^iens, tis, pari, of inscquor. 

inseqnor, qui, quutus vel ciitus sum., 
d. 3. (in et sequor) to follow. 

insldeo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. (in 
et sedeo) to sit or rest upon. 



insidiae, drum, f. pi. {fr. insideo) 
an ambush, lying in wait, treach- 
ery ; per insidias, treacherously. 

insidior,dri, dtussum, d. 1. (insidias 
facia) to lie in wait, plot against. 

insigne, is, n. 3. (fr. signuvi) a sign 
or mark of distinction, ensign. 

insignis, e, adj. distinguished by 
some (signum) mark or sign, dis- 
tinguished. 

insivndo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. (in et 
Simula) to pretend a charge 
against, to accuse. 

insislo, sistere, stiti, stdtum, n. 3. 
(in et sisto) to stand upon, insist. 

insolabiliter, adv. inconsolably. 

insolens, tis, adj. insolent, arrogant. 

insblenter, adv. (fr. insolens) arro- 
gantly. 

insolitus, a, um, part, et adj. unac- 
customed, unusual. 

inspecto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
of inspicia) to look into, observe, 
behold. 

insperdtus, a, um, part, et adj. not 
hoped, for, unexpected. 

instdturus, a, um, part, of insto. 

instituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (in et 
stdtua) to appoint, institute. 

institutum, i, n. 2. (fr. instituo) a 
practice, institution. 

institutus, a, um, part, of instituo. 

insto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. \ . (in et 
sto) to stand near, urge, request 
earnestly. 

instriivientum, i, n. 2. (fr. instruo) 
an instrument. 

instruo, ere,xi, ctum, a. 3. (inetstruo) 
to furnish, provide, fit out, in- 
struct ; epulas, to prepare a meal. 

Insubres, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
ants of Insubria, a country near 
the Po, supposed to be of Gallic 
origin. 

insuesco, escere, evi, etuvi, n. inc. 3. 
to become accustomed. 

insiila, ae,f. 1. an island. 

insHper, adv. moreover. 

integer, gra, grum, adj. (grior, ger- 
riimis) whole, entire, uncorrupt- 
ed, unhurt. 

intega, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
teg a) to cover. 

integrltas. dtis, f. 3. (fr. integer) 
integrity. 

intellectus, a, um, part, of intelligo. 



DICTIONARY. 



155 



tntelligo, Igere, exi, edum, a. 3. (in- interns, a, uvi, adj. (fr. inter) which 



ter et lego) to understand, per- 
ceive, discern, know 

inter, prep. c. ace. between, among. 

irdercipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3, 



is within. 
intervallum, i, n. 2. the space {iiiter 
vallos) between the stakes of the 
rampart of a camp, any interval. 



{inter et capio) to take by surprise, intervenio, venire, veni.ventum, n. 4. 



intercept. 

inter di CO, cere, xi, ctuvi, a. 3. {inter 
et dico) to forbid, prohibit. 

inter dictus, a, um,part. oi inter dico. 

interdiu, adv. by day. 

inferdum, adv. now and then, some- 
times. 

interea, adv. {inier ea negotia) in the 
meanwhile. 

interemtus vel -emptus, a, um, part. 
of interimo. 

intereo, ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. 
{inter et eo) to go to ruin, perish. 

interest, imp. {inter et sum) it con- 
cerns, or is the interest of; ?7iea, 
it concerns me. 

interfector, oris, m. 3. {fr. inlerjicio, 
iaterfectuvi) a murderer. 

inter ficio, iccre, eci, edum, a. 3. {^In- 
ter etfdcio) to kill, murder. 

interim, adv. in the meanwhile. 

interimo, imcre, emi, emtuvi or emp- 
turn, a. 3. {inter etemo) to take in 
the midst, take away, kill. 

inter jectus, a, um, part, oi inter jicio . 

interjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {in- 
ter et jdcio) to throw between or 
among. 

interior, us. adj. (comp. of interns) 
more within, inner, interior. 

intcrnecio, onis, f. 3. a ma.ssacre, 
carnage, destruction. 

inlernodium, i, n. 2. the space be- 
tween two knots or joints. 

internum, a, um, adj. {fr. inter) in- 
ner, internal ; Mo.re Intcrnuvi, 
Mediterranean sea. 

interpres, etis, m. 3. an interpreter. 
Fr. inter and partes, or inter and 
pretium' 

tnterrcgnnm, i, n. 2. {inter et reg- 
num) an interreis'n, the space of 
lime in which a throne is vacant 



{inter et venio) to come between. 

intexo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. {in et texo) 
to interweave. 

intimus, a, um, adj. (for interrimus 
fr. interns) innermost, very inti- 
mate. 

intra, prep. c. ace. within ; adv. in- 
ward. 

intrlpidus, a, um, adj. {in, not, et 
trepidns) fearless, intrepid. 

intro. are. dvi, dtum,a. 1. {intro eo) 
to go into, enter. 

introdiico. cere, xi, dum, a. 3. {intro 
et diico) to lead in, introduce. 

introitus, iis, rn. 4. {fr. introeo, in- 
troltum) a going in, entrance. 

intneor, eri, itus sum. d. 2. {in et 
tueor) to look steadfastly at, be- 
hold. 

intus, adv. {ivroi) withm. 

inusitdtjis, a, um, adj. {in ctusitdtus) 
unusual, uncommon. 

inutilis, e, adj. {in et utilis) useless, 
unserviceable. 

invddo, dere, si, sum., a. 3. {in et 
vddo) to enter, fall upon, attack. 

invenio, venire, vtni, ventnm, a. 4. 
{in et venio) to come upon, light 
upon, find, invent. 

invenlrix, ids. f 3. {fr. invenio) 
an inventress. 

inventus, a, nm, part, of invenio. 

investigo, dre, dvi. dtmn, a. 1. to 
trace or find out by {vestlgiis) the 
prints of the feet, to investigate, 
discover. 

inviceyn, adv. alternately, mutually. 

invidus, a, um, part, {in et vidv^) 
unconquered. 

invldeo, vidtre, vidi, visum, a. 2. {in 
et video) to envy. That is, keep 
one's eye fixed on an object with 
sentiments of secret jealousy. 



between the death of one king in?;zrZm, ae,/. 1. envy, hatred, spite, 
and the accession of another. linvlsns, a, um, adj. odious, hateful. 
intcrrngatus,a,um,part.o[interrogo. invitdtus, a, um, pirt. of invito. 



interrngo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1 
intersum, esse, fui, futiims, irr. n. 

{inter et sum) to be in the midst, 

be present at. 

o 2 



invito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to a.sk, 
invite. 

invius, a, um, adj. {fr. via) impas- 
sable. 



156 



DICTIONARY. 



invoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et 
voco) to call upon, invoke. 

Zones, urn, m. pi. 3. the inhabitants 
of Ionia. 

loma, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, on the coast of the Ae- 
gaean, 

lontcns, a, urn, ) ^ , - j^^.^^_ 

lomus, a, um, ) •' 

Iphicrdtes, is, m. 3. a celebrated ge- 
neral of Athens, who rose from 
the lowest station to the highest 
offices in the state. 

Iphigenia, ae, / 1. a daughter of 
Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. 

ipse, a, um, pro. he himself, she 
herself, itself; he, she, it ; et ipse, 
he also. 

Ira, ae,f. 1. anger, passion, resent- 
ment. 

vrascor, irasci, d. 3. (/r. ira) to be 
angry or enraged. 

irdtus, a, um, adj. {fr. ira) angry, 
enraged. 

irretio. Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. {fr. retc) 
to ensnare, entangle. 

irrideo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (m et 
rldeo) to laugh at, scoff. 

iorigdtus, a, um, part, of irrigo. 

irrlgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {in et 
rigo) to water, bedew, irrigate. 

irrlto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pro- 
voke, enrage, irritate. 

irruo, ^ccre, id, n. 2. {in et ruo) to 
rush in or on furiously, attack. 

i.s, ea, id, pro. this, he, she, it. 

Isocrdles, is, m.' 3. a celebrated 
Athenian orator, son of Theodo- 
rus. 

Issicus, a, wm, adj. pertaining to 
Issus. 

Issus, i, f. 2. now Aisse, a town of 
Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, 

iste, (I, ud, pro. this, that, he, she, it, 

Ister, tri, m. 2. a large river of Eu- 
rope, falling into the Euxine sea 
called also Danubius. 

Isthmicus,a,um, adj. Isthmian ; ludi 
sacred games among the Greeksj 
which received their name from 
the isthmus of Corinth, where 
they were observed. 

Isthmus, i, m. 2. ('Io-0/^dj) an isth 
mus, neck of land separating two 
seas, 

ite, adv. so, thus. 



Italia, ae, f. 1. Italy, a celebrated 

country of Europe. 

^;«f^^^'^'^^'UcZi. Italian. 
Italus, a, um, ) -' 

itdque, adv. therefore. That is, 

and so. 
ter, itineris, n. 3. {fr. eo, itum) a 
journey, way, march. 

ittrum, adv. once more, again. 

Ithaca, ae,f. 1. a mountainous and 
rocky island, wath a city of the 
same name, situate north-east of 
Cephallenia. It was famous for 
being a part of the kingdom of 
Ulysses. 

iiidem, adv. in like manner, like- 
wise. 

itiirus, a, um, part, of eo. 



J. 



jdceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to lie. 

jdcio, jdcere, jeci, jactum, a. 3. to 
throw, cast, hurl. 

jacto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq.fr. 
jacio,) to throw to and fro, toss. 

jactus, a, um, part, oi jacio. 

jdcidor, dri, dtus sum, d.l.to throw 
{jaculum) a javelin, hurl. 

javi, adv. now, presently, already. 

jamdiidum, adv. long ago. 

Janiculum, i, n. 2. now Montorio, 
one of the seven hills at Rome, 
on the opposite shore of the 
Tiber. Ancus Martins joined 
it to the city by the bridge Subli- 
cius. 

Japetus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus or 
Titan and Terra. 

Jason, onis, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 
son of Aesun. He was leader 
of the Argonauts. 

jejiinus, a, um, adj. fasting, hungry. 

jocor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to speak 
in jest, joke. 

juba, ae,f. 1. a mane. 

jubeo, jub e, jussi, jussum, a. 2. to 
order, bid, command. 

jiicundus, a, um, adj. {fr. juvo) de- 
lightful, sweet. 

Judaea, ae,f. 1. a province of Pa- 
lestine, forming the southern di- 
vision. 

Judaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Judaea ; Judaeus, i, m. 2. a Jew. 

judex, Ids, c. 3. {jus et dico) a judge. 



DICTIONARY. 



157 



jitdicdius, a, um, part, of judico. 

judicium, i, n. 2. judgment; a sen 
tence, decision. 

judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {judex) 
to judge, determine, think. 

jugerum, i, n. 2. an acre of land. 

jUgurn, i, n. 2. a yoke ; the summit 
of a mountain. I'V. ^vyov. Or 
fr. jugo, jungo. 

Jugurtha, ae, m. 1. a son of Masta- 
nabal, the brother of Micipsa. 

Julius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
1}' of Alba, brought to Rome by 
Romulus, where they soon rose 
to the highest honours of the 
state. 

juuctus, a, um, part, of jungo. 

jungo, gtre, xi, ctum, a. 3. to join ; 
jungere currum, to put the horses 
to the chariot. 

junior, us, adj. comp. (for juvenior 
fr.juvenis) younger. 

Junius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
ly at Rome. 

Jiino. onis.f. 3. the wife of Jupiter 

Jiipiler, Jbcis. m. 3. the son of Sa- 
turn and Ops, and king of the 
gods. 

jurgiosus, a.um, adj. (fr. jurgium) 
quarrelsome. 

jurgiuvi, i, n. 2. a quarrel. 

juro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (//•. jus, 
juris) to swear. 

jus, juris, n. 3. law, right, justice; 
jus civitatis, citizenship ; jure, 
justly, reasonably. Fr. jussi fr 
jubeo. That which is ordained 
by laws human or divine. 

jussus, a, um, part, of jubeo. 

jussus, us, m. 4. {fr. jubeo, jussum) 
a command. 

justitia, ae.f 1. {f Justus) justice. 

Justus, a, um, adj. {fr. jus) just, 
right, upright. 

juvenca, ae,f. 1. a heifer. 

juvCnis, is, adj. {comp. junior, for 
juvenior) young, youthful ; subst. 
c. 3. a youth, youns: man or wo- 
man. Fr. jiivo. One who has 
arrived at that time of life which 
admits of his being of use to his 
country, to his family, and to him 
self. 

juvenius, ulis, f. 3. {fr. juvenis) 
youth. 



jiivo, jUvdre, jiivi, juium, a. 1. to 

succour, help, assist, 
/uzte, ^rc;?.c.acc.immediatelyupon, 

hard by, near; adv. nearly alike, 

equally. 



labor et -os, oris, m. 3. toil, labour. 

Idbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. to fal!, 
glide, flow. 

Idboriosus, a, um, adj. {fr. labor) 
toilsome, laborious. 

labor 0, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {labor) 
to labour, be oppressed with, suf- 
fer with ; morbo, to be sick ; fame, 
to be hungry. 

Idbijrinthus, i, m. 2. {AaPvpiv9os) a 
labyrinth. 

lac, lis, n. 3. milk. 

Ldceduemonius, a, um, adj. Lace- 
daemonian. 

Lacedacmon, onis, f 3. a noble city 
of the Peloponnesus, the capital 
of Laconia, called also Sparta. 

Idcerdtus. a, um, part, of Idcero. 

ldce.ro, arc, dvi. dtum, a. I. {fr. lacer, 
torn) to tear in pieces, maim. 

Idcessltus, a, um, part, of lacesso. 

Idccsso, ere, ivi, itum, a. 3. to rouse, 
provoke, irritate. 

Laconicus, a,um, adj. Spartan, La- 
conic. 

lacryyna., ae,f. 1. a tear. 

lacus, us, m. 4. a lake. 

laedo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to hurt, 
harm. 

laetdtus, a, um, part, of laetor. 

laetiiia, ae,f. 1. {fr. laetus) joy. 

laetor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be glad, 
rejoice. 

laetus, a, um, adj. glad, joyful, pros- 
perous, flourishing, fruitful, plen- 
tiful. 

Laevinus, i, m. 2. P. Valerius, a 
Roman consul, sent against Pyr- 
rhus; Laevini. a familybelonging 
to the gens Valeria. 

laevor, Oris, m. 3. smoothness. 

Lagus, i, 777. 2. a Macedonian of 
mean extraction, who adopted 
Ptolemy (thence called Lagus or 
Lagides), the first Macedonian 
king of Egypt. 

Idna, ae,f. 1. wool. 



:58 



DICTIONARY. 



Idndtus, a, um, adj. having or bear 
ing wool, woolly. 

Idnidtus, a, um, part, of lanio. 

Idnio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . to tear, to 
cut in pieces. 

lapicidina, ae, f. 1. (/r. lapiclda 
fr. lapis et caedo) a quarry ; mar- 
moris, a marble-pit, quarry of 
marble. 

Idpideus, a, um, adj. {fr. lapis) stony 

lapis, idis, m. 3. a stone. 

lapsus, a, um, part, of labor. 

Idquetis, i, m. 2. a noose, halter 
snare. 

largior, Iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to grant 
(Zar^e) largely ,lavish,give. grant 

largUio, onis, f. 3. {fr. largior) a 
giving freely, grant, gift. 

largus, a, um, adj. large, extensive 
copious. 

late, adv. widely, far and wide. 

Idtehra, ae,f. 1. (fr. Idteo) a hiding- 
place. 

Idteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lurk, lie hid, 
escape the observation of 

later, eris, m. 3. a brick or tile 

later cuius, ^, w. 2. a small brick or 
tile. 

Latinus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Latium, Latin. 

Latinus, i, m. 2. a son of Faunus 
and Marica, king of the Abori- 
gines in Italy, who from him 
were called Latini. 

Idtitudo, inis, f 3. {fr. latus) 
breadth. 

Ldtona, ae,f. 1. the mother of Apol- 
lo and Diana. 

Idtrandus, a, um, part, of latro. 

latro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to break, 
bark at. 

latro, onis, m. 3. a robber. 

latrocinium, i, n. 2. robbery. 

Idtiirus, a, um, part, oifero. 

Idtus, a, um, adj. broad, wide. 

Idtu, eris, n. 3. a side. 

lauddtus, a, um, fart, of laudo. 

laudo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. laus, 
laudis) to praise. 

laus, dis, f 3. praise. 

laute, adv. sumptuously, magnifi- 
cently. 

Idvo, lavdre, lavdvi et saepius Idvi, 
lavdium, lautum et lotum, a. 1, et 
3. to wash, rinse, bathe. 



leaena, ae,f. 1. {Aeaiva) a lioness. 

Leander, dri, m. 2. a youth of Aby- 
dos. 

lebes, etis, m. 3. (Aipris) a kettle. 

ledus, a, um, part, of lego. 

Leda, «e, /. 1. the wife of Tyn da- 
rns, king of Sparta, was mother 
of Pollux and Helena, and also 
of Castor and Clytemnestra. 

legdtio, onis, f. 3. (legatus) an em- 
bassy. 

legdtus, i, m. 2. {fr. lego) an am- 
bassador, lieutenant. 

legio, onis, f. 3, a legion, body of 
soldiers consisting of ten co- 
horts. 

legislator, oris, m. 3. {lex etfero, la- 
tum) a lawgiver, legislator. 

lego, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to send or 
depute as an ambassador, or as a 
deputy or lieutenant. 

lego, legere, legi, ledum, a. 3. (Af- 
yw) to gather, choose, read, read 
aloud. 

Lemd?ius, i, m. 2. a lake in the coun- 
try of the Allobroges, now called 
the lake of Geneva. 

lente, adv. slowly, remissly. 

leo, onis, m. 3. {Kio^v) a lion. 

Leonidas, ae, w. 1. a king of Spar- 
ta, celebrated for his bravery and 
patriotism. He led the 300 Spar- 
tans who fell at Thermopylae. 

Leontvrius, i, m. 2. pertaining to 
Leontium. 

Leontium, i, n. 2. a town of Sicily. 

Lepldus, i, m. 2. M. Aemilius, a Ro- 
man celebrated as being one of 
the triumvirs, with Octavianus 
and Antony. 

lepus, oris, m. 3. a hare. 

letdlis, e, adj, {fr. letum, death) 
mortal, deadly, fatal. 

levis, e, adj. light. 

levis et laevis, e, adj. {fr. 'XeTos) 
smooth, polished. 

levitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. levis) light- 
ness. 

levo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. levis) 
to lighten, relieve, alleviate. 

lex, legis,f. 3. a law, condition. 

libenter, adv. {fr. libens, willing) 
willingly, cheerfully. 

liber, era, erum, adj. free. 

liber, bri, m. 2. {fr. Xcttos, bark) 



DICTIONARY. 



159 



the inward bark or rind of a tree, 
a book. 

tiberdliter, adv. in a manner befit- 
ting a (liberum virum) freeman or 
gentleman, liberally. 

liberdcus, a, U7n, part, of Ubero. 

libere, adv. freely. 

liberi, drum, m.pl. 2. children, (free- 
born, not slaves). 

liber 0, are, dvi, dtuvi, a. 1. to free, 
set at liberty. Liberum facio. 

liber tas, dtis. f. 3. (fr. liber) liber- 
ty. 

Libya, ae, f. 1. properly that part 
of Africa which borders on the 
Mediterranean, adjoining Egypt. 
The poets have extended the 
name to all Africa. 

licet, ibat, Hcuit, vel licitum est, imp. 
it is just or right, it is lawful or 
allowed. 

Licinius, i, m. 2. the name of an il- 
lustrious family at Rome. 

licet, conj. although. 

lienosus, a, um, adj. {lien, enis, 
spleen) splenetic, affected with 
spleen. 

ligTieus, a, um, adj. (fr. lignum) of 
wood, wooden. 

lignum, i, n. 2. wood. 

ligo, are, dvi, dtuvi, a. 1. to bind. 

Ligicria, ae, f. 1. a country in the 
west of Italy, along the Ligusti- 
cus Sinus or Gulf of Genoa. 

Ligus, uris, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
Liguria, a Ligurian. 

Ligustlcus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
to Liguria; Sinus vel Mare, now 
the Gulf of Genoa. 

Lihjbaeum, i. n. 2. a promontory of 
Sicily, looking towards Africa, 
with a town of the same name in 
its vicinity. 

limpidu.'i, a, um, adj. clear, limpid. 

limns, i, m. 2. mud, slime, clay. 

lingua, ae, f. 1. (fr. lingo, to lick) 
the tongue; speech, language. 

linuvi, i, n. (Aivov) flax, linen, 

liqutfdcio, fdcere, feci, facium, a. 3. 
( li.qutre fdcio) to melt, dissolve. 

liquidus, a, um. adj. {fr. liquor) li- 
(|uid, pure, clear. 

lis, litis, f. 3. strife, dispute, 

lUtcra, ae, /. 1. a letter, litteris man- 
dare, to commit to writing; lit- 



terae, drum, pi. a letter, epistle ; 
also, letters or learning, the arts, 
the sciences. 

litterdrius, a, um, adj. (fr. littera) 
relating to letters, literary, 

litus vel littus, oris, n. 3. {fr. >,i<rcrds, 
\iTrd;, smooth) a shore, a bank, 

loco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place, 
dei)osite -jVirgoducenda locatur, a 
girl is bestowed or given in mar- 
riage. JFr. locus. That is, in 
loco pono. 

locus, i, m.. 2. loci et Idea, oru^p,, pi. 
m. et n. a place. 

locusta, ae,f. 1. a locust. 

longe, adv. {fr. longus) a long way 
off, far, wide. 

longinquus, a, um, adj. (fr. longus) 
being a long way off, distant. 

longitudo, inis, f. 3, (fr. longus) 
length, 

longus, a, um-, adj. long, 

loquuturus vel -ciiturus, a, um, part. 
of loquor. 

loquiitus vel ciitus, a, um, part, of 
loquor. 

loquor, qui, quutus vel ciitus sum, d. 
3. {fr. Xoyos, a word) to speak, 

lorica, ae,f. 1, a breast-plate, coat 
of mail. Fr.lorum. As ancient- 
ly made of leather or leathern, 
thongs. 

lorum, i, n. 2, a thong, whip, 
scourge, 

lUbens vel libens, tis, part, of Ivhet, 
willing. 

lUbenlervellibenter, {ius, issime)adv. 
willingly. 

liiiet vel libet, tbat, uit vel itum est, 
impers. 2, it pleases, it is agree- 
able, 

lubid^^el libido, inis, f. 3. {fr. libet) - 
desire, inclination, lust. 

liibricus, a, um, adj. {for labricus fr. 
labor) slippery. 

luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. {fr. lux, lucis) 
to shine. 

Lucius, i, m. a praenomen among 
the Romans. 

Lucrttia, ae,f. 1. a celebrated Ro- 
man lady, daughter of Lucretius, 
and wife of Tarquinius CoUati- 
nus. 

Lucretius, i, m. 2. Sp. TricipitinuSj 
father of Lucretia. 



160 



DICTIONARY. 



luctus, US, m. 4. (/r. lugeo, luctum) 
mourning. 

L/ucuUus, ij m. 2. Lucius Licinius, a 
Roman, celebrated for his fond- 
ness of luxury, and for his mili- 
tary talents. 

lucus, i, m. 2. a grove. 

ludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. to play. 

liidus, i, m. 2. play, a game ; litte- 
rarius, a school ; gladiatorius, a 
school for gladiators ; ludimagis- 
ter, a school-master. 

liigeo^ gere, xi, ctum, n. 2. (fr. \v^o), 
to sob) to lament, bewail. 

lumen, Inis, n. 3. (for lucimen fr 
luceo) the light, a light, an eye. 

liiTia, ae, f. 1. (for lucina fr. luceo) 
the moon. 

lupa, ae,f. 1. a she- wolf. 

lupus, i, m. 3. {fr. \vkos) a wolf. 

luscinia, ae,f. 1. a nightingale. 

Lnisitania, ae,f. 1. a part of ancient 
Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
answering nearly to the modern 
kingdom of Portugal. 

lustro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expi- 
ate, purify, muster, review. 

lustrum, i, n. 2. the lair or den of 
wild beasts. 

lusus, us, m. 4. {fr. lUdo, lUsum) 
play, sport, a game. 

LAitatius, i, m. 2, C. Catulus, a Ro- 
man naval commander, famous 
fDr his victory over the Carthagi- 
nian fleet, off the Aegaies insu- 
lae. 

Lutetia, ae,f. 1. now Paris, a town 
of Belgic Gaul, on an island in 
the Sequana or Seine, which re- 
ceived its name, as some suppose, 
from the quantity of {lutum) clay 
in its neighbourhood. « 

latum, i, n. 2. clay, mire, dirt. 

lux, lucis, f 3. {fr. Ukt], dawn, or 
IcvKus, bright) light. 

luxuria, ae,f. 1. luxury. 

Jjycia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 
Minor, in the south. 

lAjcius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
Lycia, Lycian. 

Lycomedes, is,m. 3.akingof Scyros, 
an island in the Aegaean sea, a 
son of Apollo and Parthenope. 

Lycurgus, i, m. 2. a celebrated law- magnificently, 
giver of Sparta, son of king Eu- magnificentia, ae, f. 1. magnifi 
nomus. I cence. 



Lydia, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia 

Minor, south of Mysia. 
Lysander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 

general of Sparta. 
lAjsimachusA, m. 3. king of Thrace, 

one of the captains of Alexander 

the Great, 



M. 



Mdcedo, onis, m. 3. a Macedonian. 

Macedonia, ae,f. 1. now Roumelia, 
a country of Europe, lying to the 
west of Thrace, and north and 
north-east of Thessaly. 

Mdcedonicus, a, um, adj. Macedo- 
nian. 

mdcies, iei, f. 5. {fr. maceo, to be 
lean) leanness. 

Macrohii, orum, m. pi. 2. {fr. ixaKpds, 
long, and Pios, life) a people of 
Aethiopia, celebrated for their 
longevity. 

mactdtus, a, um, part, of macto. 

macto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sacri- 
fice, immolate, slay. 

macula,, ae,f. 1. a spot, stain. 

mdcuiosus, a, um, adj. spotted, stain- 
ed. 

madeo, ere, ui, n. 2. (MaJow) to be 
wet or moist. 

Maenades, um, f pi. 3. (MaivaJej) 
priestesses of Bacchus. 

Maeotis, idis, f 3. Palus, a large 
lake or part of the sea, at the 
north of the Euxine, now called 
the sea of Azoph or Zahack. 

mdgis, adv. more, rather. 

mdgister, tri, m. 2. a master, teach- 
er ; magister equitum, a general 
of horse, or the dictator's lieute- 
nant. 

magistra, ae, f. 1. a mistress, in- 
structress. 

magistrdtus, us, m. 3. {fr. magister) 
a magistracy, magistrate. 

Magnesia, ae,f. 1. the name of two 
cities in Lydia, of which one was 
situate in the south near the 
Maeander, and the other in the 
northern part, near the junction 
of the Hermus and Hyllus. 

magmfice, adv. -centius, -centissime. 



DICTIONARY, 



161 



magntficus, c, um, adj. -ceniior, 
-centissimus, magnificent. 

viagnitiido, inis, f. 3. (fr. vmgnus) 
greatness, magnitude. 

mxignopere, adv. i. e. magno opere, 
with much toil, greatly, very 
much. 

magnus, a, um, adj. {comp. major, 
sup. maxivms) great. j 

majores, um, m. pi. 3. forefathers, 
ancestors. 

male, adv. {comp. pejus, sup. pessi- 
me) badly. 

mdledico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {male 
el dico) to speak ill of, rail at, re- 
vile, I 

mdledicus, a, um, adj. -centior, cen-' 
tissim.us, slanderous, reproachful, | 
abusive. I 

mdleficus, a, um, adj. -centior, -cen-^ 
tissbnus, {fr. malcfacio) hurtful, 
mischievous, wicked. 

mdlo. molle,malui, irr. n. {fr. magis[ 
and volo) to be more willing,wish, 
rather, prefer. 

malum, i, n. 2. {fr. fii]\ov, Dor- iia'Xov) 
an apple. 

mdluvi, i, n. 2. evil, misfortune, ca- 
lamity. 

mdlus, a, um, adj. {pejor, pessimus) 
bad, wicked ; viali, bad men. 

Mancimts, i, m. 2. a Roman general, 
who was defeated by the Numan- 
tines, B. C 138. 

mandu, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to com- 
mit to one's charge, enjoin, or- 
der. 

vuindo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. to chew, 
eat. 

mane, n. ind. the morning ; adv. in 
the morning. 

mdneo, trc, si, sum, n. 2. to remain. 

mdncs, ium, m. pi the ghosts of 
the dead, the shades. Also, the 
abode of the shades. 

Manlius, r, m. 2. a name among the 
Romans. 

mdno. dri, dvi, dlum, n. 1. to flow. 

m/insuefdcio, facer c, feci, faclum, a 
3. {mansuetum facio) to make 
tame. 

mansuef actus, a, um, part, of man- 
suejio. 

mansuffio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. to 
be made tame. 

Mantinea, ac, /. 1. a town of Arca- 



dia, in the Peloponnesus, near 
the borders of Argolis. 

mdnHbiae, drum,f. pi. 1. spoils ta- 
ken {viann) by the hand in war 
or elsewhere, booty. 

mxinumissus, a, um, part, of manu^ 
mitto. 

manumitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 
3. {manus et mitto) to set at liber- 
ty, free. 

manus, its, f. 4. a hand, the trunk 
of an elephant. 

mdpdle, is, n. 3. a hut (of a rustic 
Numidian). An African -word. 

Marcellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
an illustrious Roman family. 

Marcius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

Marcus, i, m. 2 a praenomen among 
the Romans. 

mare, is, n. 3. the sea. 

margdrita, ae, f. 1. {fr. ftapyapiTrii) 
a pearl. 

Mariandyni, drum, m. ph 2. a peo- 
ple of Bithynia, to the east of the 
river Sangarius. 

mdrinus, a, uvi, adj. pertaining to 
{mare) the sea, marine ; aquila 
marina, the saker. 

mdritimus, a, um, adj. {fr. mare) of 
the sea^ maritime ; regio, a coun- 
try bordering on the sea; mari- 
timae copiae, naval forces. 

mdritus, i, m. 2. {fr. mas) a hus- 
band. 

Marius, i, m. 2. C. a native of Ar- 
pinum, who, from a peasant, be- 
came one of the most powerful 
and cruel tyrants that Rome ever 
beheld during her consular go- 
vernment. 

marmnr. oris, m. 3. {fr. ndpiiapov) 
marble. 

Mars, lis, m. 3. the god of war, son 
of Jupiter and Juno. 

Marsi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people set- 
tled near the lake Fucinus in 
Italy. 

Marsyas, ae, m. 1. a celebrated mu- 
sician of Celaenae in Phrygia. 

mascaius, a, um, adj. {fr. mas) male, 
manly. 

mas, maris, m. 3. the male of any 
creature. 

massa, ac,f. 1. a lump, ma.ss. 

Massicus, a, um, adj. of Massicus, 



162 



DICTIONARY. 



a mountain of Campania, near 
Sinuessa, famous for its wine. 

Massilia, ae,f. 1. a maritime town 
of Gallia Narbone»sis, now Mar- 
seilles. 

mater, tris, f. 3. {jifirrip, Dor. ixarrip) 
a mother. 

materia, ae, f. 1. matter, stuff, ma- 
terial', timber. 

wMrimonium, i, «. 2. (/r. mater, 
matris) marriage, matrimony. 

mdtrona, ae,f. 1. (fr. mater) a mar- 
ried woman, matron. 

Matrona, ae,f. 1. a river of Gaul, 
now the Marne. 

mdturesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (md- 
turusfio) to ripen, grow ripe. 

mdturus, a, urn, adj. ripe, mature 

mdtutinus, a, urn., adj. belonging to 
the morning, early. Fr. Matuta, 
the goddess of morning. 

Mauritania, ae, f. 1. a country in 
the west of Africa, on the Medi 
terranean, now the empire of 
Fez and Morocco. 

Mausolus, i, m. 2. a king of Caria. 

maxilla, ae, f. 1. the jaw-bone, 
jaw. 

maxime, adv. {comp. magis) most of 
all, especially. 

maximus, a, um, adj. ( sv/p. of mag- 
nus) greatest. 

Maximus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
several Romans. 

mecuvi, (i. e. cwm me) with me. 

medeor, eri, (with a dat.) d. 2. to 
cure. heal. 

medicdlus, a, um, part, of medico. 

medicina, ae,f. 1. (fr.medicus) me- 
dicine. 

medico, are, dvi, dtum,a. 1. (fr. me- 
deor) to heal, cure ; corpus, to 
embalm. 

medicus, i, m. 2. {fr. mtdlco) a phy- 
sician. 

mediocris, e, adj. (fr. medius) mid- 
dling, moderate. 

Mediomatrici, drum, m. pi. 2. a peo- 
ple of Gallia Belgica, on the Mo- 
sella or Moselle. 

meditdtus, a, um, part, of meditor. 

mcditor, dri, dtus sum, a. \.io give 
attention to, meditate, practise. 

medius, a, um, adj. middle ; medium, 
the middle; in medium agmen. 
into the midst of the band ; per 



medios ignes, through the midst 
of the fire. 

Medusa, ae, f. 1. (MiSovcra) one of 
the three Gorgons. 

Megdra, ae, f I. et Me gar a orum, 
n. pi. 2. the capital of Megaris. 

Megdrenses, ium, m. pi. 3. the inha- 
bitants of Megara. 

Megaris, idis, f 3. a small country 
of Achaia. 

Megasthenes, is, m. 3. a Greek his- 
torian in the age of Seleucus Ni- 
canor. 

mehercule, adv. hy Hercules, in very 
truth. 

mel, mellis, n. 3. (fr. ^eXi) honey. 

Meledger, et -grus, gri, m. 2. a ce- 
lebrated hero, son of Oeneus, 
king of Aetolia. 

melior, us, adj. (comp. of bonus) bet- 
ter. 

membrdna, ae, f. 1. a thin skin, 
parchment. 

membrum, i, n. 2. a member, limb. 

memini, def. pret. I remember. 

memor, oris, adj. mindful. 

memordbilis, e, adj. memorable. 

memoria, ae, f. 1. memory. The 
power by which (memores sumus) 
we remember. 

memoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr. 
memor) to mention,relate,remem- 
ber. 

Memphis, is et idos, f. 3. a famous 
city of Egypt, on the left side of 
the Nile, about 15 miles above 
the apex of the Delta. 

menddcium, i, n. 2- (fr. mendax,) a 
lie, falsehood. 

mendax, dcis, adj. (for merdax fr. 
mentior) lying, false. 

Meneldus, i, m. 2. a king of Sparta, 
brother to Agamemnon, and hus- 
band of Helen. 

Menenius, i, m. 2. Agrippa, a cele- 
brated Roman. , 

mens, tis,f. 3. the mind. 

mensis, is, m. 3. a month,* 

vie7itio, 6nis,f. 3. mention, a making 
mention of. 

mentior, Iri, itus sum, d. 4. to lie, 
speak falsely, 

mercdtor, oris, m. 3. {fr. mercor) a 
merchant. 

mercdtiira, ae, f. 1. (fr. mercator} 
the trade of a merchant. 



DICTIONARY. 



163 



mercdtus, -us, m. 4. (/r, mercor') a Midas, ae, m. 1. a king of Phrygia, 



buying and selling, market, fair 
merces. edis,f. 3. hire, wages, price, 

profit. 
mercor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to trade. 
Mercurius, i, m. 3. the son of Jupi- 
ter and Maia, daughter of Atlas 



famous for his wealth and his 
avarice. 

migro, are, Svi, dlum,7i. 1. to change 
one's habitation, remove, wan- 
der. 

miles. His, c. 3, a soldier. 



He was the messenger of the Milesius, a, um, adj. of Miletus, 

Milesian. 

Miletus, i, f. 2. a celebrated town 
of Asia Minor, the capital of all 
Ionia. 

militia, ae,f. 1. the service (militis) 
of a soldier, warfare. 

mllito, are, dvi, dium, n.\. to per- 
form the duties {militis) of a sol- 
dier, serve in war. 

mille, card. num. n. 3. {ind.in sing.) 
millia, um, pi. a thousand; duo 
millia, two thousand; mille, ad,j. 
ind. 

2. a mile-stone, a 



gods, and of Jupiter in particular 
His name is derived /r. wcra;, be- 
cause he was the god of mer- 
chandise among the Latins. 

mereo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. ) . j 

mereor, ere, itus sum, d. 2.) 
serve, merit. 

Tnergo, gere. si, sum, a. 3. to put un- 
der water, dip, immerse. 

merididnus, a, iim, adj. {fr. meri- 
dies) of mid-day, taking place at 
noon, southern. 

meridies, iei, m. 5. (for medidies, 
medius dies) mid-day, noon. 

merito.adv. deservedly, wiih reason. 

meriiuvi, i, n. 2. (/?•. mereo, meritum) 
desert, merit. 

merula, ae,f. 1. a blackbird. 

merx, cis, f. 3. merchandise. 

messis, is, f. 3. (/r. meto, messum) 
harvest. 

mtta, ae, /. 1. a goal, bound, limit. 

Melagonium, i, n. 2. a promontory 
on the coast of Mauritania in 
Africa. 

vietallnm, i, n. 2. (jjeraWov) metal, 
a vein of metal, mine. 

Metellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
a Roman family belonging to the 
gens Caccilia. 

melhodus, i, f. 2. ijiiOocoC) a me 
thod. 

mttior, tiri, nsus sum, d. 4. to mea 
sure. 

Melius, i, m. 2. Pv/[feiius, a dictator 
of Alba, in the reign of Tullus 
Hostilius. 

meto, ttre, ssui, ssum, a. 3. to mow 
reap. 

meluo, u6re, ui, a. 3. (/r. mclus) to 
fear, be afraid. 

mctus, its, VI. 4. fear. 

m^us, a, um, adj. my, mine. 

Micipsa, ae, m. 1. a king of Numi 
dia, son of Massinissa. 

m'lco, are, ui, n. 1. to move quickly 
sparkle. 

PART 1. P 



millidrium, 
mile. 

milvius, i, m. 2. a kite. 

minae, drum,/, pi. 1. threats. 

minime, adv. {fr. pdruvi) least of 
ill, at least, at all events. 

minivius, a, um, adj. {pos. parvus, 
comp. minor) the least. 

minister, tri, m. 2. a servant. 

ministerium, i, n. 2. {fr. minister^ 
service. 

minium, i, n. 2. red lead. 

minor, dri, dtus sum, d.\.\o threat- 
en. 

minor, oris, adj. comp. of parvus, 
less. 

Minos, gis, m. 3. a king of Crete. 

minuo, ucre, ui, iitum, a. 3. to les- 
sen, diminish. 

minus, adv. comp. ofparum, less. 

mirdbilis, e, adj. {fr. miror) won- 
derful. 

mirdcHlum, i, n. 2. {fr. mlror) a 
miracle. 

mlrdtus, a, um, part. (Jf mlror. 

mire, adv. (/r. 7/iir'U.s) wonderfully. 

mlror, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to wonder, 
be astonished at, admire. 

mlrus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 

misceo, scire, scui, stum et xtum, a. 
2. to mix. 

miser, era, erum, adj. miserable, 
wretched. 

miserdtus, a, um, part, of miseror. 



164 



DICTIONARY. 



misereo, ere, ui, Uum, n. 2 ; miser eor 
ereri, ertus sum, d. 2. to pity. 

miseret, emit, ertum est, impers. it 
pitieth. 

miserlcon-dia, ae, f. 1. compassion, 

mlseror, an, dtus sum, a. 1. to pity- 
That is, to be {miser) wretched 
on account of another. 

mistus et mixtus, a, um, part, of 
misr.eo. 

Mithriddtes, is, m. 3. the name of 
several kings of Pontus, of whom 
the VII. surnamed Eupator, and 
The Great, was most distinguish 
ed. 

Mithridattcus, a, um, adj. pertain- 
ing to Mithridates. 

mltis, e, adj. soft, gentle, meek 

mitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 3. to 
send, throw, produce. 

modcrdtio, onis, f. 3. moderation 
discretion. 

modicus, a, um, adj. {fr. modus) 
moderate. 

modius, i, m- 2. a bushel. 

modo, adv. even now, now, only; 
conj. (equivalent to dummodo) 
provided that. 

modus, i, m. 2. a measure, limit 
method : way, manner : nullo mo- 
do, by no means. 

moenia, um, oi. pi. 3. the walls of a 
city. 

Moenus, i, m. 2. now Mayne, a river 
of Germany, which falls into the 
Rhine near Mentz. 

moereo, et maereo, ere, n. 2. to grieve, 
mourn. * 

Moeris, is, m. 3. a lake in Egypt. 

moldris, e, adj. (fr. molo, to grind) 
of a mill; dens, a jaw-tooth, 
grinder. 

moles, is, f. 3. a mass, heap, bur- 
den. 

molestus, a, um, adj. {fr. moles, or 
jx6\oi, toil) troublesome, oppres- 
sive. 

mollio, ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to soften, 
mitigate, 

mollis, e, adj. soft. 

mollltus, a, um, part, of mollio. 

Molossi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people of 
Epirus. I 

moneo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to put in' 
mind, advise, admonish, I 



monumentum, et monimentum, i, n. 
2. {fr. moneo) a monument, me- 
morial. 

mons, tis, m. 3. a mountain. 

monstro, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to 
point out, show. 

mora, ae,f. 1. delay, hinderance. 

morbus, i, m. 2. a disease ; conta- 
giosus, an infectious disease ; 
mo7-ho exstingui, to die a natural 
death. 

mordax, dcis, adj. (fr. mordeo) bi- 
ting, given to bite, 

mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum, 
«. 2, to bite. 

morigerus, a, um, adj. (morem ge- 
reus) obedient, compliant, obse- 
quious. 

morior, mori et moriri, mortuus sum, 
d. 3. et 4. to die, 

moror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1, {fr. mo^ 
ra) to delay ; nihil moror, I care 
not, 

morosus, a, um, adj. difficult to 
please, peevish, morose. 

mors, tis,f. 3. death. 

morsiis, us, m. 4. {fr. mordeo, mor- 
sum) a bile. 

mortdlis, e, adj. {fr. mors) mortal. 

mos, moris, m. 3, a manner, cus- 
tom ; mores, manners, character, 
morals. 

Mossyni, orum, m. pi. 2. a people 
of Asia. 

molus, us, m. 4. {fr. moveo, motum) 
a motion ; terrae, an earthquake. 

moveo, viovere, movi, motum, a. 2. 
to move. 

mox, adv. by and by, presently, 
soon. 

Mucius, i, m. 2. C. Scaevola, a Ro- 
man, fimous for his courage and 
intrepidity. 

muliebris, e, adj. {fr. mulier) femi- 
nine, womanly. 

muHcr, eris,f. 3. a woman, 

muUitudo, viiis, f. 3, {fr. multus) a 
multitude. 

multo et mulcto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. to fine, punish. 

multo, ) adv. much, by far, consi- 

multum, S derably. 

multus,a.uvi, adj. much, many ; mwZ- 
tum auri, much gold. 

Mummius, i, m. 2. L. a Roman con- 
sul, who destroyed Corinth, and. 



DICTIONARY. 



165 



was surnamed Achaicus from his 

victories, 
mundus, i, m. 2. the world. 
mumendus, a, urn, part, of munio. 
munio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. {fr. moe- 

nia) to fortiiy, defend ; viam mio- 

nire, to prepare a way. 
rnnnUus, a, um, part, of munio. 
munus, eris, n. 3. a gift; an office, 

duty. 
murdlis, e, adj. {fr. murus) pertain- 
ing to a wall; corona, a mural 

crown. 
murus, i, m. 2. a wall. 
mtis, muris, m. 3. {jivs) a mouse. 
musa, ae,f.l. (jxoijcra) a muse ; hence, 

a song. 
musca, ae, /. 1 . a fly. 
musculus, i, m. 2. (Jr. mus) a little 

mouse. 

musica, ae,} r ^ r -\ 

mt^5^ce;c5;j/-l-0'°^'^"^")music. 

miisicus, a, um, adj. (novaiKSs) skill- 
ed in music. 

muto, are, dvi, dium, a. 1. to chsinge; 
exchange. 

mutus, a, um, adj. dumb. 

Mygdonia, ae,f. 1. a small province 
of Macedonia near Thrace. 

Myndus, i, f. 2. a maritime town 
of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
nassus. 

Myrmecides, is, m. 3. an artist of 
Miletus. 

Mysia, ae, f. 1. a country in the 
north-western angle of Asia Mi- 
nor. 

N. 

Nobis, idis, m. 3. a celebrated ty- 
rant of Lacedaemon. 

Tiae, adv. certainly, verily. 

naclus, a, um, part, of nanciscor ; 
occasionem, at a favourable oppor- 
tunity 

nam, conj. for, but; (it is often em- 
phatically subjoined to interroga- 
lives as, quaejiam, quidnam). 

nanciscor, nancisci, naclus sum, d. 
3. to light on, get, obtain ; occasio- 
nem, to find an opportunity. 

Narboncnsis, e, adj. pertaining to 
Norhn, now Narbonne, a town of 
Gaul : Gallia, one of the four di- 



visions of ancient Gaul, of which 
Narbo was the capital. 

ndres, ium, ibus, f. pi. 3. the nos- 
trils. 

narro, are, dvi, dtum, «. 1. to make 
mention of, relate, say. 

nascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. to be 
born. 

Ndsica, ae, m. 1. the surname of P. 
Cornelius Scipio, whomthesenate 
delegated, as being the most re- 
markable of their body for purity 
of manners, to conduct the statue 
of Cybele to Rome. 

ndsus, i, m. 2. the nose. 

naidlis, e, adj. pertaining to one's 
(natum) birth; dies Tiatalis, a 
birth-day. 

ndto, dre, dvi, dtum, {freq. fr. no, 
natum) to swim. 

natu, abl. sing. m. 4. (the other 
cases wanting) by birth ; n^tu 
minor, the younger ; natu mini- 
mus, the youngest; natu major, 
the elder; natu maximus, the 
oldest. 

ndtura, ae,f. 1. nature. 

ndtiirdlis, e, adj. natural, 

natus, a, um, part, of iiascor ; sexa- 
ginta annos 'natus, sixty years old. 

ndtus, i, m. 2. a son. 
lufrd^^ium, i, n. 2. (for Tiavifrdgi- 
um, fr. navis and frango) a ship- 
wreck. 

nauta, ae, m. 1. {vavrr^i) a sailor. 

ndvdlis, e, adj. belonging to {naves) 
ships, naval ; novate proelium, a 
sea-fight. 

ndvigdbilis, e, {fr. ndvigo) naviga- 
ble. 

ndvigdtio, 6nis,f. 3. navigation. 

nd.viginm, i, n. 2. a boat, ship, in 
which one {ndvigat) sails. 

ndvigo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (navem 
ago) to steer or row a ship, navi- 
gate. 

ndvis, is, f. 3. {vavi) a ship. 

Tie, conj. not, that not, lest, that not ; 
ne...quidem, not. ..even. 

Tie, an enclitic, asks a question, and 
is always subjoined to another 
word, as Twsne, satisne, nonn^, 
scisne. 

nee, conj. v. ncque. 

nicdtus, a, um, part, of ncco. 



166 



DICTIONARY. 



necessarius, a, um, adj. necessary ; 

m. 2. a friend. 
necessitas, atis, f. 3, (/r. necesse) 

necessity, fate, 
neco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {vtKut, obs.) 

to kill. 
nefas, n. ind. what is not lawful 

injustice, crime. 
negdtus, a, um, part, of nego. 
neglectus, a, um, part, of negligo. 
negligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (for 

necligo, Jr. nee and lego) to dis 

regard, neglect. 
nego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {neetago) 

to refuse, say no, deny. 
negotium, i, n. 2. business, thing; 

facili negotio. with little trouble. 
nemo, inis, c. 2. {ne et homo) no one ; 

nevio non, every one ; nemo mor- 

talium, no man. 
nemus, oris, n. 3. a forest, grove. 
nepos, Otis, m. 3. a grandson. 
Neptunus, i, m. 2. (in Greek Iloaei 

ddv) son of Saturn, and brother of 

Jupiter, was the god of the sea. 
nequdquam, adv. by no means. 
neque, conj. and not ; 

neither.. .nor. 
nequeo, Ire, Ivi, Itum, irr. n. {ne et 
* queo) I cannot, not to be able, 
nequis, qua, quod et quid, pro. lest 

any one, that no one. 
Nereis, idis, f. 3. a Nereid ; Nerei- 
des, nymphs of the sea, daughters 

of Nereus and Doris 
nescio, ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. (ne et scid) 

to be ignorant of 
Nestus vel Nessus, i, m. 2. now 

Nesto, a small river of Thrace. 
neuter, tra, trum, adj. {ne uter) nei- 
ther of the two, neither. 
Niconiedes, is, m. 3. the name of 

several kings of Bithynia. 
nldifico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. {nidus 

et facio) to build a nest. 
nidus, i, m. 2. a nest. 
niger, gra, grum, adj. black 



\nimius, a, um, adj. {fr. nimis) too 
much, too great, excessive. 

Niobe, es,f. La daughter of Tanta- 
lus, king of Lydia, and wife of 
Amphion, king of Thebes, 

nisi, conj. if not, unless. 

Nis2cs, i, m. 2. a king of Megaris, 
father of Scylla. 

nitidus, a, tim, adj. {fr. nlteo) shi- 
ning, bright. 

Nitocris, idis, f. 3. a famous queen 
of Babylon. 

nitor, oris, m. 3. {fr. niteo) bright- 
ness, splendour. 

nltor, nlti, nlsus et nixus sum, d. 3. 
to strive. 

nix, nivis,f. 3. snow. 

no, ndre, ndvi, ndtum, n. 1. {vto), vw) 
to swim. 

nobilis, e, adj. {fr. nosco) known, 
famous, noble. 

nobilitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. nobilis) dis- 
tinction ; distinction of birth, no- 
bility, greatness of soul. 

nobilitdtus, a, um, part, of nobilito. 

nobilito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
{nobilem) illustrious, ennoble, 

noceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to hurt, in- 
jure. 

noctu, abl. by night, in. the night 
time. 

nocturnus, a, um, adj. nightly. 

nodus, i, m. 2. a knot, 

Nola, ae, /, 1. an ancient town of 
Campania. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to be un- 
willing, 

Nomddes, iim, m. pi. 3. a name given 
to those pastoral nations who 
had no fixed habitation ; it was 
particularly given by the Greeks 
to the Numidians, a people of Af- 
rica, styled by the Romans Nu- 
midae. 

nomen, inis, n. 3. (for novimen, fr. 
novi) a name. 

non, adv. not ; non nihil, something. 



quod, I have no reason ; nonnihil, 

something. 
nihilominus, adv. nevertheless, 
Nilus, i, m. 2, a famous river of 

.Egypt, 

nimis, r J . r 

adv. too much, 



nihil, n. ind. nothing ; nihil habeo -nonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 



the ninetieth. 
nonne, adv. (instead of num non) 

not 7 (as a question.) 
nonnihil, n. ind. something. 
nonnisi, adv. only. 
nonnAillus, a, um, adj. some. 
nonus, a, um, ord. num, adj. ninth. 



DICTIONARY. 



167 



nosco, noscere, novi, notum, a. 3. to 
know, 

noster, tra, trum, pro. (fr. nos) our. 

nota, ae, f. I. a. mark ; corpus notis 
distinguere, to tattoo one's self. 

noto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r, nota) 
to mark, remark. 

notus, a, um, part, of nosco. 

novem, ind. card. nti?n. adj. nine. 

novus, a, um, adj. new. 

n^z, noctis, f. 3. {w^, wKToi) night ; 
de node, by night. 

nozius, a, um, adj. {fr. noza, hurt) 
hurtful, injurious. 

nubes, is,f. 3. (fr. nicbo) a cloud. 

niibo, niibere, nupsi ct nuptus sum, 
nuptum, a. et n. p. 3. to cover, 
marry, be married, (properly ap- 
plied only to the woman, who 
covered her head with a veil 
when presented to her husband 
at the marriage rite.) 

nuddtus, a, um, part, of niido. 

nudo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
naked, uncover, expose. 

nudus, a, um, adj. naked, bare. 

nullus, a, um, gen. ins, dat. i, adj. 



nunquam, adv. (ne unquam) never; 
nunquam non, always. 

nuntio et nuncio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. to announce, declare, relate. 

nuptiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (/r. nitbo^ 
nuptum) the marriage rite, nup- 
tials. 

nusquam, adv. (ne usquam) no- 
where. 

nutriendus, a, um,part. oinutrio. 

nutrio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. to nour- 
ish, nurture. 

nutritus, a, um, part, oinutrio. 

nutriz, ids, f. 3. (fr. nutrio) a 
nurse. 

nympJia, ae,f. 1. a nymph. 



O, int. CQ) O ! oh ! 
ob, pr. c. ace. for, on account of. 
obdormisco, iscere, ivi, n. inc. 3. (6b 
et dormisco) to fall asleep, sleep. 
obduco, cere, zi, ctum, a. 3. (ob et 

duco) to draw over. 
obduclus. a, um, part, of obduco. 
obedio, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. (ob et au- 
(ne et nulltis) no one, not any,! dio) to give ear to, obey, 
none, lobeo, ire, ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. (ob 

num, adv. whether or no? whe-j e^ c<?) to go to, go through, trans- 
ther. act, perform; to meet death, die. 

Numa, ae, m. 1. Pompilius, a na.-'oberro, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1, (ob et 
tive of Cures, a village of the! erro) to wander up and down, 
Sabines, and the successor of stray about, 
Romulus. \obesus, a, um, adj. fat, plump, 

Numantia,ae,f. 1. a town of Spain oJ;dceo, ire, ui, n. 2. (oh etjdceo) to 
near the sources of the river Du- lie in the way or before, 
rius. wbjcctiis, a, um, part, of objicio. 

NuT/iantini, arum, m. pi. 2. the in- objicio, icere, eci, ecttim, a. 3. (ob et 
habitants of Numantia. jdcio) to cast against, object 

numen, inis, n. 3. a deity, god. against, object, 

nUmero, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr. obligo, dre, dvi, dtu7n, a. 1. (ob et 
nUmerus) to count, number, enu- Hgo) to bind about, bind, oblige, 
merate. oblique, adv. (fr. obliquuS) obliquely, 

numcrus, i, m. 2. a number. indirectly, 

Numidac, drum, m. pi. 1, (No//aa$) obliquus, a, um,adj. oblique, crook- 

the Numidians, | ed, indirect, 

Nicmidia,ae,f. 1. a country of Afri-o6Ziiw5, a, um, part, of obliviscor. 
ca, which now forms ihe king-\obliviscor, ivisci, itus sum, d. 3. to 
dom of Algiers. forget. 

Numitor, oris, m. 3. a son of FToc2iS,\obn^zius, a, um, adj. liable, subject, 



king of Alba, and grandfather of 
Romulus and Remu.^. 

nuTic. adv. now. 

nwncupo, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. (no- 
men et capio) to name, call. 

p2 



obnoxious. 
obruo, uerc, ui, utum, a. 3, (ob et 

ruo) to overwhelm, cover over, 

bury, 
ohrulus, a, um, part, of oibruo. 



168 



DICTIONARY. 



obscurdturuSj a, um, part, of obscu- 
ro- 

ohscuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
darken, obscure. 

obscitrus, a, um, adj. dark, obscure, 

obsecro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pray 
earnestly, supplicate, conjure. 

obsequor, sequi, sequutus vel secutus 
sum, d. 3. {ob et sequor) to follow 
in the way of, comply with, serve, 
obey. 

observdtus, a, um, part, of observo. 

observe, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et 
servo) to watch, observe, attend 
to. 

obses, idis, c. 3. a hostage. 

obsessus, a, um, part, of obsideo. 

obsldeo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. 
(pb et sedeo) to sit in front of, be- 
set, besiege. 

obsidio, 6ms, f. 3. a siege. 

obsidiondlis, e, adj. pertaining to a 
siege ; corona, a crown given to 
him who had raised a siege. 

ebstetrix, icis.f. 3. a midwife. 

obtestdtus, a, um, part, of obtestor. 

obtestor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {ob et 
tester) to call solemnly to witness, 
conjure, supplicate. 

obtineo, inere, inui, entum. a. 2. {ob 
et teneo) to hold, procure, obtain 
obtinet sententia, the opinion pre- 
vails. 

obviam, adv. {ob viam) in the way 
fio, I meet; ire, to go to meet. 

occdsio, onis, f. 3. {fr. occido, occd 
sum) an opportunity. 

occdsus, us, m. 4. {fr. occido, occd- 
sum) the setting of the heavenly 
bodies, sunset, evening. 

occidens. tis, {scil. sol) the w-est, 
evening. Where the sun {occidit) 
falls or sets. 

occidendus, a, um, part, of occido 

occidentdlis, e, adj. pertaining to {oc- 
cidens) the west, western. 

occido, cidere, cldi, cdsum, n. 3. {ob 
et cddo) to fall, set. 

occido, cidere, cldi, clsum, a. 3. {ob 
et caedo) to slay, kill. 

occlsurus, a, um, part, of occido. 

occlsus, a, um, part, of occido. 

occoecdius, a, um, part, of occoeco. 

occoeco et -caeca, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 
1. {ob et coeco) to blind, dazzle. 

occulta, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 



fr. occula, occultum) to hide, con- 
ceal ; occultari, to hide one's 
self 

occUpa, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et 
cdpio) to seize, occupy. 

occurro, currere, curri et cucurri, 
cursum, n. 3. {ob et curro) to run 
up to, meet. 

Ocednus, i, m. 2. ('Qxeai/os) the 
ocean or main sea; a powerful 
deity of the sea, son of Coelus 
and Terra. 

Octavidnus, i, m. 2. or Octavius 
Caesar, the nephew of Caesar 
the dictator. After the battle of 
Actium,the senate bestowed upon 
him the title of Augustus. 

octdvus, a, um, ord. num. adj. {fr. 
ado) eighth, 

octingenti,ae,a, card. num. adj. eight 
hundred. 

acta, card. num. adj. ind. (o/crw) 
eight. 

actoginta, card. num. adj. ind. eigh- 
ty. 

oculus, i, m. 2. an eye. 

odi, odisse, def. pret. to hate, abhor. 



odium, i, n. 2. (fr. odi) hatred. 
odor, oris, m. 3. a, 
perfumes. 



smell; adores, 



odor or, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {fr. odor, 
bdoris) to smell. 

Oeneus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a king 
of Calydon in Aetolia, and father 
of Meieager. 

Oenomaus, i. m. 2. the name of one 
of the gladiators, who excited the 
war of the slaves. 

Oeta, ae, m. 1. new Banina, a cele- 
brated mountain betweenThessa- 
ly and Phocis. 

offero, offerre, obtxdi, obldtum, irr. 
a. {ob etfero) to bring before, of- 
fer. 

afficlna, ae,f. 1. a workshop. 

officio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {ob el 
facia) to do against, hinder, in- 
jure. 

officium, i, n. 2. a duty, kindness, 
service, act of courtesy. For offa- 
cium. What we do {ob) in ser- 
vice to another. 

olea, ae,f. 1. (tXaro) an olive-tree. 

oleum, i, n. 2. (tXatov) oil, 

olim, adv. in time past, formerly, 
some time, at one time. 



DICTIONARY. 



169 



olor, oris, m. 3. a swan, 

olus, Iris, n. 3. {fr. oleo, to grow) 
herbs. 

Olympia, ae,f. 1. a town of Elis in 
Peloponnesus. 

Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olympic. 

Olympus, i, m. 2. a famous moun- 
lam on the coast of Thessaly, 
north of the mouth of the Pe- 
neus. 

omen, inis, n. 3. an augury, omen. 

omnis, e, adj. all, every ; omnes, all ; 
omnia, all things. 

onus, iris, n. 3. a burden, load. 

onustus, a, um, adj. {^fr. onus) laden, 
filled with. 

opera, ae, f. 1. {fr. opus) work, la- 
bour, pains ; dare operant alicui, 
to attend to, give one's self up to 
a thing. 

bperor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1 . {fr. opus) 
to work. 

opes, um, f. pi. 3. means, resources, 
wealth ; in sing, {ops, nom. and 
opi, dat. not used, opi5,^f?i. opevi, 
ace. ope, abl.) aid, assistance. 

opimus, a, um, adj. fat, fruitful. 

opinio, onis, f. 3. opinion ; praeter 
opinionem, contrary to expecta- 
tion. 

oportet, tre, uit, impers. it is expe- 
dient or fit, it behooves, it ought, 
it must needs be. 

oppidum, i, n. 2. a walled town, 
town. 

oppono, onire, osui, ostium, a. 3. {ob 
ct pono) to place against, oppose. 

opporliinus, a, um, adj. seasonable, 
convenient, favourable. 

opposilus, a, um,, part, of oppono, 
placed against, opposite. 

opprimo, imcre, essi, essum, a. 3. {ob 
ct premo) to oppress, overpower, 
overcome. 

oppiigndtus, a, um, part, of oppugno. 

oppiigno, are, O.vi, dtum, a. 1. {ob et 
pugno) to fight against, attack, 
SLssault. 

ops. V. apes. 

optimc, adv. {sup. of bene) very well, 
best. j 

oplimus. a, um, adj. {sup. of bonuS)^ 
best. Fr. opto. That is, most 
desirable. | 

optio, 6nis,f. 3. liberty (<>pton(ii) of 
choosing, choice, option. j 



opto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish, 
choose. 

opidcntus, a, um, adj. (fr. opes) rich, 
opulent, 

opus, eris, n. 3. a work, labour. 

6ra, ae,f. 1. a border, coast, shore. 

ordcxdum, i, n. 2. {fr. oro) the re- 
sponse of an inspired priest or 
priestess of a temple, an oracle. 

ordtio, 6nis,f 3. (fr. oro) a speech, 
discourse. 

orator, oris, m. 3. {fr. oro, ordtum) 
a speaker, orator, ambassador. 

orbdins, a, um, part, of orbo. 

orbis, is, m. 3. a circle, orb ; in orbem 
jactre, to tie round in a circle ; 
orbis terrarum, the world. 

orbo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. l.to deprive 
or bereave of, 

Orcns, i, 'ni. 2. the god of the infer- 
nal regions, Pluto ; the infernal 
regions, the abode of the dead. 

ordxno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. I. to place 
{ordine) in order, arrange, 

ordo, inis, m. 3. order, method, ar- 
rangement. 

Oriens, tis, m. 3. the east. The part 
where the sun {oritur) rises. 

orientdlis, e, adj. pertaining to ( Ori^ 
ens) the east, eastern. 

origo, inis, f 3. {fr. orior) begin- 
ning, origin ; originem ducere, to 
derive one's origin. 

orior, eris, itur, oriri, ortus sum, d. 
3. to rise, spring, begin. 

orndmentum, i, n. 2. {Jr. orno) an 
ornament. 

oriidtxLS, a, um, part, oi orno. 

orndlus, us, m. 3. {fr. orno, orndtum) 
ornament, dress. 

orno, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to adorn. 

oro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to utter; to 
utter a request, beg, pray. 

Orodes, is, m. 3. a prince of Parthia. 

Orpheus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a great 
poet and musician, son of Oeager 
and the muse Calliope. 

ortus, a, um, part, of orior. 

ortus, us, m. 4. {fr. orior) a rising, 

■ springing up, 

OS, oris, n. 3, the mouth, face, coun- 
tenance, 

OS, ossis, n. 3, a bone. 

Ossa, ae, /". 1. a lofty mountain of 
Thessaly, separated from Olym- 

, pus by the vale of Tempe. 



fro 



DICTIONARY. 



ostendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 

{pbs for 06, et tendo) to stretch or 

hold before another, show. 
Ostia,ae,f. a town built at the mouth 

of the Tiber by Ancus Martius, 

the 4th king of Rome. 
ostium, i, n. 2. (/r. os) the entrance 

or mouth of a river. 
ostreum, i, n. 2. {d<xTpeov) an oyster. 
otium, i, n. 2. ease, leisure. 
Otos et Otus, i, m-. 2. — v. Ephialtes. 
ovis, is, f. 3. (ois) a sheep, 
ovum, i, n. 2, {Siov) an egg. 



P. 



P. stands for Publius. 

pabulum, i, n. 2. (/r. pasco) fodder, 

pdciscor, pdcisci, pactus sum, d. 3. 
to make a bargain or agreement; 
to settle, ratify, a treaty. 

Paciolus, i, m. 2. a river of Lydia 
famous for its golden sands. 

pactum, i, n. 2. an agreement, co- 
venant ; quo pacta, in what man 
ner. 

pactus, a, um, part, of paciscor. 

Pddus, i,' m. 2. now the Po, the 
largest river of Italy. It rises in 
the Alps, and empties into the 
Hadriatic or Chdf of Venice by 
seven mouths. 

paene, adv. almost, nearly. 

pdela, ae, f. 1. chaff. 

palma, ae\f. 1. {traXaur]) the palm of 
the hand ; a palm-tree. 

palpebra, ae, f. 1. the eyelid; pal- 
pebrae, the eyelashes. 

pdlus, udis,f. 3. a marsh, lake, pool 

pdlustris, e, adj. {fr. pdlus) marshy, 

Paji, dnis et dnos, ace. Pana, m. 3 
(Hay) the god of shepherds. 

pando, pandere, pandi, pansum et 
passum, a. 3. to throw open, 
spread out, extend. 

pango, pangere, panxi, panctum 
item pegi et ptpigi, pactum, a. 3 
to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan- 
gere foedus, to ratify, conclude a 
treaty. 

Panionium, i, n. 2. (/r. ttcLv, all, et 
'Iwj/toj) a place on mount Myca- 
le, consecrated by religious festi- 
vals, so called as being common 
to all Ionia. 



pdnis, is, m. 3. bread, 

panthera, ae, f. 1. {ndvdrip) a panther. 

pdpdver, iris, n. 3. the poppy. 

Papirius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
man family. 

pdpyrum, i, n. 2. et papyrus, i, m. 
etf. 2. (Trd-vpof) an Egj^tian plant 
of which paper was made, papy- 
rus. 

pdrdtus, a, um, part, of par o, ready. 

Parcae, drum, f. pi. 1. the fates, 
three in number, Clothe, Lache- 
sis, and Atropos. 

par CO, par cere, peperci etparsi, par- 
cUum et parsum, a. 3. to spare. 

pardus, i, m. 2. (JiapSoi) a panther. 

parens, entis, c. 3. {fr. pdrio) a pa- 
rent, father or mother ; creator, 
author, inventor, founder; pdren- 
tes, progenitors, ancestors, 

pdreo, ere, ui. Hum, n. 2. to obey. 
Properly, to be at hand, appear ; 
also, to be at hand to attend to 
another's orders, to obey. Pr. 

napeco, (whence Tzdpeim). 

paries, ietis, m. 3. a wall. 

pdrio, pdrere, peperi, pdritum ei 
partum, a. 3. 10 bear or bring 
forth ; to cause, produce, obtain ; 
ovum, to lay an e^^. 

Paris, idis, m. 3. a son of Priam, 
king of Troy, and Hecuba. 

pariter, adv. (fr. par) in like man- 
ner, alike, equally. 

Parnassus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
Phocis, remarkable for its two 
summits, of which one was sa- 
cred to Apollo and the muses, 
the other to Bacchus. 

pdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to prepare, 
procure, acquire. 

Paropamlsus, i, m. 2. a ridge of 
mountains in India, a continua- 
tion of the great Taaric range. 
This ridge separated the Indian 
province Paropamisus from Bac- 
tria. 

pars, tis, f. 3. a part, division ; a 
party, faction ; magnam partem^ 
for the most part. 

parsxm6nia,ae,f. 1. {fr. par co, par- 
sum) frugality, parsimony. 

Parthia, ac, /. \. a celebrated coun- 
try of Asia. 

Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian. 



DICTIONARY. 



171 



parttcula, ae,f.l. (/r. pars) a small 

part, particle. 
partiendus, a, um, part, of pariior. 
partim, adv. (/r. pars) partly. 
pariior, iri, Uus sum, d. 1. (/r. pars 



pdtrius, <z, um, adj. belonging to 
(patrem) a father or (pa^res)one's 
fathers. 

pdtrocinium, i, n. 2. (/r, patris') 
protection, patronage. 



partis) to part, share, distribute, pdtronus, i. m. 2. (/r. pater) a pro- 
partus, a, um^part. of pdrio, acquir-j lector, patron 



ed. 
partus, its, m. 4. (fr. pdrio, partum) 

a birth. 
pdrum, adv. little, too little, 



pdtrutlis, is, c. 3. the son or daugh- 
ter (patrui) of an uncle on the 
father's side, a cousin by the fa- 
ther's side. 
parvUlus, a, um, adj. {fr. parvus) pauci, ae, a, adj. few. 

very small, very little. \pauldtim, adv. by little and little, 

parvus, a, um, adj. small ; minor,\ by degrees. 

comp. less ; minimus, a, um, sup.\paulo et paullo, adv. by a little, 
least. I somewhat ; paulo post, a little 

pasccndus, a, um, part, of pasco. after. 

pasco, pascere, pdvi, pastum. a. 3. \o\paulv.lum, adv. a little. 

feed. Pauhis, et Paullus, i, m. 2. a sur- 

passer, eris, m. 3. a sparrow. name in the gens Aemilia. 

passim, adv. here and there, every pauper, is, adj. poor. 

way. pdveo, pdvtre, pdvi, a. & n. 2. to 



passus, a, um,part. of patior, having 
suffered ; also, a part, of pando, 
spread out. Uva passa, a dried 
grape, raisin. As having suffer 



fear, dread, be afraid. 

pdvidus, a, um, adj. {fr. pdveo) fear- 
ful. 

pdvo, onis, m. 3. a peacock. 



ed the heat of the sun, when laid pax, pdcis,f. 3. peace. 

out to dry. Or as being stretched pecco, are, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. 



out in the sun. 

passus, us, m. 4. a pace ; mille pas- 
suum, a mile. 

pastor, oris, m. (fr. pasco, pastum) 
a herdsman, shepherd. 

pdtefdcio, fdcere, feci, factum, a. 3. 
to lay open, open, detect. • 

pdtefio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. pass. 
to be thrown open, be detected. 

pdtco, ere, ui, n. 2. to lie open, be 
manifest ; to stretch, extend. 

pater, tris, m. 3. {iraTfip) a father ; 
pater-familias,palris-familias,the 
father or master of a family. 

pdternus, a, um, adj. {fr. pdter) pa- 
ternal. 

pdtiens,tis,part. and adj. (fr. patior) 
enduring, bearing ; able to bear, 
patient. 

pdtienlia, ae,f. 1. {fr.pdliens,pdti- 
entis) patience. 

patio. , pdti, passus sum, d. 3. to suf- 
fer, endure, support ; permit, al- 
low. 

pdtria, ae,f. 1. (i. e. terra) one's na- 
tive country. Fr. patrius. 

pdtrimoninm, i, n. 2. property left 
{apatre) by a father, patrimony. 



to 
do wrong or amiss, err, sin. 

pecto, pectere, pezi, pexum, a. 3. to 
comb, dress the hair ; card. 

pectus, oris, n. 3. the breast. 

peciniia, ae,f. 1. money. 

pecus, udis, c. 3. a sheep, beast, ani- 
mal. 

pecus, oris, n. 3. cattle. 

pedes, itis, m. 3. (/r. pes, pedis) a 
foot-soldier. 

peldgus, i, n. 2. {rA^ayos) the sea. 

Peieus, i, m. 2. a king of Thessaly, 
sonofAeacus. He married The- 
tis, one of the Nereids, by whom 
he had Achilles. 

Pelias, ae, w. 1. a king of lolchos 
in Thessaly, son of Neptune by 
Tyro, the daughter of Salmone- 
us. 

Peligni, drum, on. pi. 2. a people of 
Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines 
and Marsi. 

Pelion, i, n. 2. a mountain of Thes- 
saly, on the coast of the Aegaean, 
situate to the south of Os.sa. 

pellicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (per 
et Idcio) to draw, allure, entice. 

pellis, is,}. 3. the skin, hide. 



172 



DICTIONARY. 



pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, a. 3. 
to drive, drive away, banish. 

pellucidus, a, um, adj. (per et lucl- 
dus, Jr. liiceo) clear, transparent. 

Peloponnesus, i, f. 2. now the Mo- 
rea,2i celebrated peninsula,which 
comprehends the most southern 
parts of Greece. Fr. UEXoirowri- 
cog (IliXotios vfja-os), the island of 
Pelops, who settled there. 

Pelusium, i, n. 2. now Tineh, •< 
town of Egypt, situate at the en 
trance of one of the mouths of 
the Nile, called from it Pelusian. 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum, n. 
2, to hang. 

pene, adv. v. paene. 

penes, pr. c. ace. in the power of, in 
the possession of, with. 

peneirdle, is, n. 3. the recess or in- 
nermost part of any place, as of 
a temple, palace, &c. 

penetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1, to 
within or into, pierce or pene- 
trate. For penitro fr. penitus 
Eo penitus. 

Peneus, i, m. 2. now Salempria, a 
river of Thessaly, rising on 
mount Pindus, and falling into 
the Thermaicus Sinus, after 
wandering course between mount 
Ossa and Olympus 

peninsula, ae, f. 1. {fr. pene & iji- 
sula) a peninsula. Almost an 
island. 

penna, ae,f. 1. a feather, quill. 

pensilis, e, adj. (fr. pendeo, pensum) 
hanging, pendent. 

pennria, ae,f. 1. want, need 

per, prep. c. ace. through, through 
the medium of, by. 

pera, ae,f. 1. (jrrijsa) a wallet. 

perdgro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wan- 
der over, traverse. Per agros cir- 
cumeo. 

percontor et percunctor, dri, dtus 
sum, d. 1. (fr. per & contor) to 



amdre, to love violently, even to 

desperation. 
perditus, a, um, part, of per do. 
perdix, ids, f 3. (rrepSi^) a part- 
ridge. 
perdo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (fr. 

per et do) to ruin, destroy, lose, 
perdiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (per et 

diico) to bring through, lead to. 
per ductus, a, um, part, of perduco. 
peregrindtio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. peregrl- 

nor) a travelling through foreign 

countries, travel. 
peregrlnor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. 

peregrinus) to go or live abroad. 
peregrinus, a, um, adj. (fr. peregre, 

abroad) coming from abroad, fo- 
reign, strange. 
perennis, e, adj. perpetual, durable, 

perennial. For perannis. Durans 

per annos. 
pereo, Ire, ii, raro Ivi, irr. n. (per et 

eo) to perish, die. 
perfidia, ae, f. 1. (fr. perfidus) 

perfidy. 
perfidus, a, um, adj. (per et fides) 

faithless, perfidious. 
Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus & 

Pergdmos, i, f. 2. et Pcrgdma, 

drum, n.pl. 2. the citadel of Troy. 

Often put for Troy itself. 
Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus, i, 

f. 2. now Bergamo, a town of 

Mysia, on the banks of the Cai- 

cus. 
pergo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. (per 

et rego) to go right on, advance, 

go on. 
Pericles, is, m. 3. an Athenian of 

a noble family, distinguished as 

a commander, a statesman, and 

an orator. 
perlcxdosus, a, um, adj. (fr. perlcu- 

him) dangerous. " 

pericicluvi et perlclum, z, n. 2. a tri- 
al, hazard, danger. 
ptriodus, i, f. 2. (TzepioSos) a period. 



ask strictly, inquire, mY&siigzXe.\periturus, a, um, part, of pereo 
pefcussor, oris, m. 3. (fr. percutio,\perUus. a, um, adj. experienced, 



percussum) a striker, one who 
has inflicted a wound, a murder- 
er. 

percHiio, tcre, ssi, ssum, a. 3. (per et 
qudtio) to beat, strike, wound ; 
sccuri, to behead, 

perdite, adv. very, vehemently; 



expert. 
permeo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et 

meo) to go through. 
permisceo, isctre, iscui, ixtum et ts- 

tum, a. 2. (per et misceo) to mix. 
permistus et permixtus, a, um, part, 

of permisceo. 



DICTIONARY. 



173 



permitto, itiere, zsi, issum, a. 3. {'per 
et mitto) to grant, allow, intrust. 

permutdtio, onis, f. 3. (/r, per- 
mulo, permutdturri) a change, ex- 
change, 

permuto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {per et 
muto) to change, exchange. 

pernicies, iti, f. 5. destruction. JF^r. 
per and neco or 7iecis. 

perniciosus, a, um, adj. {fr. perni- 
cies) destructi\'-e. 

perpendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {per et 
pendo) to weigh carefully, exa- 
mine, deliberate upon. 

perptram, adv. wrong, faisely,rash- 

perpetior, peti, pessus sum, d. 3. {per 
et pdtior) to suffer, endure. 

perpetuus, a, um, adj. {fr. perpes, 
perpetis, continual) continual,un- 
interrupted. 

Persa, ae, m. 1. a Persian. 

persequor, qui, quutus, vet cutussum, 
d. 3. {per et sequor) to pursue, 
press upon, persecute. 

Perseus, ei et eos, m. 2. &'3. a son 
of Jupiter and Danae, the daugh- 
ter of Acrisius; or Perses, ihe 
last king of Macedonia. 

Persia, ae, f. 1. a celebrated king- 
dom of Asia. 

Pcrsicus, a, um, adj. Persian. 

perspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3.{per 
et sptcio) to see through, discern, 
understand fully. 

persuddco, dcre, si, sum, a. 2. {per et 
suddeo) to persuade. | 

perterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {per et 
tcrreo) to terrify. 

perterrilus, a, U7n, part, of perter- 
reo. 

pertindciter, adv. (fr. pertinax, per- 
tindcis) obstinately, resolutely. 

pertinax, dcis, adj. {fr. per and 
tenax, fr. teneo) very tenacious, 
obstinate, resolute. 

pertineo, tre, ui, n. 2. {per et teneo) 
to reach, extend. 

pervenio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. 
( per et vcnio) to come to, arrive 
at, reach. 

pervius, a, um, adj. {per et via) 
easy to be passed, passable. 

pes, pedis, m. 3. a foot. 

pessimus, a,um, adj. {sup. oimdlus) 
worst, very bad. 



adv. down, to the bottom, 
under foot ; pessum agi, to go to 
the bottom, sink. 

pesiilentia, ae,f 1. {fr. pestilens) a 
pestilence, 

petUio, onis, f. 3. {fr. peto, petltum') 
a petition, 

petitus, a, um, part, of peto. 

ptto, ere, Ivi, Itum, a. 3. to desire, 
request, seek, make for, go to- 
wards, attack ; bello petere, to 
wage war against ; caelum armis 
petere, to try to storm the hea- 
ven. 

Petra, ae, f 1. the capital of Ara- 
bia Petraea. 

petraeus, a, um, adj. growing upon 
a rock ; Arabia Petraea, a part 
of Arabia which was very rocky, 
whence its name, from the Qreek 

-rzerpa, a rOCk. 

petulantia, ae,f 1. petulance, freak- 
ishness, impudence, 

Phaedcia, ae,f. 1. an island of the 
Ionian sea, near the coast ot 
Epirus, anciently called Scheria, 
and afterwards Corcyra. The 
inhabitants were a luxurious and 
dissolute people. 

Phaeax, dcis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
the island of Phaeacia. 

phdlerae, drum, f. pi. 1. {(pa\apa) 
trappings for horses. 

Pharndces, is, m. 3. a son of Mithri- 
dates, king of Pontus, who fa- 
voured the Romans against his 
father. 

Pharos et Pharus, i, f 2. a small 
island in the bay of Alexandria, 
about seven furlongs distant from 
the continent. Upon it was built 
a tower, which passed for one 
of the seven wonders of the 
world. 

Pharsdlus, i, m. 2. now Farsa, a 
town of Thessaly, in whose 
neighbourhood is a large plain 
called Pilar salia. 

Phasis, is et idis, m. 3. a river of 
Colchis, rising in the mountains 
of Armenia, 

Phidias, ae, m. I. a celebrated sta- 
tuary of Athens. 

Philaeni, orian, m. pi. 2. two bro- 
thers of Carthage, who chose ra- 
ther to be buried in the sand, than 



*74 



DICTIONARY. 



that the extent of their country 
should be diminished. 

Philippi, orum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
Macedonia, east of Amphipolis, 

Philippicus, a, um^ adj. of Philippi. 

Philippides, ae, ?«-. 1. a comic poet 
in Alexander's age. 

Philippus, i, m. 2. the 2d, the 
fourth son of Amyntas, and fa- 
ther of Alexander; the son of 
Demetrius. 



Pandion, king of Athens, chang 
ed into a nightingale ; a nightin- 
gale. 

philosopMa, ae,f. 1. (^tXoo-o^fa) phi- 
losophy. 

philosophus, i, m. 2. (^fiXoa-o^og) a 
philosopher. 

Phocaea, ae, f. 1. now FocMa, a 
maritime town of Ionia in Asia 
Minor. 

Phocaei, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhab- 
itants of Phocaea. 

Phocis, idis, f. 
Greece. 



& 3. et Piraeum, i, n. 2. (Jleipaf 

eiis, £0)?, wj) a celebrated and capa- 
cious harbour of Athens. 

plrdta, ae, m. 1. (Treiparm) a pirate. 

piscdtor, oris, m. 3. a fisherman. 

piscis, is, m. 3. a fish. 

Pisistrdtus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, 
son of Hippocrates, who, by his 
address and eloquence, render- 
ed himself absolute in his native 
city. 



Philomela, ae, /. 1. a daughter of pistrvnum,i,n. 2. (fr.pinso,pistum, 



to pound) a mill. 

pius, a, um, adj. pious, properly dis- 
posed towards one's parents, re- 
lations, friends, country, &c. du- 
tiful, aiffectionate, upright. 

pldceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to please ; 
sibi, to be vain of something. 

placet, ebat, uit vel itum est, impers. 
it pleases, it is the opinion of, it 
is determined. 

pldcidus, a, um, adj. mild, calm, 
placid. 
3. a country of pldga, ae,f. 1. a net or toil ; a blow ; 
plagis conficere, to beat severely. 



Plwenicia, ae, /. 1. a country of plane, adv. clearly, entirely, abso- 



Asia commonly named by the 
Jews Canaan. 
Phoenix, ids, m. 3. a Phoenician, 
Phrijgia, ae, /. 1. a large country 

of Asia Minor, 
Phryx, ygis, m. 3. a Phrygian, 
Picentes, ium, m. pi. 3, the inhabit- 
ants of Picenum, 
Picenum, i, w, 2, a district of Italy, 
which lay along the Adriatic, to 
the east of Umbria and the 
country of the Sabines, 
pictus, a, um, part, of pingo, paint- 
ed, embroidered 
picture 



lutely. 

ptidnetes et planeta, ae, m. 1. (rrXaj/>5- 
Twj) a planet. 
znta, ae,f. 1. a plant. 

pldtdnus, i,f. 2. {TTXaravoi) the plane- 
tree. 

platea, ae,f. 1. the spoonbill or sho- 
veller, a kind of fowl. 

Plato, onis, m. 3. a celebrated phi- 
losopher at Athens, son of Aris- 
ton, and one of the pupils of So- 
crates. 

plaustrum, i, n. 2. a wagon. 
pida tabula, zl ^lehs,vUbis, |^_ 3^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ 



pittas, dtis, f. 3, (/r. pius) piety, | pie or plebeians 

filial affection. pledo, ctere, xi, xum, a. 3. to strike, 

pignus, oris, n. 3. a pledge, pawn. punish ; twist, weave. 

pila, ae,f. 1. a ball. \plenus, a, um., adj. full, 

pileus, i, m. 2. a hat. plerlque, pleraeque, plerdque, adj. 

pllus, i, m. 2. a hair (on any parti most, the greater part. 

of the body). \plerumque, adv. for the most part. 

Pindarus, i, m._2. a celebiaXed Plinius, i, m. 2. C.— Secundus,s\ir- 



Lyiic poet of Thebes 
pingo, ingere, inxi, idum, a. 3. to 

colour, paint, embroider. 
pinguis, e, adj. fat, fertile. 
pinna, ae,f. 1. a fin. 
Piraeeus et Piraeus, i et eos, m. 2. 



named the Elder, was born at Ve- 
rona, of a noble family. He dis- 
tinguished himself by his tho- 
rough acquaintance with natural 
philosophy, and every kind of 
Caecilius Securi- 



DICTIONARY. 



175 



du&, suraamed the younger, ne- 
phew and adopted son of the 
Elder. 

plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead. 

plumbum, i, n. 2. lead. 

pliio, uere, ui, n. 3. to rain ; pluit Id- 
pidihus, it rains stones. 

plurimus, a, um, adj. {sup. of mul- 
tus) very many or much, most. 

plus, uris, adj. {n. in sing.) plures, 
a, pi. {comp. of muUus) more 



bounded on the north by the 
Euxine. 

popular, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to waste 
ipopulus) a people or country, 
lay waste. 

populus, i, m. 2. a people, nation. 

forrectus, a, um, part, of porrigo. 

porrigo, igere, ezi, ectum, a. 3. 
{porro et rego) to stretch out, ex- 
tend, hold out, offer. 

Porsena et Porsenna, ae, m. 1. a 



Pliito, onis, m. 3. a son of Saturni king of Etruria, who espoused 
and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and' the cause of Tarquin the Proud, 
god of the infernal regions. \porta, ae,f. 1. a gate, door, outlet. 

poculum, i, n. 2. a cup. portendo, dere, di, turn, a. 3. to fore- 



potma, dtis, n. 3. (n-oi»7//a) a poem 
poena, ae,f. 1. {noivfi) punishment^ 
dare poenam, to suffer punish- 
ment. 



show, betoken, presage. That 
is, (tcndo) I hold out or show 
what will happen {porro) here- 
after. 



poenitet, ehat, uit, ere, impers. 2. to porticus, us,f. 4. a portico, porch. 

repent, be sorry for ; poenitet me porta, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 

facti, I repent of the deed. I carry. 

Paenus, a, um, adj. Carthaginian ; partus, w5,wi. 4. a harbour. Fr.portn. 



svJ)st. m. 2. a Carthaginian 
pacta, ae, m. 1. (ttoi/jt/jj) a poet. 
pal, int. by Pollux ! in truth ! Per 

Pallucem. Perpal is also used. 
pallex, ids, m. 3. the thumb, the 



That is, a place of import and 
export for goods, or for carrying 
ships into. 
pasca, poscere, popasci, a. 3, to ask, 
demand. 



great toe. Ipositus, a, um, part, ofpono. 

palliceor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. to j)ro-\possessia, onis, f. 3. (/r. possideo 

misc. I possessum) possession. 

pollicitus, a, um, part, of pollicear. \passessar, oris, m. 3. a possessor. 
Pollux, iccis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter possideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. 

and Leda, brother to Castor. J to possess. 
Polyxcna, ae, /. 1. a daughter of possum, posse, potui, n. irr. {potis, 

Priam and Hecuba. I able, & sum) to be able. 

pomifer, era, erum, adj. {pomum &l post, {pr. c. ace.) after; adv. after- 
wards ; aliquot, annis post, some 



laj 

/e'ro) bearing or producing fruits 

pomiferae arbores, fruit-trees. 
pampa,ae,f. 1. (to^tt/j) a procession, 

pomp. 
Pompeius, i, m. 2. Cneius, surnam- 

ed Magnus, from the greatness of 

his exploits, was son of Pompeius 

Strabo and Lucilla. 
Pom.peidnus, a,um, adj. relating to 

Pompey. 
pomum, i, n. 2. an apple. 
pandus, eris, n. 3. {fr. penda, 

weigh) weight. 
pono, p6nere, pdsui, positum, a. 3. to 

lay, set, place. 
pons, tis, m. 3. a bridge. 
pontus, i, m. 2. the sea ; Pantus 

(Euxinus), the Euxine or Blackl 



years afterwards ; paula post, a 
little while afterwards. 

postea, adv. afterwards. 

paster, et pasterus, era, erum, adj. 
( posterior, pastremus) coming af- 
ter, succeeding ; in poslerum, for 
the future ; postero die, on the 
next day ; posteH, drum, descend- 
ants, posterity. 

pastis, is, m. 3, a door-post, 
to pastqitam, adv. after that. 

posLrtmo et pastremum, adv. lastly, 
finally. 

pastrtmus, a, um, adj. {sup. of poste^ 
rus) last ; ad pastremum, at last. 

pastula, drc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ask, 
demand. 



Sea ; a kingdom of Asia Minor yPoslumius or -thumius, i, m. 2. the 
Part i. q, 



176 



mCTIONARY. 



name of a patrician family at 
Rome ; Spurius, a consul sent 
against the Samnites, and defeat- 
ed by Pontius. 

potens, lis, adj. powerful. 

poteniia, ae, f. 1. {potens, potentis) 
power. 

potestas, dtis, f. 3, (/r. poiis, able) 
power, ability. 

potio, 67iis,f. 3. a draught, potion. 

potior, iri, itus sum, d. 4, {fr. potis, 
able) to be or become master of, 
obtain possession of 

potissimum, adv. (sup. of potius) 
principally, chiefly. 

potitns, a, urn, part, of potior. 

potius, adv. (positive not used) ra- 
ther. 

poto, are, dvi, alum et um, a. 1. to 
drink. 

potus, us, m. 4. a drink, draught, 

prae, {pr. c. abl.)hefore, for, on ac- 
count of; in comparison of, with 
respect to. 

praealtus, a, um, adj.. very high, 
very deep. 

praebeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to show, 
exhibit ; to offer, supply ; spe- 
ciem, to have the appearance of 
For praehabeo, to hold out before 
another. 

praecedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (prae 
et cedo) to go before, precede. 

praeceptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. praecipio, 
praeceptum) a preceptor. 

praeceptum, i, n. 2. {fr. praecipio') 
precept, rule, instruction. 

praecldo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (prae 
et caedo) to cut off. 

praecipio, ipere, epi, epium, a. 3 
(prae ct cdpio) to suggest, to pre- 
scribe, command. 

praecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
throw (praecipUem) headlong 
throw down. 

praecipue, adv. especially. 

praecipvus, a, um, adj. particular 
special; distinguished, chief Fr. 
praecapio. That which is taken 
in preference to others. 

praecldre, adv. excellently, glori- 
ously. 

praecldrus, a, um, adj. ( prae et cld- 
rus) very clear or bright; dis- 
tinguished, glorious ; quanta prae- 
clarius, how much more glorious. 



praecludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (prae 
et claudo) to shut in the face of, 
shut against, impede. 
praeco, onis, m. 3. a public crier, 

herald. 
praeda, ae, f. 1. prey, booty. 
praedico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
proclaim, affirm, praise. Fr. di- 
co, to tell ; prae-, before others. 

praedico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (prae 
et dico) to foretel. 

praedictus, a, um, part, of praedico. 

praeditus, a, um, part, endued or 
gifted with. For praeddtus. 

praedor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to plun- 
der, ravage. 

praefdris, (praefor, not used) dtur, 
dri, dtus sum, dep. 1. to speak be- 
fore, premise, predict, 

praefero, ferre, tali, Idtum, irr. a. 
( prae et fero) to carry before, 
prefer. 

praefinio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. ( prae 
etfinio) to determine beforehand, 
prescribe. 

praeldtus, a, um, part, of praefero. 

praelior et proelior, dri, dtus sum, d. 
1. to fight, engage, join battle. 

praelium et proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, 
battle. 

praemitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. 
( prae et mitto) to send before. 

praemium, i, n. 2. a reward. 

Praeneste, is, n. 3. now Palaestrhm, 
a town of Latiam, about 21 miles 
from Rome. 

praenuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
( prae et nuntio) to foretel, fore- 
show, announce. 

praepdro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (prae 
et pdro) to prepare, provide. 

praepono, pontre, posui, positum, a. 
3. ( prae et pono) to put or set be- 
fore, set over. 

praesens, tis, part, (prae, before, & 
ens, being) present, at hand. 

praesepe, is, n. 3. a crib. 

praesidium, i, n. 2. a guard, garri- 
son, defence. Fr. praesideo. As 
sitting before a place. 

p^-aestans, tis, part, of praesto ; also, 
adj. excellent, surpassing. 

praestaiitia, ae,f. 1. (fr. praestans, 
tis) excellence, pre-eminence, su- 
periority. 



praesto, stare, stUi, stUum, a. 1. 



DICTIONARY. 



177 



\^prae & sto) to stand before, be 
superior to ; to execute, perform, 
discharge, make good ; se, to 
prove one's self; se fortem, to 
show one's self brave ; praestai, 
it is better ; praeslare alicui et 
aliquem aliqtui re, to excel one in 
any thing. 

praesum, esse,fui, irr. n. to be {pi'ae) 
at the head of others, to preside 
over, to rule over, 

praetendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 
to stretch, hold, or put before, to 
allege as an excuse. 

praeter, prep. c. ace. beyond, besides, 
except. 

praeterea, adv. ( praeter ea) besides, 
moreover. 

praetereo, ire, Ivi et ii, Uum, a. irr. 
{praeter et eo) to go or pass by or 
over, go past or beyond. 

praeteriens, eurUis, part, of praeter- 
eo. 

praeteritus, a, um, part, of praetereo, 
past. 

praeterquam, adv. besides, save, ex- 
cept. 

praetorius, a, um, adj. of or belong- 
ing to a praetor ; {vir) one who 
has been a praetor. 

prdtum, i, n. 2. a meadow. 

pravitas, dtis,f. 3. wickedness, de- 
pravity. 

prdvus, a, um, adj. perverse, bad, 
depraved. 

precor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to pray 
beseech. 

premo, premere, pressi, pressum, a 
3. to press, press upon, urge. 

pretiosus, a, um, adj. {fr. pretium) 
costly, precious. 

pretium, i, n. 2. the price, value. 

prex, precis,/. 3. (rvom. Scgen. sing 
not used; plural cases most fre- 
quent) a prayer. 

Pridmus, i, vi. 2. the last king of 
Troy, was son of Laomedon 

pridle, adv. on the day before. 
Priene, es,f. 1. a maritime town of 
Asia Minor at the foot of mount 
Mycale, which gave birth to Bi- 
as, 

primo etprimum, adv. at the first, at 
first ; quuvi primum, as soon as. 

primoris, e, adj. first; dentes, the 
front teeth, fore-teeth. 



primus, a, um, num. or d.- adj. first; 
primM node, in the beginning of 
the night. 

princeps, ipis, adj. chief, foremost, 
principal ; principes, chiefs, prin- 
ces. 

principdtus, vs, m. 4. (/r. princeps, 
principis) the chief place, a go- 
vernment, sovereignty. 

prior, us, adj. {pos. not in use; sup. 
primus) the former, 

prius, adv. {pos. not in use ; sup. 
primo vel primum) before, soon- 
er. 

priusquam, adv. sooner than, before 
that. 

privdius, a, um, adj. private, one's 
own ; (Jiomo) a private person. 

pro, prep. c. aJbl. for, instead of; 
pro remedio esse, to serve as a 
remedy. 

prdbdbilis, e, adj. {fr. probo) proba- 
ble. 

probitas, dtis, f. 3. (/r. probus) pro- 
bity, honesty. 

proboscis, Idis, f. 3. {-irpoSoaK'n) the 
trunk of an elephant. 

probus, a, um, adj. honest, upright, 
worthy. 

procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
{pro et ccdo) to proceed, go or 
come forth, go on or forward. 

proceritas, dtis, f. 3. (/r, procerus) 
length, height, tallness. 

procerus, a, um, adj. long, tall. 

procldmo, arc, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. 
to cry out, exclaim, proclaim. 

proconsul, ulis, m. 3. ( pro et consul) 
a Proconsul, one invested with 
the authority of a consul, 

procreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {pro et 
creo) to beget. 

procuL, adv. far off; procul dubio, 
without doubt, doubtless. 

procuro, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {pro et 
ciiro) to take care of, manage. 

procurro, currtre, curri et ciicurri, 
cursun^, n. 3. {pro et curro) to 
run before or forward, to ex- 
tend. 

prodigium, i, n. 2. a prodigy. 

prodilio, onis, f. 3. {jr. prodo, pro- 
ditum) treachery, treason. 

proditor, oris, m. 3. {fr. pr6do,pro- 
ditum) a betrayer, traitor. 

proditus, a, um, part, of prodo. 



178 



DICTIONARY. 



prodo, dere, dtdi, ditum, a. 3. {pro 
€t do) to declare, disclose, betray, 
proelior, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to fight. 
proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, battle. 
profdnus^ a. urn, adj. profane, not 

sacred. 
profectus, a, urn, part, oiproficiscor. 
proficiscor, icisci, ectus sum, d. 3 
to set out on a journey or voyage 
journey ; to depart. 
profiteer, iteri, essus sum, d. 2, {pro 
etfdteor) to confess openly, a vow 
profess ; sapientiam, to make a 
profession of wisdom. 
profugio, ugere, ugi, n. 3. {pro et 
fugio) to flee for succour, take 
refuge. 
profugus, a, um, adj. fleeing, fugi- 
tive : subst. a fugitive, exile. 
profundus, a, um, adj. deep. 
progredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3 
{pro et grddior) to go on or for- 
ward, advance, proceed. 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to keep 
off", hinder, prohibit. F'r. habeo 
to hold, and pro, i. e. porro or 
procul. 
prohibitus, a, um, part, of prohibeo. 
projicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {pro 
et jdcio) to throw forth or away. 
proldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {pro et 

labor) to glide forward, fall. 
prolapsus, a, um, part, of prolaJbor. 
proldto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to en- 
large, extend. 
proles, is,f. 3. an offspring, progeny 

race. 
Prometheus, i, m. 2. a son of Jape 
tus, who surpassed all mankind 
in cunning and fraud. 
promitto, iitere, isi, issum, a. 3. {pro 

et mitto) to promise. 
promontorium, i, n. 2. a promonto 

ry. 
promoveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. {pro 
et moveo) to move forward, make 
to advance, extend. 
propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, «.J.. to pro- 
pagate. 
prope, pr. et adv. {propius, proxime) 

nigh, beside, near. 
propensus, a, um, part. & adj. {fr. 
propendeo) hanging forward, "in- 
clined towards ; favourable to, 
prone to. 



propero, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 
hasten. 

propinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. prope) 
near ; propinqui, relations. 

propior, us, adj. comp. {fr. prope) 
nearer. 

propono, ponere, posui, posltum, a. 3. 
{pro et pono) to put or set before, 
propose ; mihi propositum est, I 
have made up my mind, I intend 
on purpose. 

Propontis, Idis, f. 3. a sea which has 
a communication with the Eux- 
ine by the Thracian Bosphorus, 
and with the*Aegaean by the 
Hellespont, now called the Sea 
of Marmora. 

propositus, a, um, part, of propono. 

proprie, oAv. particularly, properly. 

proprius, a, um, adj. peculiar, pro- 
per, one's own, personal. 

propter, pr. c. ace. for, on account 
of, by reason of. 

propulso, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
fr. propello) to drive away, repel, 

propylaeum, i, n. 2. {rrpoTrvXaiov) the 
vestibule or porch of a temple or 
palace ; propylaea, the row of 
columns which led to the Acro- 
polis at Athens. 

pr6"-a, ae, f. 1. (Trpw^a) the prow of 
a ship. 

prorsus, adv. entirely, wholly. 

proscrlbo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. {pro 
et scribo) to proscribe. 

prosecutus, a, um, part, of prose- 
quor. 

prosequor, qui, quutus et cUtus sum, 
d. 3. ( pro et sequor) to follow af- 
ter, attend. 

Proserpina, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
Ceres and Jupiter, carried away 
by Pluto. 

prospectus, us, m. 4. {fr. prospicio, 
prospectum) a prospect. 

prospere, adv. prosperously. 

prospicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to 
look forward, view. 

prosterno, sternere, strdvi, stratum, 
a. 3. ( pro et sterna) to overthrow, 
prostrate. 

prostrdius, a, um, part, of proster- 
no. 

prosum,desse,fui, irr. n. (pro et sum) 
to do good, be profitable, avail. 



DICTIONARY. 



179 



Protagoras, ae^m. La Greek phi- 
losopher of Abdera in Thrace. 

protcnus, adv. immediately. 

protero, terere, trivi, tritum, a. 3, 
{pro et tero) to iread or trample 
upon, crush. 

protract us, a, um, part, oi protrako 

protrdho, hire, xi, ctum, a. S.{pro ci 
trdho) to defer, protract, prolong 

pr ovinia, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. 
i^pro et vinio) to proceed or come 
forth. 

provincia, ae, /. 1. a province. 

provocdtio, onis, f. 3. {fr.^rovoco^ 
dtum) a challenge, defiance, ap- 
peal. 

provoco, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. {proet 
vocn) to call forth, challenge, pro- 
voke; ad aliquem, to appeal to 
one. 

proxinie, adv. (jsup. fr. prope) near- 
est, next, very near. 

proximus, a, um, adj. very near, 
neighbouring, next. 

pricdens, lis, adj. {fr. providetis) 
provident, prudent, wise. 

prudeyitia, ae,f. 1. providence, pru- 
dence, knowledge. 

psittdcus, i, m. 2. a parrot. 

Psophidius, a, um, adj. of Psophis. 

Psophis, idis, f. 3. a city of Arca- 
dia. 

Ptolemacus, i, m. 2. the name of 
several kings of Egypt. 

publice, adv. publicly, by public au- 
thority, at the common charge or 
cost. 

Piiblicola et Poplicola, ae, m. 1. a 
name given to Publius Valerius, 
on account of his great populari- 
ty- 

publicus, a, um,adj. public ; ex pub- 
lico, from public means. 

Publius, i, m. 2. a Roman praeno- 
men. 

piidibundus, a, um, adj. ashamed. 

pudor, oris, m. 3. shame, modesty. 

pucr, eri, m. 2. a boy ; pueri, child- 
ren. 

puerilis, c, adj. {fr. puer) boyish, 
childish, puerile. 

pueritia, ae,f. 1, {fr.puer) boyhood, 
childhood. 

pugio, 6nis, m. 3. a dagger, po- 
niard. 



pugna, ae, /. 1. a combat, battle. 

pugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fight, 
combat. 

pulc/ier, chra, chrum, et cer, era, 
crum. adj. fair, beauteous. 

pulchritiido, inis, f. 3. fairness, 
beauty. 

putlus, i, m. 2. the young of any 
creature. 

pulsus, a, um, part, ofpello. 

Punicus, a, um, adj. Punic, Cartha- 
ginian. 

puniendus, a, um, part, ofpunio. 

punio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to punish. 

pupillus, i, m. 2. a pupil. 

puppis, is,f. 3. the stern of a ship. 

ptrgo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {fr.pur- 
rus) to make clean, cleanse, 
purge, purify. 

purpHra, ae,f. 1. the shell-fish from 
which purple die was produced, 
the purple muscle ; purple. 

purpurdtus, a, um, adj. {fr. purpu- 
ra) clothed in purple ; purpurati, 
courtiers. 

■purpurcus, a, um, adj. purple. 

purus, a, um, adj. pure, clear. 

pusillus, a, um, adj. very little or 
small. 

puteus, i, m. 2. a well. 

puto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to think. 

putresco, esccre, ui, inc. 3. to rot, 
putrefy. 

Pydna,ae,f. 1. a town of Macedo- 
nia, originally called Citron. 

Pygmaei, drum, ni. 2. the Pygmies 
"or dwarfs. 

pfjra, ae,f. 1. {ivoa) a funeral pile. 

pyrdmis, idis,f. 3. a pyramid. 

Pi/reiuiei, drum, m. 2. {monies) a 
ridge of high mountains, which 
separate Gaul from Spain, and 
extend from the Atlantic to the 
Mediterranean. 

pi/rites, ae, m. I. {rrvpirni) the fire 
stone. 

Pyrrhus^ i, m. 2. a king of Epirus, 
who supported the Tarentines in 
their war against the Romans. 

Pythagoras, ae, m. 1. a celebrated 
philosopher, born at Samos. 

PylhagorUvs, i, vi. 2. a Pythagorean, 
a disciple of Pythagoras. 

Pythia, ae, f. 1. the priestess of 
Apollo at Delphi. 



q2 



180 



DICTIONARY. 



quadrdgesimus, a, urn, ord. num. 

adj. the fortieth. 
quadrdginta, card. num. adj. ind. 

forty. 
quadriennium, i, n. 2. the space of 

four years. 
quadriga, ae,f. 1. a chariot drawn 

by four horses. 
quadringentesimus, a, um, ord. num. 

adj. the four hundredth. 
quadringenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 

four hundred. 
quadrupeSf pedis, adj. {fr. pes) four- 
footed. 
quaero, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to 

seek, search, ask, inquire ; quae 

ritur, it is asked. 
qaaestio, onis, f. 3. {fr. quaero) a 

question. 
quaestor, oris, m. 3. (/r. quaero) a 

quaestor. 
qu/iestus, us, m. 4. {fr. quaero, quae- 

situm) a trade; gain, profit. 
qudlis, e, adj. of what kind or sort, 

as. 
quam, adv. & conj. how, how much, 

as much, as ; than. 
quamdiu, adv. as long as. 
quamquam, conj. how much soever, 

although, though. 
guamvis, conj. although, though. 
quando, adv. when, since, seeing 

that. 
quanto, adv. by how much. 
quantopere, adv. how greatly, how 

much, as greatly. 
quantum, adv. as much as, how 

much. 
quantus, a, um, adj. how great 
quantuslibet, qv/intalihet, quxintum- 

Ubet, adj. as great as you please 

how great soever ; in quantdlibei 

multitudine, in the greatest mul- 
titude. 
quapropter, adv. for what reason. 

why, wherefore. 
quare, adv. on which account 

wherefore. 
quartus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 

fourth. 
quasi, adv. as if. 
quatriduum, i, n, 2. the space 

four days, 
qiuitv^r, card. num. adj. ind. four, 



quatuordecim^ card. num. adj. ind. 
fourteen. 

que, conj. and, also. 

qv^o, ire, ivi, Hum, irr. n. to be 
able. 

quercus, us,f. 4. an oak. 

queror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. to com- 
plain, lament. 

quesius, a, um, part, of queror. 

qui, qune, quod, pro. who, which, 
what. 

qui, adv. how, in what manner. 

qui, conj. because. 

quicunqi^e, quaecunque, quodcunqu£, 
pro. whosoever, whoever, what- 
ever. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam et quid- 
dam, pro. a certain one, one ; qui- 
dam homines, certain men. 

quidem, adv. indeed, truly, certain- 
ly, at least; ne... quidem, not... 
even. 

quies, etis, f. 3. repose, rest, quiet. 

quin, conj. but, however, but that. 

quindecim, card. num. adj. fifteen. 

quingenteslmus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the five hundredth. 

quingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
five hundred. 

quinquageni, distr. num. adj. every 
fifty. 

quinqvM,gesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the fiftieth. 

quinquagintu, card. num. adj. ind. 
fifty. 

quinque, card. num. adj. ind. five. 

quinquies, num. adv. five times. 

quintus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
fifth. 

quis, quae, quod et quid, pro. inter- 
rog. who, which, what 1 

quisimm, qu^enam, quodnum et quid- 
nam, pro. interrog. {quis et n/im) 
for who, who, who then 1 

quisquam, quM,equam, quidquam et 
quicqtoam, pro. any one ; n£c quis- 
quAim, and no one. 

quisque, quaeque, quodque et quid- 
que, vel quicque, pro. every man, 
every one, each, every. 

quisquis, quaequae, quidquid et quic- 
quid, pro. whoever, whosoever, 
whatever, whatsoever. 
ivis, quaevis, quodvis et quidvis, 
pro. any one you please, whoever, 
every one. 



of qu 



DICTIONARY. 



181 



qTio, adv. whither, why ; (as a conj.) 

to the end that, in order that, 

that. 
quod, conj. because, since, that. 
quommus, or quo minus, adv. that 

not. 
quomodo et qv^ modo, adv. in what 

manner, how. 
quondam, adv. formerly. 
quoniam, conj. since. 
quoqu£, conj. also. 
quot, adj. ind. how many. 
quotannis, adv. every year, annual- 

quotidie, adv. daily. 

quoties, adv. how often, as often as. 

quum, conj . since ] adv. when. 

R. 

radius, i, m. 2. a rod or staff; a 

ray. 
radix, ids, f. 3. a root. 
rdmosus, a, urn, adj. full of boughs 

or branches. 
ramus, i, m. 2. a branch, bough. 
rdna, ae,f. 1. a frog. 
rdpina, ae,f. 1. (/r. rapio) robbery 

rapine, pillage. 
rdpio, ere, ui, turn, a. 3, to seize for- 
cibly, rob 
raptor, oris, m. 3. (/r. rapio, raptum) 

a robber. 
raptiirus, a, um, part, oi rapio. 
raptus, a, um, part, of rapio. 
raritas, dtis, f. 3. rareness, rarity, 

scarcity. 
rdro, adv. seldom. That is, thinly. 

rr. rarus. 
rdrus, a, um, adj. thin, scanty ; 

scarce, rare. 
ratio, 6nis, f. 3. (/r. reor, rdtus) 

reason, a reason. 
rdtis, is, f. 3. a float, raft, boat, 

ship. 
rdtus, a, um, part, of reor. 
raucus, a, um, adj. hoarse, harsh, 

hoarse sounding, 



recessus, iis, m. 4. (/r. recedo, reces- 

sum) a retreat, recess. 
recipio, cipere, ctpi, ceptum, a. 3. 

(re et cdpio) to take again, take 

back, receive, recover ; animam, 

to come to one's self again, to 

recover one's senses; se, to comb 

back, return, 
recoctus, a, um, part, of recoquo. 
recognosco, noscere, novi, nitum, a 

3. {re et cognosco) to recognise. 
recoUigo, ligere, legi, ledum, a. 3. 

{re et colligo) to gather up again, 

collect again, recollect. 
rcconditus, a, um, part, of recondo, 

hidden. 
recondo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {re 

et condo) to lay up, hide. 
recoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {re et 

coquo) to boil or seeth again. 
rtcorddtio, onis, f. 3. recollection, 

remembrance. 
rtcreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et 

creo) to create again, renew, to 

bring to life again. 
recte, adv. right, rightly. 
rectus, a, um, adj. straight, right, 

upright. Fr. rego, rectum. 
recHpero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to get 

back, recover. 
rcdditus, a, um, part, of reddo. 
reddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {re et 

do) to give back, restore, return ; 

verba, to repeat ; rationem, to 

give a reason ; gratiam, to repay 

a favour. 
redeo, Ire, ii, raro ivi, itum, n. irr. 

{re et eo) to go or come again, 

return. 
rediens, euntis, part, of redeo. 
redigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. {re 

et ago) to bring back, reduce. 
redimo, imere, tmi, emptum et em- 

tum, a. 3. {re et emo) to buy back, 

reco\^er, redeem. 
rediicendus, a, um, part, of rediico. 
reduco, cere, xi, ctum^a. 3. {re et dH- 

co) to lead back ; in gratiam, to 



rebello, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. to wage reconcile 

{bellum) war against, rebel. [re/ero, ferre, tali, Idtum, a. irr. {re 

recedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {re et etftro) to bring back ; groiiam 



ctdo) to retire, withdraw, retreat, 

recede. 
r teens, tis, adj. new, recent ; adv. 

recens nali, new-born children. 
rcceptus, a, um, part, of recipio. 



to evince gratitude ; bencficium, 
to return a benefit ; victoriam, to 
gain a victory ; imaginem, to 
take a likeness ; refcrre ad ali- 
quam rem, to refer to something. 



182 



DICTIONARY. 



rejiuo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (re etfluo) 

to flow back. 
refugio, ugere, ugi, ugiium, n. 3. 

(re etfugio) to fly back. 
regia, ae, f. 1. a palace. That is, 

regia domus. 
regina, ae, f. 1. (fr. rex, regis) a 

queen. 
regio, onis, f. 3. a district, region, 

clime. 
regius, a, urn, adj. {fr. rex, regis) 

royal. 
regno, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. (fr. reg- 

num) to reign, rule, govern ; reg- 

ndtur, imp. it is ruled. 
regnum, i, n. 2. (fr. rex, regis) a 

kingdom, government. 
rego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to govern, 

rule. 
regredior, gredi, gressiis sum, d. 3. 

(re et grddior) to go back, return. 
regressus, a, um, part, of regredior. 
Regulus, i, m. 2. M. AUilius, a Ro- 
man consul during the first Pu- 
nic war. 
reldtus, a, um, part, of refero. 
relicturus, a,, um, part, of relinquo. 
relictus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 
religio, 6nis,f. 3. religion. 
relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, a. 

2. (re et linquo) to leave behind, 

leave. 
reliquiae, drum, f. 1. the remains, 

relics, remainder. Fr. reliquus. 
reliquus, a, um, adj. (fr. relinquo) 

remaining, the rest. 
remdneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. (re et 

mdneo) to tarry behind, remain. 
remedium, i, n. 2. (fr. medeor) a re- 
medy. 
remitto, mittere, mlsi, missum, a. 3 

(re et mitto) to send back, return 
remotus, a, um, part, of removeo. 
removeo, overe, dvi, otum, a. 2. (re 

et moved) to remove. 
remus, i, m. 2. an oar. 
Remus, i, m. 2. the brother of Ro- 
mulus. 
renovo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

novo) to renew. 
renuntio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1, (re et 

nuntio) to report, inform, make 

known. 
reor, reri, rdpiis sum, d. 3. to think, 

believe. 



reparo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et 

pdro) to repair, renew. 
repente, adv. suddenly. 
reperio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (re 

etpdrio) to find out, discover. 
repertus, a, um, part, of reperio. 
repeto, ere, ivi et ii, Itum, a. 3. (re 

et peto) to ask again, demand 

back. 
repleo, ere, evi, etnrni, a. 2. (re et 
pleo) to fill again, fill up, reple- 
nish. 
repono, onere, osui, osltum, a. 3. (re 

et pono) to place again, replace. 

reporto, dr-e, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 

porto) to bring or carry back, 

bear off". 
repraesento, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

represent. 
repHdio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cast 

off", disown, divorce. 
requlro, rere, slvi, situm, a. 3. (re 

et quacro) to seek back, demand, 

require. 
res, rei,f. 5. a thing, affair, matter, 

subject ; res gestae, exploits; res 
familiaris, property, substance. 
reservo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. \. to re- 
serve, retain, spare. 
resideo, sldere, sedi, n. 2. (re et se- 

deo) to sit down. 
reslmus, a, um, adj. crooked, bent 

back. 
resisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, n. 3. 

(re et sisto) to resist, withstand. 
rtsolvo, vere, vi, iitum, a. 3. (re et 

solvo) to unloose, dissolve. 
respondeo, dere, di, sum, n. 2. (re et 

spondeo) to answer ; respondetur, 

imp. it is answered. 
responsum, i, n. 2. an answer. 
respTiblica, reipublicae, f.\. & 5. a 

commonwealth, state, republic. 
respuo, uere, ui, a. 3. (re et spuo) to 

spit out, reject. 
restituo, uere, ui, ictum, a. 3. (re et 

sidtuo) to replace, restore. 
retineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. 2, 

(re et teneo) to hold or keep back, 

detain. 
revtra et re vera, adv. in very deed, 

in reality, truly. 
reverentia, ae,f. 1. reverence. 
reversus, a, um, part, of reverter^ 

having returned. 



DICTIONARY. 



183 



reverto, tere, ti, sum, n. 3. {re et ver- 
to) and revertor, ti, sus sum, d. 3 
to return. 

reviresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be- 
come or grow green again. 

revoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {re et 
voco) to call back, recall. 

revolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (re et 
volo) to fly back. 

rex, regis, m. 3. a. king. 

RhadaTTunithus, i, m. a son of Jupi- 
ter and Europa, so celebrated for 
justice, that the ancients have said 
he became one of the judges of the 
infernal regions. 

Rhaeti, drum, m. 2. the inhabitants 
of Rhaetia. 

Rhaetia, ae, /. 1. a country of Eu- 
rope, north of Italy and east of 
Helvetia. 

Rhea, ae f. 1. Silvia, the mother of 
Romuius and Remus. 

Rhenns, i, m. 2. the Rhine, 

rhinoceros, otis, m. 3. a rhinoceros. 

Rhoddnus, i, m. 2. the river Rhone. 

Rhodius, i, m. 2. a Rhodian. 

Rhodope, es, /. 1. a high mountain 
of Thrace. 

Rhodus, i, f. 2. now Rhodes, a ce- 
lebrated island of the Mediterra- 
nean sea, at the south of Caria. 

Rhynddcus, i, m. 2. a large river of 
Mysia, in Asia Minor. 

rideo, dire, si, sum, n. et a. to laugh, 
deride, ridicule. 

rldlcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rideo) 
ridiculous, laughable. 

ris[eo, ere, ui, n. 2. (^vcw) to be cold. 

rigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rigeo) se- 
vere. 

rigo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to water, 
moisten, bedew. 

ripa, ae,f. 1. the bank of a river. 

risus, its, m. 4. {fr. rideo, risum) 
laughter. 

Hxor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to quarrel, 
dispute. 

robur, oris, n. 3. oak. Hence any 
thing hard and strong, strength; 
militum, the bravest, the flower 
of the troop. 

Tobustus, a, um, adj. hard and strong 
like {rohur) oak, strong, robust. 

rogo, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. to ask, beg. 

rogus, i, m. 2. a funeral pile. 

Roma, ae, f. I. & city of Italy, the 



capital of the Roman empire, 

situate on the banks of the river 

Tiber. 
Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman. 
Romanus, i, m. 2. a Roman. 
RomUlus, i, m. 2. the founder of 

Rome. 
ros, roris, m. 3. dew. 
rostrum, i, n. 2. a beak, snout. 
rota, ae,f. 1. a wheel. 
rotundus, a, um, adj. round like a 

{rota) wheel. 
ruber, bra, brum, adj. red. 
rUdens, tis, m. 3. a cable, rope. 
rudis, e, adj. uncultivated, rude, 

rough. 
ruvna, ae,f. 1. {fr. ruo) a downfall, 

ruin, destruction. 
rumpo, rumpere, riipi, ruptum, a. 3. 

to break, break off. 
ruo, ere, i, itum et turn, n. 3. to fall, 

fall down, rush headlong, go to 

ruin. 
rupes, is, f. 3. a rock. 
ruplus, a, um, part, of rumpo. 
rursus, adv. again. 
rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. 
rusticus, u, um, adj. pertaining to 

the {rus) country, rustic. 
rusticus, i, m. 2. a rustic country- 
man. 
Rutilius, i, m. 2. P. Rufus, a Roman 

consul in the age of Sulla. 
rutilus, a, um, adj. of a red colour, 

bright, glittering. 



S. 



Sabinus, i, m. 2. a Sabine, (a peo- 
ple of Italy.) 

sdcer, era, crum, adj. {sup. sacerri- 
mus) .sacred. 

sdcerdos, otis, c. 3. {fr. sdcer) a 
priest, priestess. 

sacrificium, i, n. 2. a sacrifice. 

sacrifico, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sa- 
crum fdcio) to sacrifice. 

sacrum, i, et sacra, drum, n. 2. any 
thing consecrated to the gods, a 
sacrifice, sanctuary. 

saepe, adv. {sacpius, saepissime) of- 
ten. 

saevio, ire, ii. Hum, n. 4. to rage. 

saevitas,dtis,f. 3. cruelly, barbarity. 

saevus, a, um, adj. severe, cruel, 
savage. 



x84 



DICTIONARY. 



sagino^ are, avi, alum, 1, to fatten 

sagitta, ae,f. 1. an arrow. 

Saguntini, orum, m. 2. the inhabit- 
ants of Saguntum. 

Saguntum, i, n. 2. a town of Hispa- 
nia Tarraconensis. 

sdlio, ire, Ivi et ii, et ui, turn, n. 4 
to leap, bound, dance. 

salsus, a, um, adj. {fr, sal) salt 
sharp, keen. 

salto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {freq. of 
salio) to dance. 

saluber, bris, bre, etsalubris, bre, adj. 
{fr. salus) healthful, salubrious, 
wholesome, sound. 

salubritas, dtis, f. 3. (/r. salubris) 
healthfulness, salubrity. 

salum, i, n. 2. the sea. 

sdlus, utis, f. 3. safety, health. 

salutdris, e, adj. {salus, salutis) 
healthful, salutary. 

sdliito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish 
{saluterri) health to, salute. 

salvus, a, um, adj. safe, sound, un- 
punished. 

Samnites, um et turn, m. 3. a peo- 
ple of Italy. 

sanctus, a, um, adj. sacred, holy, 
blameless. 

sanguis, inis, m. 3. blood. 

sapiens, tis, adj. {fr. sapio) wise ; 
svbst. a wise man, sage. 

sapientia, ae,f. 1. wisdom. 

sapio, ere, Ivi et ii, et ui^ n. 3. to be 
wise. 

sarcina, ae, /. 1. a bundle, pack. 

Sardinia, ae, f. 1. the greatest isl- 
and in the Mediterranean after 
Sicily, south of Corsica. 

Sarmdta, ae, c. 1. an inhabitant of 
Sarmatia, (an extensive coun- 
try in the north of Europe and 
Asia.) 

Sarpedon, onis, m. 3. a son of Ju- 
piter and Europa. 

satelles, Itis, m. 3. a guard, satellite. 

satio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to satisfy, 
satiate, 

satis, adv. in a sufficient degree, 
enough. 

satur, ura, urum, adj. full, satiated. 

Saturnia, ae.f. 1. a name given to 
Italy,because Saturn had reigned 
there during the golden age. 

Saturnus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus 
and Terra, father of Jupiter. 



saucio, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

wound. 

saxeus, a, um, adj. stony, rocky. 

saxum, i, n. 2. a rock, stone. 

Scamander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 
river of Troas. 

scateo, ere, n. 2. to flow forth like 
water, to abound. 

scelestus, a, um, adj. (fr. scelus) 
wicked. 

scelus, eris, n. 3. crime, wicked- 
ness. 

scena, ae, f. 1. {aKnvfi) a scene, 
stage. 

Schoeneus, i, m. 2. a king of Arca- 
dia, father of Atalanta. 

Scheria, ae, f. 1. an ancient name 
of Corcyra. 

scientia, ae,f. 1. knowledge. 

scio, Ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to know. 

Scipio, onis, m. 3. a celebrated fa- 
mily at Rome, who obtained the 
greatest honours in the repub- 
lic. 

scopulus, i, m. 2. (o-Krfn-cXoj) a high 
rock, cliff. 

Scorpio, onis, m. 3. a scorpion. 

Scotia, ae,f. 1. Scotland. 

scriba, ae, m. 1. a secretary, scribe. 

scribo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. to write j 
leges, to give laws. 

scriptor, oris, m. 3. {fr. scribo, scrip- 
tum) a writer, author. 

scripturus, a, um, part, of scribo. 

scriptus, a, um, part, of scribo. 

scrutor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to search 
diligently, examine. 

scutum, i, n. 2. a shield. 

Scylla, ae, /. 1. a daughter of Nisus, 
king of Megara. 

Scyros, i,f. 2. a rocky and barren 
island of the Aegaean. 

Scytha, ae, m. 1. a Scythian. 

Scythia, ae, /. 1. a very extensive 
country in the north, including a 
part both of Europe and Asia. 

Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythian. 

secedo, dire, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (se et 
cedo) to go apart, withdraw, se- 
cede. 

seco, dre, ui, tum, a. 1. to cut. 

sector, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to follow, 
attend or wait upon, to strive to 
attain. 

secum, (i. e. cum se) with himself, 
wath herself, with itself. 



DICTION-/* RT. 



185 



secundus, a, um, adj. second, pros-' 
perous ; res secundae, prosperity. 

securis, is, f. 3. an axe. 

sed, conj. but. 

sexdtcim, card. num. adj. ind. six- 
teen. 

sedco, seder e, sedi, sessum, n. 2. to 
sit. 

sedes, is, f. 3. a seat ; regni, the seat 
of government. 

seditio, 6nis,f. 3. sedition, 

sedulus, a, um, adj. attentive, dili- 
gent. 

seges, etis,f. 3. a crop. 

segnis, e, adj. slow, slothful, cow- 
ardly. 

sejungo, gere, xi, clum, a. 3. {se et 
jungo) to separate, disjoin, di- 
vide. 

Scleucia, ae,f. 1. a city of Syria on 
the sea-co£Lst, south-west of An- 
lioch. 

semel, adv. once. 

Semile. es,f. 1. a daughter of Cad- 
mus and Hermione. 

Scmirdmis, idis, f. 3. a celebrated 
queen of Assyria. 

semper, adv. always. 

sernpiLcrnus, a,um, adj. everlasting. 

Sc/ia, ae,f. 1. or Sena Gallica, now 
Senigaglia, a town of Umbria in 
Italy. 

senator, oris, m. 3. a senator. 

stndlus, lis el i, m. 2. & 4. a senate. 

sCnccia, ae, 1. {Jr. senex) old age. 

sfiiedus, ufis,J. 3. old age. 

scnesco, cscire, vi, n. inc. 3. to grow 
old ; to wane, (of the moon.) 

scncx, senis, c. 3. an old person ; adj 
old, {comp. senior.) 

Senones, um, m. 3. an uncivilized 
nation of Gallia Transalpina 

sensus, us, m. 4. (fr. scnlio, sensuin) 
sense, feeling. 

sentcnlia, ae, f. 1. a sentiment 
thought, opinion, proposition. 

senlio, tire, si, sum, a. 4. to feel, be 
sensible of, observe. 

scpclio. Hire, ilivi, ultum., a. 4. to 
bury. 

sepes, is,f 3. a hedge. 

scptcm, card. num. adj. ind. (Ijrru) 
seven. 

septentrio, 6nis, m. 3, the north. 

septies, num. adv. seven times. 



Septimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. se- 
venth. 

septingenteslmus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the seven hundredth. 

sepLingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
seven hundred. 

septuageslmus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the seventieth. 

septuaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
seventy. 

sepulcruvi, i, n. 2. (fr. sepelio, sepul- 
tum) a tomb, grave, sepulchre. 

scpuUiira, ae,f. 1. burial, interment. 

scpultus, a, um, part, of sepelio. 

Sequdna, ae, m. 1. now the Seine, 
a river of Gaul, which separates 
the territories of the Cehae and 
Belgae. 

siqiior, qui, quiilus vel cidus sum, d. 
3. to follow. 

serenus, a, um, adj. fair, serene. 

Sergius, i, m. 2. the name of a fa- 
niily at Rome. 

sermo, onis, m. 3. discourse, speech, 
conversation. 

sera, adv. late, too late. 

scro, sercre, sevi, satum, a. 3. to sow, 
plant. 

serpens, lis, c. 3. a serpent. Fr. 
serpo, to creep. A creeping 
thing. 

Serlorius, i, m. 2. Quintus, a Ro- 
man general, who established 
himself in Spain, and was final- 
ly assassinated by his own offi- 
cers. 

servio, ire, Ivi et ii. Hum, n. 4. to 
be a slave, serve in the capacity 
of a servant or slave. 

servilium, i, n. 2. slavery. 

servitus, tiitis,/. 3. .slavery. 

Scrrius, i, m. 2. Tidlius, the sixth 
king of Rome. 

servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to save, 
preserve, watch, guard. 

servus, i, m. 2. a slave. 

sesl^rtium, i, n. 2. a sestertium (the 
name of a sum, not of a coin), 
equivalent to 1000 sestertii, or 
S37.50. 

se'itertiu^, i, m. 2. a sesterce, two 
assex and a hal f Fox semistertiv^. 
The first an as, the second an as, 
the third half an as. A sesterce 
was equal to 3f cents. 



186 



DICTIONARY. 



Sestos vel Sestus, i, f. 2. a town of 
Thrace, on the shores of the Hel- 
lespont, exactly opposite Abydos 
on the Asiatic side. 

seta, ae,f. 1. a bristle. 

Setia, ae, f. 1. now Sezza, a city 
of Campania, near the Pontine 
marshes, celebrated for its wines. 

Setinus, a, um, adj. of Setia, Se- 
tine. 

severus, a, um, adj. grave, severe, 
harsh. 

sex, card. 7ium. adj. ind. (e'l) six. 

sexagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the sixtieth. 

sexaginta, card. num. adj. ind. sixty. 

sexcentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the six hundredth. 

sexcenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. six 
hundred. 

sextus, a, um, ord, num. adj. the 
sixth. 

si, conj. if; si quando, if at any 
time ; si quis, if any one ; si 
quid, if any thing. 

sic, adv. so, thus, in this way. 

Siccius, i, m. 2. V. Dentatus. 

siccus, a, um, adj. dry. 

Sicilia, ae, f. 1. the largest and most 
celebrated island of the Mediter 
ranean, at the bottom of Italy. 

SicHlus, a, um, adj. Sicilian. 

sicut et sicixti, adv. as, as it were, 
as if. 

Sidon, 6nis,f. 3. the oldest and most 
powerful city of Phoenicia. 

Sidonius, a, ur/i, adj. Sidonian. 

sldus, eris, n. 3. a star. 

signilfico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sig- 
num et facia) to make a sign, sig- 
nify, declare, express, designate 

signum, i, n. 2. a sign, token; im- 
age, statue; standard, ensign, 
flag. 

sUentium, i, n. 2. (fr. sileo) silence 

Silenus, i, m. 2. a demi-god, the 
preceptor and attendant of the 
god Bacchus. 

sileo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be silent. 

silva, ae,f. 1. a wood or forest. 

slmia, ae,f. 1. an ape. 

similis, e, adj. {similior, simillimus) 
^ like, resembling, similar. 

siTniliter, adv. in like manner,alike. 

Simois, enti et entos, m. 3. a river 



of Troas, which rises in mount 
Ida, and flows into the Xanthus. 

Simonides, is, w. 3. a celebraied 
poet of Ceos. 

simplex, ids, adj. single, simple. 

simul, adv. together, at once, at 
the same time, as soon as. 

slmiddcrum,-i, n. 2. an image. Fr. 
Simula. That is, a fictitious ap- 
pearance. 

simicla, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to feign, 
pretend. 

sin, conj. but if. 

sine, prep. c. ahl. without. 

singuldris, e, adj. singular, remark- 
able ; certamen singulare, a sin- 
gle combat. 

singuli, ae, a, distr. num. adj. sin- 
gle, one by one, each, every; 
singulis mensibus, every month ; 
shigxdis singulas partes, to each 
a share. 

sinister, tra, trum, adj. left. 

sino, sinere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to per- 
mit, allow, 

sinus, us, m. 4. a bosom ; a bay, 
gulf. 

siquis, qua et quae, quod et quid, pro. 
if any one or thing, if any. 

sitio, Ire, Ivi, itum, n. et a. 4. to 
thirst, be thirsty ; to thirst after, 
desire earnestly, covet. 

sitis, is,f. 3. thirst. 

situs, a, um, part, of sino, situated, 
placed. 

sive, conj. or if, whether. 

sobrius, a, um, adj. sober. 

socer, eri, m. 2. a father-in-law. 

sacidlis, e, adj. of or pertaining to 
allies, or confederates, social, 
confederate. 

societas, dtis,f. 3. society, alliance, 
confederacy. 

socius, i, m. 2. a partner, an ally. 

sacordia, ae, f. 1. indolence, sloth, 
carelessness. 

Socrates, is, m. 3. the most celebra- 
ted philosopher of all antiquity, 
was a native of Athens. 

sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. 

soleo, ere, itus sum, n. p. 2. to use, 
be accustomed or wont. 

solidus, a, um, adj. whole, massive, 
solid. 

solitudo, inis, f. 3. (/r. solus) a lone- 



DICTIONARY. 



187 



\y place, desert ; solitude, retire 

ment. 
solitus, a, um, part, of soleo. 
sellers et solers, lis, adv. ingenious, 

skilful, experi,sagacious, shrewd 
sollertia et solertia, ae, f. I. ingenui- 
ty, sagacity, dexterity, 
Solon, onis, m. 3. one of the seven 

wise men of Greece, born at Sa 

lamis, and educated at Athens. 

He framed a celebrated code of 

laws for the Athenians. 
solstitium, i, n. 2, the solstice, the 

longest day, Fr. sol, soils ; and 

sto, statum. The standing still 

of the sun. 
solum, i, n. 2. the ground, soil, 

earth, land. 
solum, adv. only, alone. 
solus, a, um, gen. solius, dat. soli, 

adj. alone. 
solulus, a, um, part, of solvo. 
solvo, vere, vi, ittum, a. 3. to loose, 

unloose ; dissolve, melt ; solve, 

explain. 
somnio, are, dvi,dtum, n. l.to dream. 
somnus, i, m. 2. sleep. 
sonitnis, us, m. 4. (Jr. sono, sonitum) 

a sound, noise, din, clamour. 
sono, are, ui, itnm, rare, dvi, dtum, 

n. 1. (jsonumfacio) to sound, make 

a noise, resound. 
sonus, i, m. 2. a sound. 
sorbeo, here, bui, ( psi) plum, a. 2. to 

sup up, suck in, drink up. 
sordidus, a, um, adj. {fr. sordes, 

filth) filthy, foul, sordid. 
soror, oris, f. 3. a sister. 
spa? go, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to scatter, 

spread about, sprinkle. 
sparsus, a, um, part. o{ spar go. 
Sparta, ae,f. 1. a noble city of Pe- 
loponnesus, the capital of Laco- 

nia, called also Lacedaemon. 
Spartdcus, i, m. 2. a gladiator. 
Sparldnus, i, m. 2. a Spartan. 
Sparli, drum, m. 2. (Stootoi) a race 

of armed men said to have sprung 

up from the dragon's teeth sown 

by Cadmus. 
spartum, i, n. 3. (<rTafl 

Spanish broom. 
spdtidsus, a, um, adj. {fr. spdlium) 

spacious. 
spdtium, i, n. 2. room, space. 

Part I. r 



) a kind oCstdbulum, 
Ft. sto 



species, ei, f. 5. (fr. specio) a form, 
appearance, 

specio, cere, xi, cium, a. 3. to see. 

spectdcHlum, i, n. 2. (fr. specto) a 
spectacle, public sight or show. 

specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
fr. specio) to view frequently or 
much, contemplate, observe, re- 
gard, relate to. 

specus, its, rn. formerly/, sometimes 
n. 4. a cave, den, 

sptlunca, ae,f. 1. a cave, den. 

spero, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to hope, 
entertain hope. 

spes, ei, f. 5. hope ; praeter spem, 
contrary to expectation. 

Speusippus, i, m. 2. an Athenian 
philosopher, nephew and succes- 
sor of Plato. 

Sphinx, ngis, f. 3. (Siiyf) a monster 
sent into the neighbourhood of 
Thebes by Juno. 

spina, a,e,f. 1. a thorn,prickle, sting. 

spiritus, us, m. 4. breath. 

splro, dre, dvi, dtum, n.l.to breathe. 

spissus, a, um, adj. thick, close, firm. 

splendeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to shine, glit- 
ter. 

splendidus, a, um, adj. (fr. splendeo) 
bright, splendid. 

splendor, oris, m. 3. brightness, 
splendour. 

spolio, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1, to strip, 
plunder, spoil. 

spdlium, i, n. 2. spoil, plunder, 
booty. 

pondeo, spondere, spopondi, spon- 
sum, a. 2. to promise or under- 
take, pledge one's word. 

sponsa, ae,f. 1. a bride. Fr. span- 
deo, sponsum. One engaged or 
betrothed. 

spontis, genii, et in abl. sponte, f. 3. 
(from the obsolete noun spons ; 
all tlie other cases wanting) of 
one's own free will, spontaneous- 
Spurius, I, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
mon to many of the Romans. 

squama, ae,f. 1. a scale. 

i, 7t. 2. a stall, stable. 
A place whefe cattle 
stand. 

stadium, i, n. 2. ((rraSiov) a place 
where they contended in wrest- 



188 DICTIONARY. 

ling and in the race; also, 125 
paces. 

stannum, i, n. 2, tin. 

stdtim, adv. immediately. 

stdtio, 6nis,f. 3. (/r. statum) a sta- 
tion, post ; 7iavium,, an anchoring 
place. 

stdtua, ae, f. 1. {fr. stdtuo) a sta- 
tue. 

sidtudrius, i, m. 2. (fr. stdtua) a 
statuary, maker of statues, sculp- 
tor. 

sldtuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to set 
up, hold, maintain, judge, re- 
solve, decree. Fr. sto, statum. 

stdtutus, a, um, part, of statuo. 

Stella, ae^f. 1. a star. 

sterilis, e, adj. barren, unfruitful, 
steril. 

sterto, ere, ui, n. 3. to snore. 

stipes, itis, m. 3. the trunk of a treej 
a stake, log. 

stirps, is, f. 3. a root, stem, stock ; 
a stock, race, lineage. 

5^0, stare, stiti, statum, n. 1. to stand. 

Stoici, drum, m. 2. {J^toikoi) the Sto- 
ics, a celebrated sect of philoso- 
phers founded by Zeno. 

stoliditas, dtis, f. 3. folly, stupidity. 

stolid^is, a, tmi, adj. foolish, dull, 
silly. 

strdges, is, f. 3. {fr. sterno, strdvi) 
an overthrow, havoc, devasta 
tion. 

strangulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
choke, strangle. 

strenue, adv. strenuously. 

strc7iuus, a, urn, adj. active, strenu 
ous, valiant, bold. 

strepitus, us, ni'. 4. (/?*. strepo, to 
make a harsh noise) a harsh 
noise, clashing, din, bustle, 

Strophddes, um, f. 3. two small is- 
lands in the Ionian sea, on the 
western coast of the Pelopon- 
nesus. They are now called 
Strivali. 

struo, ere, xi, dum, a. 3. to pile up 
raise up, build, erect, construct 
insidias, to lay snares, lie in am- 
bush, waylay. 

struthiocamelus, i, m. 2. {(JTpovQioKa 

/j/jXof) an ostrich. 
Strymon, onis, m. 3. a river rising 



rates Thrace from Macedonia, 
and falls into a part of the Ae- 
gaean, called Strymonicus sinus, 
or G. of Contessa. 

studeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to attend to, pur- 
sue, study; side with, favour. 

stUdiose, adv. attentively, studious- 
ly- 

stadium, i, n. 2. study, attention, 
diligence ; eagerness, zeal. 

stultitia, ae,f. 1. folly. 

stultus, a, um, adj. foolish. 

stitpeo, ere, ui, n.'2. to be stupified ; 
to be amazed, astonished, sur- 
prised. 

stiipidus, a, um, adj. stupid, silly, 
simple. 

sturnus, i, m. 2. a starling. 

suddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. to devise, 
exhort, persuade. 

sudvis, e, adj. sweet, pleasant, agree- 
able. 

sudvltas, dtis,f. 3. sweetness, plea- 
santness, suavity, grace. 

sudviter, adv. sweetly, pleasantly,' 
agreeably. 

siib, prep. c. ace. et all. under, to- 
wards, near to, at. 

suhduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {sub et 
duco) to take away, remove, with- 
draw. 

suhductus, a, um, part, of subduco. 

subeo, ire, ivi et ii, ituvi, irr. n. {siib 
et eo) to go under, undergo, sus- 
tain. 

subtgo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. {sub 
et ago) to bring under, reduce, 
subdue. 

subito, adv. suddenly. 

subitus, a, um, adj. sudden, unlook- 
ed for, unexpected. Fr. subeo, 
siibltum. 

siMdtus, a, um, part, of toUo. 

sublimis, e, adj. lofty, elevated, sub- 
lime. 

submergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. {siib et 
mcrgo) to overwhelm. 

subviersus, a, um, part, of submer- 
go. 

subridco, dere, si, sum, n. 2. {suh et 
rldeo) to smile gently. 

subsllio, silire, sillvi, silii et silui, 

1 sultum, n. 4. {sid) et sdlio') to leap 
up. 



in mount Haemus, which sepa-lsw5siz^«o, uere, ui, Utum, a. 3. {sub 



DICTIONARY. 



189 



et stdtuo) to put under, put in the 
place of, substitute. 

siwter, prep. c. ace. et abl. under. 

subterrdneus, a, um, adj. (sub et ter- 
ra) that is, under ground, subter- 
ranean. 

subvtmo, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4. 
(sub et venio) to come to one's as- 
sistance, succour, relieve. 

subvblo, are., dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sub et 
voLo) to fly up. 

succedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
(sub et ctdo) to come or go under, 
succeed. 

successor, oris, m. 3. (fr. succedo, 
successum) a successor. 

s7/,ccus, i, m. 2. juice. 

suffero, suffere, sustuli, subldtum, irr. 
a. (sub etfero) to bear, sustain. 

sufficio, ficire, feci, fectum, n. 3. 
(sub et fdcio) to suffice, be suffi- 
cient. 

suffodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. 
(svh etfodio) to dig under, under- 
mine. 

suffossus, a, um, part, of suffodio. 

suffrdgium, i, n. 2. a vote, suffrage, 
choice. 

sui, sibi, se, pro. reciprocal, (of all 
genders, and of both numbers) 
of himself, herself, itself, or them- 
selves, to himself, &c. himself, 
&c. 

Sulla ct Sylla, ae, m. 1. the cogno- 
men of a family in the gens Cor- 
nelia; l/wcius Cornelius, ihe ri- 
val of Marias, made himself per- 
petual dictator at Rome. 

Sidpicius et Sidpilius, i, m. 2. Gal- 
lus, a celebrated astrologer in the 
age of Paul us. 

sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be ; (\^ith a 
dative^ to serve for ; terrori esse, 
to excite terror. 

summus, a, urn, adj. (sup. of superus) 
the highest, greatest; in summa 
aqua, on the surface of the water. 

sumo, sumcre, sumsi et sumpsi, sum- 
tum et sumptum, a. 3. to take. 

sumlus et sumplus, a, um, part, of 
sumo. 

sumlus ct sumptus, us, m. 4. charge, 
expense. 

supellcx, ectilis,/. 3. household fur- 
niture. 



super, prep. c. ace. et abl. (Jr. vnp) 
above, over, upon. 

superbe, adv. proudly, haughtily, 
arrogantly. 

superbia, ae,f. 1. pride, haughtiness, 
arrogance. 

superbio. Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. 4. to be 
proud. 

supcrbus, a, urn, adj. proud, haugh- 
ty. 

superjiuus, a, um, adj. superfluous. 

superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus) 
higher, the upper. 

superjdcio, jdccre, jtci, jac^m, a. 3. 
(super etjdcio) to cast, tnrow, or 
shoot over. 

super 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sur- 
pass, overcome, conquer. That 
■ is, to be (super) above others. 

super stltiosus, a, um, adj. supersti- 
tious. 

supersum, esse, fui, irr. n. to sur- 
vive, remain behind. 

superus, a, um, adj. (comp. sUperior, 
sup. suprcmus vcl summus) above, 
upper, on high. Fr. super. 

siipervdcuus, a,um, adj. superfluous. 

supervenio, venire, vtni, ventum, n. 
4. (sUpcr et venio) to come upon 
suddenly, surprise ; to come, ap- 
pear. 

super colo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (super 
et volo) to fly over. 

suppeto, ere, ivi. Hum, n. 3. (sub et 
pcto) to serve, be sufficient, be at 
hand. 

supplcx, ids, adj. suppliant. 

supplicium, i, n. 2. punishment. 

suppono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. 
(sub etpono) to put one thing or 
person in place of another, sub- 
stitute. 

supra, prep, et adv. above, over, up- 
on. 

surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. 

Surtna, ae, m. 1. a powerful officer 
in the armies of Orodes, king of 
Parthia. 

surgo, surgere, surrezi, surrectum, 
n. 3. to rise. 

sus, uis, c. 3. (avi) a swine, hog. 

susccptus, a, um, part, of suscipio. 

suscipio, cipcre, cUpi, ccptum, a. 3. 
(snb et cdpio) to take up, take in 
hand, undertake. 



190 



DICTIONARY. 



suspectus, a, urn, part, et adj. sus- 
pected, mistrusted, suspicious. 

^ispendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {stib et 
pendo) to hang up, suspend, keep 
in suspense. 

suspensus, a, um, part, of suspendo. 

suspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (sub 
€t specio) to suspect. 

suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {svl) et 
specio) to suspect, mistrust ; sus- 
pect, surmise. 

sustento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
Jr. sustineo) to sustain, uphold, 
support ; sustentari, to maintain 
one's §elf, li\^e. 

sustineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 2. 
{suh et teneo) to sustain, support, 
bear. 

suus, a, um, pro. (fr. sui) one's own, 
its own, proper, peculiar. 

syllaba, ae, f. 1. (avX\a0}i) a sylla- 
ble. 

Syphax, dcis, m. 3. a king of the 
Masaesyli in Libya, taken pri- 
soner and carried to Rome by 
Scipio. 

Syracusae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 
city of Sicily, founded about 
732 B. C, by Archias, a Corin- 
thian. 

Syria, ae, /. 1. a large country of 
Asia. 

Syridcus, a, um, adj. Syrian. 

T. 

idbesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to con- 
sume, languish, pine away. 

taenia, ae, /. 1. a board, tablet, ta- 
ble ; picta, a picture. 

tdceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to be f>i- 
lent. ^ 

iactus, us, m. 4. (/r. tango, tactum) 
the touch. 

taedet, taedebat, taeduit, taesum est, 
taedere, imp. it irks or wearies ; 
vitae me taedet, I am weary of 
life. 

Taendrus et os, i, m. etf. 2. et Tae 
ndrum et on, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
ry of Laconia, now Cape Mata- 
pan. 

tdlentum, i, n. 2. (rdAai/roi/) a talent. 

toMs, e, adj. such, of this or such 
kind. 



talpa, ae,f. 1. a mole. 

tam, adv. so, so much ; tarn diu, as 
long as. 

idmen,conj. notwithstanding, never- 
theless, however, yet. 

Tanais, is, m. 3. now the Don, 
which in ancient times separat- 
ed European and Asiatic Sarma- 
tia. 

Tandquil, ilis,f. 3. oalled also Caia 
CaeciliajWaiS the wife of Tarquin, 
the fifth king of Rome. 

tandem, adv. at length, at last, final- 

^^■ 
tango, tangere, tettgi, tactum, a. 3. 

to touch. 

tanquam et tamquam, adv. as, just 
as, as it were. 

Thntdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Lydia, 
son of Jupiter. 

tanio, adv. by so much. 

tantoptre, adv. so much, so greatly. 

tantum, adv. only. 

tantus, a, um, adj. so great, so 
much ; tanti est, it is worth 
while. 

tarde, adv. slowly. 

tarditas, dtis, f. 3. slowness or dul- 
ness of intellect, 

tardo, are, dvi, dtum^ a. 1. to make 
slow, retard, impede. 

tardus, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 

Tarentlnus,a,um,adj. of Tarentum; 
Tarentini, the Tarentines. 

Tarentum, i, n. 2. now Tarento, a 
town of Calabria in Italy. 

Tarpeia, ae, f. 1. the daughter of 
Tarpeius, the governor of the ci- 
tadel of Rome, opened the gates 
to the Sabines. 

Tarpeius, a, um, adj. Tarpeian; 
mons, a hill at Rome, the same 
as the Capitolinej so called from 
Tarpeia. 

Tarquinii, drum, m. 2. now Tarchi- 
na, a town of Etruria. Tarqui- 
nius Priscus was born or educat- 
ed there. 

Tarquinius, i, m. 2. Priscus, the 
fifth king of Rome, successor to 
Ancus Martins ; Superhv.s,grajD.di- 
son of the former, succeeded his 
father-in-law Servius Tullius 
and was the seventh and last 
king of Rome. 



DICTIONARY. 



191 



Tartarus el os, i, m. 2. et Tartdra^ 
drum, n. 2. the lower world. 

Taurica, ae, f. 1. Chersojiesus, a 
large peninsula of Europe, at the 
south-west of the Palus Maeotis, 
now called the Crimea. 

Taurus, i, m. 2. the largest range of 
mountains in Asia as to extent. 

taurus, i, vi. 2.'(rarpos) a bull. 

Taygetiis, i, m. 2. ct Toygeta, drum, 
n. 2. a mountain of Laconia, in 
Peloponnesus, at the west of the 
river Eurotas. 

tectum, i, n. 2. (/r. lego, tectum) a 
roof, house. 

tectus, a, um, part, of tego. 

tcget, etis, f. 3. (/r. tcgo) a mat or 
rug. 

tego, gere, xi, ctuyn, a. 3. to cover 
protect. 

tegumentum, i, n.2. {Jr. tcgo) a co- 
vering. 

telum, i, n. 2. a -weapon, dart, ar- 
row. 

teiiiCre, adv. without reason, with 
out cause, by chance, at random 
inconsiderately. 

Tempe, n. pi. ind. a vale in Thessa 
ly, through which the river Pe 
neus flows into the Aegaean. 

temperies, iti,f. 5. a temperate cli- 
mate, temper atcness. 

tempestas, dlis,f. 3. bad weather; a 
storm, tempest. 

templum, i, n. 2. a temple. 

tempus, oris, n. 3, time ; ad tempus. 
at the ap[)oinied time ; ex tem- 
pore, without premeditation or 
previous study, extempore. 

ttrm'ilentus, a, um, adj. drunk, 
drunken. 

tendo, tendire, titendi, tensum, a. 3 
to stretch out, extend. 

tcncbrae, drum, f. 1. darkness. 

ttnen, ere, ui, turn, a. 2. to hold, have, 
possess, occupy ; to understand 
know ; to occupy, beset ; portuvi 
to reach the harbour. 

tento, dre, dvi, dtnm, a. 1. to try, at 

tempt, prove. 
Tcnhjrit-ac, drum., m. 1. the inhabit- 
ants of Tcntyra. 

tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender, fine. 

trpcsco, cscCrc, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
warm or lepid. 



tepidus, a, um, adj. warm, tepid, 
lukewarm. 

ter, num. adj. thrice. 

tergum, i, n. 2. the back ; a tergo, 
from behind ; ad terga, behind. 

termino, dre, dvi, aium, a. 1. to 
bound, terminate. 

terminus, i, m. 2. a bound, limit, 
end. 

Terminus, i, m. 2. a divinity of 
Rome who was supposed to pre- 
side over bounds and limits. 

terni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
three, three. 

terra, ae,f. 1. the earth, land. 

terreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to fright- 
en, terrify, 

terrestris, e, adj. {Jr. terra) terres- 
trial. 

terribilis, e, adj. terrible. 

territo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {f'feq. 
of terreo) to terrify often or 
much. 

territorium, i, n. 2. (/r. terra) a ter- 
ritory. 

territus, a, um, part, of terreo. 

terror, oris, m. 3. great fear, terror. 

terlio, num. adv. the third4ime. 

tertius, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
third. 

testa, ae, /.I. an earthen vessel, a 
tile, shell. 

testdmentum, i, n. 2. (/r. testor) a 
testament or will. 

testiido, inis, f. 3. a tortoise. 
Teutones, um, m. 3. a name given 
to several united tribes of Germa- 

texo, ere, ui, tum, a. 3. to weave, 

braid, plat. 
thalamus, i, m. 2. (6aXa/ioj) a cham- 
ber. 
Thales, is el itis, m. 3. one of the 

.seven wise men of Greece, born 

at Miletus in Ionia. 
Thasus ct OS, i, f. 2. a small island 

in the Aegaean, on the coast of 

Thrace. 
thedtrum, i, n. 2. (Gtarpoi/) a theatre. 
Theba.e, drum, /. 1. a celebrated 

city, the capital of Boeotia. 
Thcbdnus, a, um, adj. of Thebes, 

Thebaji. 
Themistoclcs, is, m. 3. a celebrated 

general, bom at Athens. 



r2 



192 



DICTIONARY. 



Theodorus, i, m. 2. a philosopher of ^meo, ere, ui, a. et n. 2. to fear, oe 

Cyrene, disciple to Aristippus. I afraid of, dread. 
Thermodon, ontis, m. 3. now Ter-timidus, a, urn, adj. fearful, timid. 

mah, a famous river of Cappado-^ ^imor, oris, m. 3. fear, dread. 

cia, in the ancient comuXyj of Xhe tinnitus, us, m. 4. tingling. 

Amazons. Vtintinnabuluni, i, n. 2. a bell. 

Theseus, i, m. 2. king of Athens, kitio, onis, m. 3. a fire-brand. 



and son of Aegeus, was one of 
the most celebrated of th^ heroes 
of antiquity. 
Thessdlia, ae, /. 1. a country of 
Greece, situate to the south of 
Macedonia. 
Thessdlus, a, urn, adj. Thessalian ; 

subst. a Thessalian. 
Thestius, i, m. 2. the "father of Al- 
thaea. 
Thetis, idis, f. 3. one of the sea dei- 
ties, daughter of Nereus and Do- 
ris ; she married Peleus,by whom 
she became mother of Achilles. 
Thracia, ae, f. 1. a large country of 
Europe, lying to the east of Ma 
cedonia. 
Thracius, a, um, adj. Thracian. 
Thrasybulus, i, m. 2. a famous gene- 
ral of Athens, who expelled the 
thirty tyrants of his country. 
thus, thuris, n. 3. frankincense. 
Tiber et Tiberis, is, m. 3. a river of 
Italy, on whose banks the city of 
Rome was built. 
tibiccn, cinis, m. 2. (for tibiicen, fr. 
tibia, a flute, pipe, and cano) a 
player on the flute ; a piper. 
Ticinum, i, n. 2. now Pavia, a town 
near the mouth of the river Tici- 
nus. 
Ticlnus, i, m. 2. now the Tesino, a 
river of Gallia Cisalpina, falling 
into the Po near Ticinum. At 
the mouth of this river the Ro 
mans under Cornelius Scipio 
were defeated by Hannibal. 
Tigrdnes, is, m. 3. a king of Arme- 
nia. 
T^granocerta, ae, f. I. now Sered, 
the capital of Armenia, built by 
Tigranes. 
tigris, is et idis, m. etf. {riypis, 6 kul 

/;,) a tiger or tigress 
Tigris, is et idis, m. 3. a large river 
of Asia, rising in the mountains 
of Armenia Major, and falling 
into the Euphrates, 



idler 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 

sufier, tolerate. 
tollo, tollere, sustuli, subldtum, a. 3. 
to raise, lift up, take away, do 
away with, 
tondeo, tondere, totondi, tonsum, a. 

2. to clip, shear, shave. 
tonitrus, us, m. 4. in abl. sing, toni- 
tru, et in dat. plur. tonitribus : 
item tonitruum, i, n. 2. et in plur. 
tonitrua, {fr. tdno,tonitum,) thun- 
der. 
tono, arc, ui, itum, n.l. to thunder. 
torriientum, i, n. 2. (for torquimen- 
turn, fr. torqueo) a machine for 
hurling stones, darts, &c. 
Torgudtus, i, m. 2. a surname given 
to T. Manlius, from a collar (tor- 
ques) taken by him in single com- 
bat from a gigantic Gaul. 
torquis et torqties, is, in. etf. 3. {fr. 
torqueo, to twist) a chain for the 
neck, a collar. 
tot, adj. ind. so many. 
totidem, adj. ind. as many, just so 

many. 
totus, a, um, adj. whole, entire. 
trabs, is, f. 3. a beam. 
tracto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
fr. traho) to handle ; undertake, 
manage. 
tractus, us, m. 4. a track, region, 

country. 
tractus, a, um, part, of irdho. 
trdditus, a, uvi, part, of trado. 
trddo, dcre, didi, ditum, a. 3. {trans 
et do) to give over, consign, de- 
liver ; to relate, teach ; traditur^ 
it is said, report says. 
traglcus, a, urn, adj. {rpayiKos) tra- 
gic ; poeta, a tragic poet. 
trdgoedia, ae,f. 1. {rpaycoSia) a tra- 
gedy. 
trdko, here, xi, dum, a. 3. to draw;' 
bcllum, to protract the war ; li- 
quidas aquas trahere, to flow with 
a clear stream. 
trdjirAo, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. trans 



DICTIONARY. 



193 



etjdcio) to throw or cast over, 

transport. 
trdmcs, His, m. 3. a cross-way ; any 

way, road, or path. 
trdno, are, dvi, dhan, n. 1. {trans et 

no) to swim ov^er, 
tranquille, adv. calmly, tranquilly. 
traiiquiUitas, dtis, f. 3. calmness, 

tranquillity. , 
tranqiiilkcs, a, um, adj. calm, tran- 
quil. 
trafis, pr. c. ace. on the farther side 

of, beyond, over. 
transacltis, a, um, part, oitransigo. 
transeo, ire, ivi ct ii. Hum, n. irr. 

{tra,ns et eo) to go or pass over or 

beyond, to go through. 
transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a 

{trans ct fero) to carry or bring 

over, transfer, transport ; se ad 

aUquem, to go over to one. 
transfigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. (trans 

ctfigo) to run through, transfix, 

pierce. 
transfv.ga,ae, m. 1. a deserter, fugi- 
tive. 
trans^redior, grcdi. gressus sum, d. 

3. {trans ct grddior) to go or pass 

over, cross. 
transigo, igire, egi, actum, a. 3. 

(trans et ago) to pass, spend ; to 

accomplish, perform, transact, 
Iransilio, ire, ivi ct ii et ui, n. 4. 

(trans et sdtio) to leap, bound, or 

jump over, 
transitiirus, a, um, part, of transeo. 
transldtus, a, nm,part. of transfero. 
transmarinus, a, um, adj. beyond 

the sea. 
transno. V. trano. 
transvcho,hr:re, xi, ctum, a. 3. (trans 

ct vcho) to carry over, transport. 
transvolo, dre, dvi. dtum, n. 1 {trans 

et Tolo) to fly over. 



trecentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 

three hundredth, 
trcdccim, card. num. adj. ind. thir- , 

teen, 
tremUlus, a, um, adj. (fr. trcmo, to 

tremble) trembling, tremulous. 
tres, tria, ium, ibus, card. num. adj. 

three. 
Treviri, drum, m. 2. a nation of 

Gallia Belgica, between the Mo- 

sella or Moselle, and Silva Ar- 

duenna, 
triangularis, e, adj. triangular. 
tribUnus, i, m. 2. a tribune, 
tribuo, uere, ui,^ iitum, a. 3. to give, 

assign, attribute, impart, bestow, 
trihidum, i, n. 2. (fr. tribuo) tribute. 
tributus, a. um, part, of tribuo. 
tricesimus, a, %m, ord. num. adj. the 

thirtieth. 
triduum, i, n. 2. {fr. tres et dies) the 

space of three days ; per triduum, 

for three days. 
triennium, i, n. 2. the space of three 

years, 
trigemini, drum, m. 2. three born at 

a birth, three twin brothers. 
triginta, card. nuvi. adj. thirt)\ 
Trinacria, ae.f. 1. one of the an- 
cient names of Sicily, from its 

three promontories (rpcjj dKpai.) 
T\-iptolcmus, i, m. 2. a son of Ce- 

leus, kingof Attica, born at Eleu- 

sis. 
triuviphdlis, e, adj. triumphal. 
triumpho, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 

triumph. 
triJimphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. 
triumvir, viri, m. 2. a triumvir, one 

of three men joint^y employed to 

execute any public oflice. 
Troas, ddis, f. 3. a district on the 

Aegean coast of Mysia in Asia 

Minor, 



Trasimtnusct Tkrasymcnus,i.rn.2. trochllus, i, m. 2, a wren, 
alakeof Etrurianear Perusia,ce-] Tro^Z^jt/ytee, drum, m. 1. a people 
lebrated for a battle fought therei of Aethiopia, on the coasi of the 
betweenAnnibal and the Romans.! Sinus Arabicus, who dwelt in 

Trebia, ae,f. et m. a river of Gallia^ caves. 
Cisalpina, which fell into the Po' Troja,ae,f. 1. the capital of Troas. 
near Placentia. At its mowihTrojdnus, a,um, adj. Trojan, 
Annibal obtained a victory over iriix, triccis, adj. cruel, savage, 
the Romans. | fierce, 

trecenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. three tu, tui, tibi, te,pro. thou, you. 
hundred. tuda, ac,/. 1. a trumpet. 



194 



DICTIONARY. 



tuber, eris, n. 3. a bunch, protuber- 

^ ance. 

tubicen^ inis, m. 3. {tuba et cdno) a 
trumpeter. 

tueor, tueri, tuitus et tutus sum, d. 
2. to preserve, guard, protect. 

tugurmm, i, n. 2. a hut. 

Tullia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of Ser- 
vius Tullius, who married Tar- 
quin the Proud. 

ThilHus, i, m. 2. V. Cicero. 

TuUus, i, m. 2. HostUius, the third 
king of Rome. 

turn, adv. then; turn demum, then 
at length. 

tumidus, a, um, adj. swollen, swell- 
ing, tumid. 

tumultus, us, m. 4. a tumult, uproar. 

tiwiidus, i, m. 2. a little hill, mound, 
tomb. 

tu7ic, adv. then, at that time. 

tunica, ae, /. 1. a tunic (an under 
garment worn by the Romans.) 

t^crbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to con- 
found, disturb, throw into confu- 
sion. 

iurgidus, a, um, adj. swollen, infla- 
ted, turgid. 

turma, ae,f. 1. a troop or squadron 
of horse. 

turpis, e, adj. base, disgraceful, dis- 
honourable. 

t7irpitudo, i7iis,f. 3. deformity, ugli- 
ness ; disgrace, infamy. 

turris, is,f. 3. a tower. 

tus. V. thus. 

Tuscia, ae,f. 1. the same as Etruria. 

Tusculum, i, n. now Frascati, a 
town of Latium in Italy, about 
12 miles from Rome. 

Tuscus, a, um, adj. Tuscan, Etrus 
can, Etrurian. 

tutor, oris, m. 3. (/r. tueor, tutus) a 
guardian, tutor. 

tidtts, a, um, adj. safe. 

tuus, a, um, adj. pro. thine, thine 
own, yours, your own. 

tyrannis,idis,f. 3. (rvpoi'v(f)tyranny, 
arbitrary or despotic power. 

tyrannus, i, m. 2. {rvpawos) a king, 
prince ; a tyrant, usurper, despot. 

Tyrius, a, um,, adj. Tyrian. 

Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tuscan. 

Tyrus et l^jros, i, f. 2. a very an- 
cient city of Phoenicia, built by 



the Sidonians, on a small island 
at the south of Sidon, and now 
called Sur. 

U. 

uber, eris, n. 3. a teat, dug, udder. 

ubertas, dtis, f. 3. fertility, fruitful- 
ness. 

ul)i, adv. where, in what place ; 
when, as soon as. 

ubique, adv. every where, in every 
place. ^ 

ulciscor, cisci, tus sum, d. 3. to pun- 
ish, revenge. 

ullus, a, um, adj. any, any one. 

ulterior, us, adj. camp. (pos. not used) 
farther. 

uUerius, adv. farther, beyond. 

ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. (comp. ulte- 
rior) the last, farthest. 

ultra, pr. c. ace. beyond, on the far- 
ther side of; adv. beyond that, 
besides, moreover. 

ultus, a, um, part, of ulciscor. 

Ulysses, is, m. 3. a king of Ithaca, 
son of Anticleaand Laertes, one 
of the leaders in the war against 
Troy. 

umbra, o.e,f. 1. a shade, shadow. 

umbrosus, a, um, adj. shady. 

una, adv. together, all at once. 

uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curved, 
bent. 

unde, adv. out of what place, 
whence. 

undecivi, card. num. adj. ind. ele- 
ven. 

undenonagcsimus, a, um, ord. num. 
adj. the eighty-ninth. 

undequinquagesimus, a, um, adj. the 
forty-ninth. 

undequinquaginta, card. num. adj. 
ind. forty-nine. 

undetricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the twenty-ninth. 

undeviceslmus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
the nineteenth. 

undique, adv. from all parts, from 
all sides. 

unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, claw, talon. 

Imigiila, ae,f. 1. a hoof; a claw, ta- 
lon. 

unicus, a, um, adj. only, single, 

I alone ; excellent, distinguished. 



DICTIONARY. 



195 



unio, onis, m. 3. a pearl. 
universus, a, urn, adj. whole, uni- 
versal. 

ever 



nee unquam^ 



unquam, adv 

and ever. 
unus, a, urn, card. num. adj. one, 

single, alone. 
unusquisque, unaquaeque, unum- 

quodque et umimquidqtie, adj. 

every, every one. 
urbs, is,/. 3. a city ; the city, Rome. 
uro, urere, ussi, ustum, a. 3. to burn. 
ursus, i, m. 2. a bear. 
usque, adv. till, until, as far as. 
usus, a, um, part, of utor. 
usus, its, m. 4. use, practice, custom. 
ut, conj. as, like as ; that, in order 

that, to the end that. 
utcunque, adv. howsoever, whenso 

ever, to a certain degree, how 

ever much. 
uter^ tra, irum, adj. which of the 

two. 
uterque, trdque, trumque, adj. both, 

each, 
Utica, ae, /• 1< a celebrated city of 

Africa Propria, on the coast of 

the Mediterranean. 
utilis, e, adj. {fr. utor) useful 
utor, uti, usus sum, d. 3. to raake 

use of, enjoy. 
lUrinque, adv. on both sides. 
utrum, adv. whether. 
uva, ae,f. 1. a grape ; passa, a rai- 
sin. 
uxor, oris,/. 3. a wife. 

V. 

vdco, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be free 

from. 
vacuus, a, um, adj. void, empty, 

free from, vacant. 
vddosus, a, um, adj. having frequent 

fords, shallow, shelvy. 
vddum, i, n. 2. a ford, shallow. 
vagina, a.e,/. 1. a scabbard, sheath. 
vdgitus, its, m. 4. a crying like a 

child, lamentation, weeping. 
vdgor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go to 

and fro, wander, rove. 
vdgus, a, um, adj. wandering, roam- 
ing ; uncertain, wavering. 
vdleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to be strong 

prevail, have force, avail; vale 

farewell. 



Valerius, i, m. 2. a proper name 
among the Romans. 

vdlidus, a, um, adjm (/r. vdleo) 
strong, powerful. 

vallis, is,/ 3. a valley. 

vdpulo,dre, dvi, dtum, irr. p. (serves 
as dipass. to verbero) to be beaten, 
be whipped or scourged. 

vdrietas, dtis,/ 3. variety, diversi- 
ty, change. 

vario, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to diver- 
sify, vary, change. 

vdrius, a, um, adj. various, change- 
able. 

vas, vdsis, n. 3. et in plur. vasa, 
drum, n. 2.* a vessel. 

vasto, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to lay 
waste, desolate. 

vastus, a, um, adj. vast, wide, am- 
ple, immense. 

vdtes, is, m. 3. a prophet ; a poet, 
bard. 

ve, conj. or ; ve — a negative prefix, 
as in vecors. 

vecordia, ae,/ 1. (/r. vecors, vecors 
dis) madness. 

vtcors, dis, adj. (/r. ve et cor) with- 
out mind, frantic. 

vectis, is, m. 3. (/r. veho, vectum) a 
lever ; a bolt or bar. 

vectus, a, um, part, of veho. 

vegetus, a, um, adj. (/r. vegeo, to 
quicken) quick, active, vigorous. 

vehem£ns, lis, adj. vehement, vio- 
lent. 

vthementer, adv. (ius, isslme) vehe- 
mently, exceedingly, very much ; 
vehementius, too much. 

veho, here, xl, ctum, a. 3. to carry, 
convey, bear ; vehi curru, to drive; 
equo, to ride. 
Veiens, tis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 

Veii. 
Veii, drum, m. 2. a powerful city 
of Etruria, at the distance of 
about 12 miles from Rome. 

vel, conj. or, even ; vel...vel, either... 
or. 

vello, vellere, vclli et vulsi, vulsum, 
a. 3. to pluck or pull up. 

vellus, cris, n. 3. a fleece. 

vclox, ocis, adj. swift, quick, rapid; 
vclocissiTna venena, the quickest 
poisons. 

velum, i, n. 2. a sail. 

velut, vcliUi, adv. as, like as. 



196 



DICTIONARY. 



vendlis, e, adj. (fr. veneo) to be sold 

venal. 
vendtlcus, a,um, adj. (fr. venor) of 
or pertaining to the chase ; canis 
venaticus, a hound. 
vendtor, oris, m. 3. a hunter, hunts- 
man. 
vendito, are, dvi.dtum, a. 1. {freq. 

of vendo) to sell. 
vendo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (ve- 

num do) to sell. 
venendtus, a, um, adj. poisoned ; 

poisonous, venomous. 
venenum, i, n. 2. poison, 
•ve'/ieo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum et um, irr. 
pass, (serves as a pass, of vendo) 

to be^ exposed to sale, be sold. 
venio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. to 

come, go. 
venor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to hunt. 
venter, iris, m. 3. the belly. 
ventus, i, m. 2. the wind. 
Venus, eris, f. 3. the goddess- of 

beauty and love, one of the most 

celebrated deities among the an 

cients. 
venustus, a, um, adj. {fr. Venus) 

graceful, handsome, charming, 
ver, veris, n. 3. the spring. 
verber, eris, n. 3. a scourge, whip ; 

a stripe, blow. 
verhero, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beat 

strike. 
verbum, i, n. 2. a word. 
vere, adv. truly. 
vereor, eri, Uus sum, d. 2. to reve 

rence, fear, care for. 
vergo, gere, sine pret. et sup. n. 3, 

to incline or decline, bend, lie, 

or look towards. 
verislmilis, e, adj. (verus et similis) 

like the truth, probable. 
Veritas, dtis, f. 3. (/r, verus) truth. 
veritus, a, um, part, of vereor. 
vero, conj. but ; adv. certainly, in 

truth, indeed. 
Verona, ae,f. 1, a town of Venetia 

in Italy, on the Athesis, 
versor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to fre- 
quent, remain, dwell ; to dwell 

on a subject, be employed about 

a thing. , 

versus et versum, pr. c. ace. towards 

F'>-. verto, versum. So as to be 

turned towards. ^<Z is sometimes 

added : versum ad. 



vertex, Ids, m. 3. the crown or top 
of the head ; the top or summit 
of any thing. 
verto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. to turn, 
change, alter. 

veru, u, n. 4. a spit. 

verus, a, um, adj. true. 

vescor, ci, d. 3. (with an dbl.) to live 
or feed upon, eat. 

vesperi, adv. at evening ; tarn ves- 
peri, so late. 

Vesta, ae, /. 1. a goddess, whose 
mysteries Aeneas first introdu- 
ced into Italy, and in whose ho- 
nour Numa erected a temple at 
Rome. 

Vestdlis, is, f. 3. a Vestal virgin, 
one of those who took care that 
the sacred fire of Vesta was not 
extinguished. 

vestibUlum, i, n. 2. a porch. 

vestigium, i, n. 2. a footstep, track, 
vestige. 

vestio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to clothe. 

vestis, is,f. 3. a garment. 

Vesulus, i, m. 2. now Viso, a large 
mountain of Liguria,in the range 
of the Alfes Maritimae. 

veterdnus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus, 
veteris) old ; miles, a veteran. 

veto, dre, ui, itum, a. 1. to forbid, 
prohibit. 

Veiuria, ae,f. 1. the mother of Co- 
riolanus. 

Veturius, i, m. 2. a consul defeated 
by the Samnites, and made to 
pass under the yoke. 

vetus, eris, adj. old. 

veiMstas, dtis, f 3. {fr. vetus) anti- 
quity. 

vttustus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus) old, 
ancient. 

via, ae, /. 1. a way; viam dare, to 
make way. 

viator, oris, m. 3. {fr. via) a travel- 
ler. 

viceni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
twenty, twenty. 

vicesimus, a, um, adj. the twentieth. 

vlcies, num. adj. twenty times. 

viclnitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. vicinus) the 
neighbourhood, 

vicinus, a, um,adj. near, neighbour- 
ing, contiguous. 

vicis, (gen.) ci, cem, ce, et in plur. 
ces, cibus, f. 3. a change or turn 



DICTIONARY. 



197 



vicissitude ; heu miseram vicem, 
ah, sad reverse ! postium vicem 
praebere, to supply the place of. 

victims, ae,f. 1. a victim, sacrifice. 

victor^ oris, m. 3. (/r. vinco, victum) 
a conqueror. 

victoria, ae,f. 1. {fr. victor, victoris) 
a victory. 

victurus, a, um, part, of vivo. 

victus, a, um, par. of vinco. 

vicus, i, m. 2. a village, street. 

video, vidtre, vldi, visum, a. 2, to 
see, behold, look at. 

viduus, a, um, adj. deprived or be- 
reft of, widowed ; mulier viduus, 
a widow. 

vigil, ills, m. 3. a watchman. 

vigtlia, ae, f. 1. a watching; ae, 
drum, pi. a military guard,watch. 

viginli, card. num. adj. ind. twent3\ 

vilis, e, adj. cheap, of little value, 
mean, vile. 

villa, ae,f. 1. a country-seat, villa. 

villlcus, i, m. 2. the overseer (villae) 
of a farm, vSteward. 

villus, i, m. 2. tufts of hair, shaggy 
liair, long hair. 

vincio, cire, xi, ctum, a. 4. to bind. 

viiico, vinccre, vici, victum, a. 3. to 
conquer ; viTici, to be conquered, 
fail of one's object. 

vincLus, a, um, part, of vincio. 

vinculum, i, n. 2. {fr. vincio) a 
chain ; in vincula conjicerc, to 
cast into prison. 

vindex, ids, c. 3. an avenger, de- 
fender, protector, assertor. 

vindico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
avenge, punish, lay claim to. 

rindicta, ae, f. 1. {fr. vindico) re- 
venge, vengeance, punishment. 

vtnum, i, n. 2. {fr. olvn^) wine. 

violentus, a, um, adj. impetuous,vic>- 
lent. 

riolo, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to injure 
violate, profane. 

vir, vlri, m. 2. a man. 

vlreo, ire, ui, n. 2. to be green or 
verdant, bloom. 

virga, ae,f. 1. a small branch, rodj 
staff. 

V'lrgllius, i, m. 2. Publ. Ma.ro, 

called the prince of Ijitin poets. 
was born at Andes, a village 
near Mantua, about 70 B. C. 



Virginia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of the 
centurion Virginius. 

Virginius, i, m. 2. the father of 
Virginia, made tribune Of the 
people after the abolition of the 
decemviral power, 

virgo, inis, f. 3. a virgin or maid, a 
damsel. 

virgula, ae, /. 1. (a dimi?i. of virga) 
a little rod. 

Viriaihus, i, m. 2. a shepherd of 
Lusitania, who gradually rose to 
power, and enjoyed for 14 years 
the title of protector of public li- 
berty in the provinces of Spam. 

Viridomdrus, i, m. 2. a king of the 
Gauls. 

virtus, idis,f. 3. {fr. vir) bravery; 
any excellent quality ; virtue, 
worth, strength, force. 

vis, vis, f. 3. force, might, power ; 
vis hominum, a multitude of men ; 
vim facer e, to do violence to, 

viscus, iris, n. 3. an entrail ; viscera, 
the bowels. 

Vistula, ae,f. 1. a river falling into 
the Baltic, the eastern boundary 
of ancient Germany. 

Visurgis, is, m. 3. now the Weser, 
a large river of Germany. 

visus, a, um, part, oi video. 

visus, us, m. 4. {fr. video, visum) 
the sight. 

vita, ae,f. 1. life. 

vitifer, era, erum, adj. {vitis etfero) 
bearing or producing vines. 

vitis, is,f. 3. a vine. 

vito, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beware 
of, shun. 

vltiipcro, dre, dvi,dtum, a. 1. {vitium 
et paro) to find fault, blame, cen- 
sure. 

vividus, a, um, adj. lively, active, 
vigorous. 

vivo, viverc, vixi, victum, n. 3. to 
live. 

vivus, a, um, adj. living, alive. 

vix, adv. scarcely. 

voco, dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to call, 

• call upon, summon, invite. 

vblo, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to fly. 

volo, vellc, vdlui, irr. n. to be wil- 
ling. 

Volsci, 6rum, m. 2. a people of La- 
tlum. 



198 



DICTIONARY. 



volucris, e, adj. (fr. volo) flying, 

winged ; suhst. a bird. 
Volumnia, ae,f. 1. the wife of Co- 

riolanus. 
voluntas, dtis, f. 3. the will. 
voluptas, dtis, f. 3. pleasure. 
voluto, are, dvi, dtum, a. {fr. volvo, 

voluturri) to roll much or often, 

to roll. 

nlvo^ t 

turn. 

votum, i, n. 2. a vow, prayer, wish. 
vox, vocis, f. 3. a voice, sound, word. 
Vulcdrms, i, m. 2. a god of the an- 
cients, who presided over fire. 
vulgus, i, m. et n. 2. the common 

people, populace. 
vulnero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 

wound. 
vulnus, eris, n. 3. a wound. 
vulpecUla, ae,f. 1. a little fox. 
vulpes, is, f. 3. a fox. 
vuUur, uris, m. 3. a vulture. 
vultus, us, m. 4. the countenance, 

look, aspect. 



X. 

Xantippe et -thippe, es, f. 1. the wife 
of Socrates. 

Xantippus et -thippus, i, m. 2. a La- 
cedaemonian general who assist- 
ed the Carthaginians in the first 
Punic war. 

Xenocrdtes, is, m. 3. a philosopher 
born at Chalcedon, and educated 
in the school of Plato. 

Xerxes, is, m. 3. \st, a king of Per- 
sia, succeeded his father Darius. 



Zama, ae,f. 1. a town of Numidia, 
300 miles south-west from Car- 



Zeno, onis, m. 3. the founder of the 
sect of the Stoics, born at Citium 
in the island of Cyprus. 

Zethes et -thes, is, m. 3. et Zetus, i, 
m. 2. a son of Boreas, and brother 
of Calais. 



THE END. 



Deaths Stereotype Edition. 

THE 

LATIN EEADER, 

BY 

FREDERIC JACOBS 

AND 

FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING, 

WITH 

NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 

PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 

AND 
PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES 



BY JOHN D. OGILBY, 

VBXHCVPJlL op the grammar school op COLUMBIA COLLBOE, NBW-TORK. 



PART SECOND 

FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 



SEVENTH NEW YORK EDITION, 




N E W Y O R K : . 
W. E. DEAN, PRINTER & PUBLISHER 

2 ANN STREET. 

1849. 



Entered, 
According to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 

WILLIAM E. DEAN, 

In the Clerk's office of the Southern District of 
New York. 



BTEREOTTPED B7 FRANCIS F. RIFJLET, 
KBWTOnX. 



CONTENTS OF PART SECOND. 



Pag© 

First Division. A. Regnum Assyriorum, ----- i 

B. Regnum Medonim et Persarmn, - - - 2 

C. Res Atheniensiam, - ... - 12 

D. De Rebus Lacedaemonioruin - - - 26 

E. Macedonum Imperium, - - - - 31 

F. Res Parthorum, -. 64 

G. Res Siciliae, 69 

H. De Hispania Cluaedam, - - - - 74 

I. Res Massiliensium, ----- 76 

Second do. Breves e Ciceronis vita Narrationes, - - 79 
Third do. Narrationes breviores ex Ciceronis operibus ex- 

cerptae, --------92 

Fourth do. Narrationes quaedam varii generis, - - - 99 

Fifth do. Notes, 109 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 



ADAPTED TO THE 



EXTRACTS FROM JUSTIN AND NEPOS. 



This chronological Table is divided into three parts : the first com- 
mences with the Creation and terminates at the conquest of Coro- 
ebus, the era from which the Olympiads are counted. The second 
extends to the capture of Corinth by Mummius and the reduction 
of Greece to a Roman province. The third comprises the rest of 
the principal events alluded to in the Extracts, and terminates 
with the restoration of the standards taken by the Parthians from 
Crassus. A few important events, not mentioned in the text, 
have been inserted. 



— T, 

of (he I 
vorld. 



3.C. 



FIRST PART. 



1 4004TheCrcationof the world, according to the Hebrew text of the 
Scriptures. — According to the version of the Septuagint, 
5372.— According to the Samaritan version, 4700.— According 
to Usher, 4000.— According to Josephua, 4163, 

1655 '2350 The universal deluge. 

1946 20r)9 Ninus, king of Assyria. 

1998 20(J7 The deatli of Ninus, after a reign of 52 years. 

2<X)9 19'.*6 Scmirainis nucceeds him. 

2Q10 1965 The birth of Abraham.— Ninyas kills his mother Semiramis, 
I I and a.srends the throne, 

2434 11571 Moses born in Egypt. 

2449 



2508 
2512 



2722 
2742 



2821 
2936 



3105 



3121 
3191 



1556 Commencement of the kingdom of Athens. Cecrops, first king. 
i506 The death of Cecrops. Cranaus succeeds him. 
1497|Amphictyon, king of Athens. The Amphictyonic council 

I establii-hed. 
1493 Cadmus introduces Letters into Greece. He builds Thebes, 
1397|Erf•chthcu.^, king of Athen.s. In this reign Triptolemus was 

I taui(ht by Ceres the art of sowing corn, A.c. 
r2ft3 Argeiis, king of Athens. 

12«i3|Tho Argonautic Expedition. 

2771 (123-llThe.scus, king of Athens. He tmitcs the twelve boroughs of 
Attica. 
llBIJTroy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 
1070:Codrus,*king of Alhons, devotes himself for his country. Atliens 

j is governed by perpetual archons. Medon, first arrhon. 
900,The capture of Nineveh by Arbaccs ; the dcarh of S.irdana 
pahis, and the fall of the Assyrian Empire. — According to 
I Eusfbius, A. M. 3185, B. C. 820. 
884|The legislation of Lycurgus. 

814 The commencement of the kingdom of Macedonia In the per 
son of Caranus. Tliis kingdom lasted 6-16 years, until the 
battle of Pydna. 

a2 



A. 


1 


A. 


1 


A. 


2 


A. 


2 


C. 


I 


C. 


1 


c. 


1 


C. 


1 


C. 





c. 



C. 2 

A. 3 

B. I 

D. 1,2 



iV 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



776 
754 



753 
743 



734 



676 
671 



644 



597 



560 
559 



546 



538 
533 



532 
527 



521 

513 
512 



490 



480 



Year of the 
Olympiads. 



I. 
VL 

IX. 

XIV. 
XXIII. 



XXVI. 

xxvn. 

XXXIV. 

XLII. 

XLV. 



XLVI. 
LV. 

Lvin. 

LX. 
LXI. 

LXp. 

Lxm. 

LXIV. 



LXVI. 

Lxvn. 



Lxxn. 

LXXIV. 
LXXV. 



of 
Rome. 



1 
11 

30 

70 

72 

78 
83 

110 
145 
154 



157 

160 

194 
195 

208 

216 
221 

222 

227 

230 
232 

233 

241 

242 

245 

264 
273 

274 



SECOND PART. 



Coroebus first victor in the Olympic games. 
The era from which the Olympiads are 
counted. 

The perpetual archons at Athens are succeed- 
ed by decennial archons. Charops, first 
decennial archon. 

The foundation of Rome by Romulus. 

The first war between theMesseniansandthe 
Lacedaemonians. 

Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, 

Revolt of the Messenians against the Lacedae- 
monians.— Second Messenian war begins. 

The creation of annual archons at Athens. 
Creon, first annual archon. 

The poet Tyrtaeus general of the Lacedaemo- 
nian army. 

Argaeus, king of Macedonia. 

The capture of Ira, which put an end to the 
second Messenian war. 

Philip 1st, king of Macedonia. 

AeropuSj king of Macedonia. 

Massilia, (Marseilles,) founded by a colony of 
Phocaeans, according to Livy and Eusebius, 
According to Justin, it was founded during 
the reign of Tarquin the Proud. 

Astyages, the last king of the Medes, ascends 
the throne. 

Solon, archon of Athens, frames a code of laws 
for his country. 

Pisistratus usurps the sovereignty of Athens. 

Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. The 
commencement of the Persian Empire. 

Croesus crosses the Halys to aid the Babyloni 
ans against Cyrus, by whom he is defeated. 

Cyrus carries the war into Lydia, subdues the 
country, and makes Croesus his prisoner. 

Cyrus takes Babylon. 

Tarquin the Proud murders Servius TuUius, 
and succeeds him. 

The death of Cyrus. — Cambyses, his son, suc- 
ceeds him. 

The death of Pisistratus.— His sons Hippias 
and Hipparchus succeed him. 

Cambyses puts his brother Smerdis to death. 

Death of Cambyses.— Usurpation of Pseudo 
Smerdis. 

The death of Smerdis. — Commencement of 
the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes. He 
marries Atossa, daughter of Cyrus. 

Harmodius and Aristogiton slay Hipparchus. 
Babylon revolts from the Persians. 

The stratagem of Zopyrus. Capture of Baby- 
Ion. 

Darius wages war against the Scythians. He 
conquers Macedonia. 

Hippias expelled, and the tyranny of the Pisis- 
tratidae abolished.— Tarquin the Proud driv- 
en from Rome. Consular government begins. 

Darius invades Greece.— Miltiades de/eats the 
Persians at Marathon. 

Xerxes commences his expedition against the 
Greeks. 

The battle of Thermopylae, 7th August. 
Arrival of Xerxes at Athens, towards the 
end of the same month. The battle of 
Salamis, October 19th. The same day 
Gelon defeats the Carthaginian general, 
Hamilcar, at Himera. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.a 


Tearofth* 
Oljrmpiadi 


f of 1 SECOND PART. 

Rome. 




479 


LXXV. 


2! 275 iThebattle of Plataeae, 22nd September.— The 


B. 19 « 








battle of Mycale on the same daj. 


C. 11 


475 


T.X \ \ L 


2 


279 lAnaxilaus, tyrant of Sicily. 


G. 1 


474 




3 


280 iThe walls of Athens rebuilt, and its port im- 
1 proved. 


C. 11 


471 


T.xxvn. 


2 


283 iThemistocles banished. 


C. 14 


465 


LXXVIIL 


4 


289 iThe death of Xerxes.— Artaieries Longima- 
1 nus succeeds him, and reigns 40 years. 


B. 20 


464 


LXXDL 


1 


290 jThe third Messenian war begins. 




461 




4 


293 jCimon goes into exile. 


C. 17 


450 Lxxxn. 

1 


3 


304 


Cimon conducts an army to the island of Cy- 
prus, where he dies the year following. 


C. 17 


•431 iT.xxxvn. 


2 


'323 


Commencement of the Pelopoimesian \var, 












which lasts 28 years. 


C. 19 


425 


Lxxxvm. 4 


329 


The deauh of Artaxerxes Longimanus— Xer- 












xes II. succeeds him. 


B. 21 


424 


LXXXIX. 


1 


330 


The death of Xerxes II.— Sogdianus ascends 
the throne. 


B. 21 


423 




2 


331 


Death of Sogdianus after a reign of 7 months. 
He is succeeded by Darius Nothus. 


B. 21 


422 




3 


332 


A peace of 50 years agreed upon by the Spar- 
tans and Athenians, which is kept only dur- 
ing 6 years and 6 months. 


C. 18 


415 


XCI. 


2 


339 


The expedition of the Athenians to Sicily.— Al- 
cibiades condemned. He retires to Sparta. 


C. 19, 22 


413 




4 


341 


The total defeat of the Athenian army in Sici- 
ly by Gylippus, the Lacedaemonian. 


C. 21 


412 


XCII. 


1 


342 


Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and goes over 
to the Persians. 


C. 23 


410 




3 


^a 


Alcibiades recalled by the army. 


C. 24 


407 


xcra. 


2 


ai7 


Alcibiades goes again into exile. 
Conon succeeds him. 


C. 27 

C. 28 


405 




4 


519 


Lysander gains tlie naval battle of Aegos-Pota- 
mos.— Darius Nothus dies. His son Artaxer- 
xes Mnemon succeeds him. 


C.28 
B.21 


404 


xcrv. 


1 


350 


Athens taken by Lysander.— End of the Pelo- 
ponnesian war. 
Appointment of the 30 tyrants. 
Alcibiades is killed. 


C. 30 
C. 31 










C. 32 


403 




2 


361 


Thrasybuhis frees Athens from the 30 tyrants. 
A general amnesty. 


C. 33 
C.34 


401 




4 


353 


The e.Tpedition of Cyrus the Younger against 
his brother Artaxerxes. 
The battle ofCunaxa. 
The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 


B.22 


395 


xcvi. 


2 


359 


The expedition of Agesiiaus in Asia. 


D. 5 


3M 




3 


360 


The naval battle near Cnidus, in which the 
Athenian*, commanded by Conon, come off 
victors. Commencement of Corinthian war. 


D. T 


393 




4 


361 


Agesiiaus, on his return from Asia, conquers 
the Thfbans and their allies at Coronaea. 
Conon rebuilrls the walls of Piraeus. 


D. 6 
D. 7 


391 


xcvn. 


2 


363 


Amynta.s II. kin? of Macedonia. 


E. 3 


389 




4 


365 


Peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and 
Greeks. 




388 


XCVIII. 


1 


366 


The war of the Spartans with the Arcadians. 


D. 8 


371 


on. 


2 


383 


The battloof Leuctra, in which Epaniinondas 
defeats the Lacedaemonians. 


D. 8 


370 




3 


381 


Ale.xaiid<,-r If. king of Macedonia.— Philip, a 
hostage at Thebes. 


E. 3A 
4 


369 




4 


3a-> 


Epaminondafl attacks Sparta. 


D. 9 


368 


era. 


1 


386 


Ptol<»mv Alorites, king of Macedonia, (V. note 
5, p. 32) 

Death of Dionysius the Elder. 
I)i,mv.jMi^ iti'-'Younif'^r succeeds him. 


Q. 2 
0^ 3 


365 




4 


389 


P< r ' ' :ing of Macedonla- 


E. 4 


363 


CIV. 


2 


391 


Tli' ' mtinea; victory of Epaminon- 


D. 9 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 


Year of the 




r,°^ 


SECOND PART. 


Reference. 


Ol7inpiads. 




Rome. 






362 


CIV. 


3 


392 


The death of Artsixerxes Mnemon. 
Ochus succeeds him. 


B. 23 

B. 24 


360 


cv. 


1 


394 


Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 


E. 4 


356 


CVI. 


1 


398 


The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt by 
Erostratus. 

On the same day Alexander was born. Dio- 
nysius is driven from Sicily. 


6. 4 


355 




2 


399 


Commencement of the third Sacred War. 




348 


cvm. 


1 


406 


Philip takes Olynthus. 
End of the third Sacred War. 


E. 7 
E. 8 


347 




2 


407 


Dionysius returns to Syracuse from Italy. 
Dionysius retires to Corinth after his final 


G. 5 


343 


crx. 


2 


411 












banishment by Timoleon. 


G. 6 


341 




4 


413 


Philip makes a fruitless attempt upon Byzan- 
tium.— He is victorious in the Chersonese ; 
and makes an expedition to Scythia. 


E. 9 


338 


ex. 


3 


416 


The battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip de- 
feats the Athenians and Boeotians. The end 
of Grecian Independence. 
Death of Artaxerxes Ochus. 


E. 10 
B. 24 


337 




4 


417 


Philip convenes a council of the Greeks at Co- 
rinth. He prepares for the invasion of 
Persia. 


E. 11 


336 


CXI. 


1 


418 


Philip is assassinated by Pausanias. 
Alexander succeeds him. 


E. 12 










E. 14 










Darius Codomannus ascends the throne of 












Persia. 


B. 24 


335 




2 


419 


Alexander continues the preparation for the 
Persian war. 
Revolt of the Thebans. Alexander defeats 

them, and destroys Thebes. 
Alexander passes into Asia. 
Victory of Alexander over the Persians in 

the plain of Adrastia, commonly called the 

battle of the Granicus. 


E. 15 

E. 16 
E. 17 










E. 18 


333 




4 


421 


Dangerous illness ofAlexander at Tarsus. The 
battle of Issus. 


E. 20 
E. 21 


332 


CXIL 


1 


422 


Alexander takes Tyre. Egypt submits to Alex- 
ander—He fomids Alexandria. 


E. 22 
E. 23 


331 




2 


423 


Victory of Alexander over Darius at Gauga- 
mela, more commonly caUed the battle of 
Arbela. 


E. 25 


330 




3 


424 


Alexander destroys Persepolis. Darius Codo- 


E. 25 










mannus assassinated by Bessus. End of the 
Persian Empire. Antipater suppresses the 
rebellion in Greece. 


E. 26 
E. 27 


328 


CXllI. 


1 


426 


Alexander subdues the Caucasian tribes.— 
Bessus punished. 


E. 29 


327 




2 


427 


Alexander passes into India.— He conquers 
Porus. 


E. 31, 32 


325 




4 


429 


Alexander returns to Babylon. 


E. 36 


324 


cxrv. 


1 


430 


Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the 
age of 33. Aridaeus, a natural son of Philip, 
is nominally king.— First division of the em- 


E. 37 




















pire between the generals. 


E. 41 


323 




2 


431 


The Athenians and Aetolians rise in rebellion 
against Macedon.— Antipater escapes from 
Lamia. 


E. 42 


322 




3 


432 


Antipater, Antigonus, Craterus and Ptolemy 
unite against Perdiccas.— Perdiccas is as- 
sassinated in Egypt. 


E. 43 


317 




4 


437 


Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. 


G. 7,8 


315 


CXVI. 


2 


439 


League of Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus, 










and Seleucus, against Antigonus. 


E. 43 


310 


cxvn. 


3 


444 


Agathocles carries the war against the Cartha- 
ginians into Africa. 


G. 9 


307 


CXVIII. 


2 


447 


Demetrius, son of Antigonus, gains a victory 
over the fleet of Ptolemy.— Antigonus as- 





CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



VU 



Olympiadf 



SECOND PART. 



301 
298 
297 

294 
290 



28S 
2bG 



284 
281 



279 

278 

277 

275 
274 

272 

260 
262 

255 

247 

243 

233 

232 

228 

226 

224 

222 

221 



CXIX- 4 453 

CXX. 3 456 

4 457 



CXXI. 
CXXIL 



CXXIII. 
CXXIV. 



cxxv. 



CXXVI. 2 
3 

cxxvn. 1 



CXXIX. 
CXXXI. 
CXXXIII 
CXXXIV, 
CXXXV. 3 

cxxxvn. 1 

GXXXVnL 1 
3 

CXXXIX. 1 
3 



475 
476 

477 

479 
480 

482 

485 

402 

499 
507 
611 
516 
522 
520 
528 
630 
532 



4 533 



sumes the title of king ; the other generals 
of Alexander follow his example. 

Battle of Ipsus J death of Antigonus; flight of 
Demetrius. 

Death of Cassander. His son Philip succeeds 
him. 

Death of Philip. Dispute between his sons An- 
tipater and Alexemder respecting the crown 
of Macedoii.— Antipater kills Thessalonice, 
his motlicr. 

Demetrius Poliorcetes takes possession of 
Macedonia. 

League of cseleucus, Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, 
and Ptolemy, against Demetrius. 

Death -of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. — ^Deme- 
trius is stripped of the kingdom of Macedon. 
—Pyrrhus obtains the vacant throne. 

Demetrius surrenders himself to Seleucus. 

Lysimachuswreststhe crownof Macedon from 
the hands of Pyrrhus.— Death of Demetrius. 

Death of Ptolemy, son of Lagus. His son, 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, succeeds him.-Death 
of Demetrius Phalereus. (V. note 1st, p. 15.) 

Lysimachus is defeated in Phrygia by Seleucus 
and dies. -Seleucus reigns in Macedonia. Se- 
ven months aftei-wards he is slain by Ptole- 
my Ceraunus, who succeeds him on the 
throne of Macedon. — Antiochus Soter, son of 
Seleucus, succeeds to the throne of Syria. — 
Commencement of the Achaean league. 

Irruption of the Gauls into Ulyria and Mace- 
donia. They defeat and slay Ptolemy Ce- 
raunus. 

New irruption of the Gauls under Brennus. 
They attempt to plunder the temple at Del- 
phi, but are totally defeated. — Pyrrhus, king 
of Epirus, passes into Sicily. 

\ntigonu3 Gonatas, king of Macedonia. — He 
defeats the Gauls. 

Hiero, general of the Sicilians. 

Pyrrhus gets possession of Macedonia, and 
dethrones Antigonus. 

Pyrrhus besieges Lacedaemon, and is repuls- 
ed. — He is slain in an attack upon Argos. 

Hiero II. king of Syracuse. 

Antiochus II. surnamed TJicos, succeeds his 
father, Antiochus Soter. 

Arsaces rules over the Parthians ; the dynasty 
of the Arsacidae commences. 

Death of Antiochus II.— SeleucusII. Burnamed 
Callinicus, succeeds him. 

Dcatii of Antigonus Gonatas. Demetrius II. 
succeeds liiin. 

Ilaiiiilcar goes to Spain with his son, the young 
Hagnibal. 

The death of Demetrius n. king of Macedonia. 
Antigontjs Doson succccd.s him. 

Death of Hamilcar.—IIasdrubal succeeds him 
in Spain. 

Death of Seleucus H.— Seleucus HI. (.Cerau- 
nua) succeeds him. 

Death of Seleucus III— His brother, Antio- 
chus the Grout, succeeds 1^1^ 

Ch-omenc8, king of SparUi, is^Rfeated by An- 
tigonus and Hies to Egypt.- Antigonusinakcs 
hirrisflf master of Sparta, and then proclaims 
it frre. 

Death of Antigonus Do.son.— Philip, son of 
Demetrius, succeeds him. 



E 


44 


E 


46 


E 


46 


E. 


47 


E. 


47 


E. 
G 


48 
11 


E.48 
E.48 


E.49 


E. 


48 



E.49 



E. 51 



E. 52,63 
G. 12 

E.54 
G. 13 

E. 55 

E. 56 
O. 13 



F. 4 



H. 4 
E.69 
H. 4 

E. 61 

E.flO 
£.160 



Tin 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



B.C. 


Year of the 
Olympiads. 


Rome. 


SECOND PART. 


Reference. 


221 


CXXXIX. 4 


533 


Death of Ptolemy Evergetes.— Ptolemy Phi- 
lopator succeeds him. 


E. 61 


220 


CXL. 1 


534 


Death of Hasdrubal in Spain.— Hannibal suc- 
ceeds him. Lycurgus, king of Sparta. 
Philip sends deputies to Italy, for the purpose 


H. 4 

E. 61 


216 


CXTJ, 1 


538 










of making a treaty with Hannibal. 


E. 62 


214 


3 


540 


Laevinus passes into Greece. 


E. 63 


204 


CXLIV. 1 


550 


Philip makes peace with the Romans, End of 
the 1st Macedonian war. 
Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds his father Phi- 
lopator, though only in the 4th year of his age. 

Antiochus the Great and Philip divide between 


E.63 
E. 64 


203 


2 


551 










themselves thekingdomof Ptolemy Epiphanes. 


E.64 


202 


3 


552 


The Romans undertake the guardianship of 
Epiphanes. 


E. 65 


200 


CXLV. 1 


554 


Second Macedonian war. 


E. 65 


197 


4 


557 


Battle of Cynoscephalae ; defeat of Philip by 
Flaminius ; end of the second Macedonian 
war. 


E. 65 


195 


CXLVI. 2 


559 


Hannibal flies for refuge to Antiochus the Great. 


E. 66 


194 


3 


560 


Phraates 1st, king of Parthia. 


F. 5 


191 


CXLVn. 2 


563 


Antiochus defeated on land by Acilius Glabrio. 
His fleet defeated by Aemilius. 


E.67 


190 


3 


564 


Antiochus defeated at Magnesia by Scipio 
Asiaticus. 


E. 69 


189 


4 


565 


The Aetolians conquered by the Romans. — 
Hannibal flies to Prusias, king ofBithynia. 


E.73 ■ 


183 


CXLIX. 2 


571 


Death of Philopoemen.— Hannibal poisons 
himself. — Death of Phihp.— His son, Per- 
seus, succeeds to the throne of Macedonia. 
—Mithridates 1. succeeds Phraates 1. as 
king of Parthia. 


E. 70, 73 

E.72 

F. 5 


171 


CLn. 2 


583 


Third Macedonian war begins. 




163 


CLIII. 1 


586 


Battle ofPydna.— Perseus made captive by the 
Romans. 


E.74 


147 


CLVin. 2 


607 


The Achaeans drive out the Roman ambassa- 
dors, who were sent to dissolve the league. — 










The Romans declare war against them. 


E. 75, 76 


146 


3 


608 


Capture and destruction of Corinth by Mum- 
mius. — Greece becomes a Roman province 
under the name of Achaia. Commencement 
of the war with Viriathus. 


E.76 
H. 2 


Ye 

B.C. 


ar 

of 
Rome. 

617 


PART THIRD. 


Reference. 


137 


Phraates 11. succeeds Mithridates I. 


F. 7 ■ 


133 


621 


Attalus dying, bequeaths the kingdom of Pergamus to the 








Roman people. 


E. 77 






Artabanus succeeds Phraates H. 


F. 7 






Mithridates 11. succeeds his father Artabanus. 


F. 7 


54 


700 


Orodes, king of Parthia. 


F. 8 


53 


701 


The battle of Carrhae ; defeat and death of Crassus. 


F. 8 


39 


715 


Ventidius kills Pacorus and destroys his army. 


F. 9 






Phraates IV. succeeds his father Orodes. 


F. 10 


36 


718 


Antony is repulsed by the Parthians. 


F. 11 


31 


723 


Phraates is driven from his throne by Tlridatea. He is re- 








stored with the assistance of the Scythians. 


F. 11 


20 


734 


The Par 
taken 


thians 
fromt 


deliver to Augustus the standards and captives 
lie Romans. | 


F.^2 



FIRST DIVISION, 



A. REGNUM ASSYRIORUM. 

1. Ninus. (Justin. I. 1.) 

Antiquissimis temporibus primi in Asia Assyrii^ regnum 
condidisse feruntur. Horum rex Ninus, primum finitimis, 
turn aliis post alios populis perdomitis, totius Orientis populos 
subegit. Postremum ei bellum cum Zoroastre, rege Bactri- 
anorum,'^ fuit, qui primus dicitur artes magicas^ invenisse, si- 
derumque motus diligentissime spectasse. Hoc occiso et 
ipse decessit, relicto impubere adhuc filio Ninjra, et uxore 
Semiramide. 

2. Semirdmis. (Ibid. I. 2.) * 

Semiramis nee filio immaturo imperium tradere, nee ipsa 
palam capessere ausa, sexum dissimulans, brachia et crura 
velamentis, caput tiar^ tegit ; et, ne novo habitu aliquid oc- 
cultare videretur, eodera modo et populum vestiri jussit; quem 
morem vcstis* exinde^ gens universa servavit. Sic Semi- 
ramis primis regni initiis Ninyas esse credita est.^ Magnas 
deinde res gessit, ita ut mulier etiam viros virtute superare 
videretur. Babyloniam' condidit, murumque urbi cocto la- 
tere^ circumdedit. Nee contenta regni terminos tueri, Ae- 
thiopiam' imperio adjccit, et Indiae bellum intulit. Ad pos- 
tremum a filio interfecta est, duo et quadraginta annos post 
Ninum rerum potita.'° Ninyas contentus imperio a parenti- 
bus sibi tradito, belli studia dcposuit, et, veluti sexum cum 
matre mutasset, in feminarum turba consenuit. Posteri ejus 
hoc exemplum sceuti sunt. Imperium Assyrii mille trecen- 
tos annos tenuerunt. 

3. Sardanapalus. (Ibid. I. 3.) 

Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapalus, vir muliere 
moUior. Ad quem quum forte Arb&ces, Media" a rege prac- 



2 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

positus, venisset invenit eum inter mulierum greges, muliebri 
habitu, lanam tractantem, et pensa virginibus dividentem. 
Quibus visis, indignatus Arbaces, tot viros huic feminae^ 
parere, omnem rem ad amicos retulit, negatque^ se ei obedire 
posse, qui se feminam esse malit quam virum. Fit igitur con- 
juratio. Bellum Sardanapalo infertur. duo ille audito, pri- 
mum, ut mulieres solent, latebras circumspicit ; mox deinde 
cum paucis et incompositis in bellum progreditur. Victus 
proelio in regiam se recipit, ubi, exstructo incensoque rogo, 
et se et divitias in flammas conjicit ; hoc solo facinore virum 
imitatus. 



B. REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 

1. Asiyages. (Justin. I. 4.) 

Sardanapalo sublato quum Arbaces rex esset constitutus, 
imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. Post multos 
deinde reges ad Astyagem descendit.^ Hie aliquando per 
somnum vidit e sinu filiae Mandanes, quam unicam habebat, 
vitem enatam/ cujus palmite omnis Asia obumbraretur. Con- 
sulti harioli, qui somnia interpretabantur, responderunt, ne- 
potem regi ex filia natum iri, qui regno potiretur omnemque 
Asiam subigeret. Hoc responso perterritus, Astyages filiam 
Cambysi in matrimonium dedit, mediocris fortunae viro, ex 
gente Persarum, quae tunc temporis nullis adhuc rebus gestis 
illustrabatur.^ Sed ne sic quidem ab omni metu liberatus 
est. 

2. Cyrinatales. (Ibid. I. 4.) 

Gluum itaque Mandane puerum peperisset, Astyages cum 
Harp ago, arcanorum suorum participi, occidendum dedit. Is 
veritus, ne Mandane aliquando necati infantis ultionem a se 
exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit. 
Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori filius natus erat. Ejus 
igitur uxor, audita regii infantis expositione, maritum precibus 
movit, ut sibi afferret ostenderetque puerum. Cujus precibus 
fatigatus pastor reversus in silvam, juxta infantem invenit ca- 
nem, ubera parvulo praebentem, et a feris alitibusque defen- 
dentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua canem motam vi- 
derat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie prose- 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 15 

ipsum gloriosi. Idem populus postquam corruptus est, tre- 
centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo^ decrevit. 

8. Bellum Persicum alterum, (Corn. Nep. Vita Them. 

c. 2. 3.) 

Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciam aggressus 
est. Quo adventante quum oraculuiii Delphicum consuluis- 
sent,2 responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod 
responsum quo valeret,'-* quum intelligeret nemo, Themisto- 
cles persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent ; eum 
enim significari murum ligneum. Q,uo consilio probato navi- 
um augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, 
conjuges liberosque partim Salamina,"* partim Troezena^ as- 
portant ; arcem^ sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sa- 
cra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidam' relinquunt. Com- 
munis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum 
lucentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium^ inter 
Euboeam'' continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis^° con- 
flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitu- 
dine regiarum navium circumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio^^ 
discesserant, tamen eodcm loco non sunt ausi manere, quod 
erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo.^^ Quo factum est, 
ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Sa- 
lamina classem suam constituerent. 

9. Xerxes Themistoclis consilio ad Salamina superaiur. 

(Com. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.) 

At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Ur- 
bem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, 
quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus flamma perter- 
riti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi horta- 
rentur, ut domes suas discederent, mocnibusque se defen- 
dercnt, Themistocles unus rostitit, et universos quidem hosti 
pares esse posse aiebat, disperses autem perituros. Quum 
vero'socios mifiu.s, (juam vcllet, movcret, noctu do servis suis, 
quern habuit fidelissimum,'^ o.d regemmisit, ut cinuntiaret su- 
is verbis,'^ Graecos in eo esse, ut fugerent. Qui si disccs- 
sissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore'^ bellum 
con fecturum,"^ quum singulos consectari cogerctur; quos si 
statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum." Hoc eo 
valebat,'' ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogercntuT. Hac 
re audita, barbarus," nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis- 

PART II. — 3 



16 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

simo^ sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto 
mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non pos- 
set. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis 
Graeciae. 

10. Xerxes in Asiam revertitur. (C. N. I. c. 5.) 

Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias 
copiarum, ut etiam cum his Graeciam oppjimere posset. 
Ne igitur bellare perseveraret, Themistocles eum certiorem 
fecit, id agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol- 
veretur, quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur. Idque ei 
persuasit. Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, se- 
que a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. 
Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est. 

11. Reliquiae Per sarum deleniur. (Justin. II. 14. Corn. 

Nep. Vit. Them. c. 6.) 

Q,uum tamen pars exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge- 
nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae helium continuaret, hae 
quoquecopiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; 
eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a 
Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, 
Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Pha- 
lerico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur,^ Themisto- 
clis consilio triplex Piraei^ portus corsstitutus est, isque moe- 
nibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate* aequipararet, 
utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, Lace* 
daemoniis yetantibils, non sine periculo suo. 

12. Pausanias, dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur. 

(Just. II. 15. Corn. N. Vita Pans. c. 2.) 

Post haec Lacedaemomi, ut bis illatum Graeciae helium 
ulciscerentur, ultro' fines Persarum depopulantur. Cui bel 
lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majo- , 
res res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio^ expugnato, 
cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnullos I 
regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex 
vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretrien- 
sem,' qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuissel 
tradunt: Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Byzantii ceperat, post- 
quam propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit,^ seque tecum\ 
ajjinitate conjungi cupif. Quare, si tibi videtuVydes eijlliaml 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 17 

tuam nwptum. Id si feceris, et Spariam et caeteram Graeciam 
sub tuam potestaiem se redacturnm pollicetur. His de rebus 
si quid geri volueris, cerium} hominem ad eum mittas face^ 
cum quo colloquatur. 

13. Pausanias capitis davmatur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Paus. 
c. 2. 3. 5.) 

Rex tot hominum sibi necessariorum salute^ magnopere ga- 
visus, confestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mit- 
tit, in qua eum collaudat,* ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea 
perficienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nuUius rei a se 
repulsam esse laturum.^ Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog- 
nita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceci- 
dit Lacedaemoniorum, rlec multo post proditionis accusatus 
damnatur. Mortem ui fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae 
Chalcioecus^ vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, sta- 
tim Ephori^ valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectum- 
que sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret.^ Dicunt iilo 
tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam 
de scelere filii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum 
aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi 
morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo ela- 
tus esset, confestim animam efflavit. 

14. Themistocles iripAsiam confugit. (Com. Nep. Vit. 
Them. c. 8. 9.) 

Paulo ante Themistocles testarum suffragiis^ e civitate ejec- 
tus, Argos'° habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter mul- 
tas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii le- 
gatos Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod 
societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fe- 
cisset." Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id 
ut audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam 
confugit. Q.UO quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Ar- 
taxerxem his verbis; Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima 
mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam^^ intuli, quum mihi 
necesse csset patriam meam defendcre. Idem multo plura bo- 
na feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autein 
ad te confugi, cxagitatus a cuncta Graccia, tuam pctens ami- 
citiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum 
habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille crpertus est}^ Rogo au- 
tem, lit de his rebus}* de quibus tecum colhqui volo, annum mi- 
hi iemporis^ des.eoque transacto me ad te venire paiiaris. 



18 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

15. Themistocles a rege Persiae benigne exceplus, Magnestae 
moritur. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) 

Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem^ admiratus, cu- 
piensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit, The- 
mistocles autem omne illud tempus"^ litteris se&ionique Persa- 
rum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius'^ 
dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in 
Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset r^gi pollicitus, 
magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam^ rediit, do- 
mic iliumque Magnesiae^ sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo 
obiisse dicitur. Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, 
quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, 
praestare posse desperaret.^ Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab 
amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non con- 
cederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus. 

16. Cimon insulas Atheniensibus subjicit. (Corn. Nep. 
Vita Cim. c. 2.) 

Dum ilia gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine ae- 
mulo exercebant. Hoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimo- 
nis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen ' 
de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum re- 
verteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem' 
imperii ab Atheniensibus defec erant, bene animatas confirma- 
vit,^ alienatas^ ad officium redire coegit. Scyrum,^° quod con- 
tumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insula- 
que ejecit, agros civibus'^ divisit. Thasios,^^ opulentia fretos, 
suo adventu fregit. His manubiis^^ Athenarum arx, qua^'' ad 
meridiem vergit, est ornata. 

17. Ostracismo patria pulsus, mox revocatur. (Ibid. c. 3.) 

Gluibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit 
in eandem invidiam, quam^^ Themistocles; nam testarum 
suffragiis decem annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti 
celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. Nam quum ille 
forti animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque 
Lacedaemonii j^theniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus 
virtutis desiderium^*^ consecutum est. Itaque post annum quin- 
tum, quam expidsus erat,^' in patriam revocatus est. Ille, 
quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius'** existi- 
mans, contendere^^ Lacedaemonem, sua sponte'^ profectus, 
pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 19 

neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator mis- 
sus, quum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum 
implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 

18. Belluvi Pel^onnesiacum. Pericles. (Just. III. 2. et 7.) 

Q,uum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia soci- 
orumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fati- 
gati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent ; tota Graecia, 
ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem elincre- 
menta invidentibus," in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua 
arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud fiorentes 
Graeciae res gravius afflixit, saepius susceptum et depositum 
est.^ Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad 
proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, 
ultionis tempus exspectantes, intra moenia se continebant. 
Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil 
sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. 
Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita ; sed multo 
clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione 
caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, 
ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis 
suspicionem adducerent. duod intelligens, Pericles agros 
reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, 
navali proelio^ dimicatum est. Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. 
Post plures annos,^ fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta 
fecere, quam nonnisi sex annos servaverunt. Nam indpcias, 
,quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona^ rumpe- 
bant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est. 

19. Atheniensium in Siciliam expeditio. (Just. IV. 3, 4.) 

Gluum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses" et Syracu- 
sanos exorto, Athenienses CatiniensibHS opem tulissent, tem- 
pore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanisnon ser- 
varentur, illi dcnuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida ves- 
te, capillo barbaquc promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque 
lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, 
auxilium illis mittenduiii censeret. Igitur classis ingcns de- 
cernitur; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus ; 
tantacque vires in Siciliam cflfusae sunt, ut iis ipsis tcrrori es- 
sent, quibus auxilio venerant. 



20 _ RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



20. Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae. (Just. IV. 4.) 

Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, 
revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria se- 
cundo Marte^ pugnant : munitionibusque ifrbi Syracusarum 
circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt. 
Gluibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis 
petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de 
belli jam inclinato statu'^ audivisset, auxiliis partim in Grae- 
cia, partim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. 
Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, 
sociosque obsidione liberavit. In eo proelio Lamachus forti- 
ter pugnans occisus est. 

21. Athenienses saepius vicii ijigentem cladem accipiunt. 
(Justin. IV. c. 4 et 5.) 

Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Sy- 
racusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone cum auxi- 
liis arcessit. Q,uo cognito^ et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi 
ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copia- 
rummittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum* in Siciliam translatum' 
esset, ita ex utraque parte^ summis viribus dimicabatur. 
Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vin- 
cuntur ; castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia 
amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi 
essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut ahirent SiciHa, dum res 
quamvis ajfflictae, nondum tamen perditae essent. Nicias autem 
seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit. 
Reparatur igitur navale bellum ; sed insciti^ ducum, qui Syra- 
cusanos, inter angustias maris*^ facile se tuentes, temere ag- 
gressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eury- 
medon dux in prima acie fortissime dimicans, primus cadit ; 
triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur ; Demosthenes 
et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. 
Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit; ipsos 
deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. De- 
mosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria 
moi*e se vindicat : Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dede- 
core captivitatis. 



RE^ATHENIEXSIUM. 21 

22. Alcihiades capitis damnatus Spartam se confert. (Just 

V. 1. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 4.) 

Dum haec in Sicilia per biennium geruntur, belli illius con- 
citor et dux Alcibiades absens Athenis insiniulatur mysteria 
Cerens violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, 
multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ralus impendentem 
evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem,' deinde The- 
bas^ se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bo- 
nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas* 
sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ej usque devo- 
tionis exemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in pub- 
lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Aihe- 
niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum infer- 
rent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii turn Persarum re- 
ge amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam' in finibus Atticae 
munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Atlienas 
tenuerunt. 

23. Persarum sibi favor em conciliat. (Justin. V. 2. Cora. 

Nep. I. c. 5.) 

Non contcntus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, AU 
cibiades cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendil, et iributa- 
rias Atheniensium civitates auctoritate nominis sui ad defecti- 
onem compellit. Sed apud Liicedacmonios Alcibiadis vir- 
tus plus inf'idiae quam gratiae contraxit. Nam quum ucerri- 
mi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce- 
rent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae carilate ductus ab ipsis 
descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Ilaque tempus* 
ejus interficiendi quaerere instituenmt. Qua recopiiia Alci- 
biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se coniuliu 
Cujus quum in iotimam amicitiam pervenissel, ei * t, 

ne nimis cni.xe Lacedacmonios juvaret. Nam d; h 

(iraecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac Ix-lli lure" !>)- 
mesticis itaquc bellis Graeciam atterendam v^^*\ no rxterms 
vacet;' exaeqnandasquo vires partium et inf«r 
vandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fu it. Ita.. ^ >• 

niis commeatus navesquc malice' praebere cutipil. 

24. Cum Atheniensibus in gratiam redit. (Just V. 3.) 

Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum dace excrcitus Atheni- 
ensium, qui apud Samum' morabalur. per intcrauniios collo- 



22 RES ATHENIENSyJM. 

quitur, poUiceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a po- 
pulo ad senatum translata foret ; sperans fore,^ ut aut concor- 
dante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia 
inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur. 
Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfer- 
tur.^ Q-ui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab e^er- 
citu Alcibiadcs exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. 
Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, primo urbem prodere 
Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsi- 
lium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestine ma- 
le liberata,^ summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum 
adversus Lacedaemonios perrexit. 

25. Lacedaemoniorum vires frangit. (Corn. Nep. Vita 
Alcib. c. 5.) 

Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est, 
ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant,^ perter- 
riti pacem peterent ; victi enim erant quinque terrestribus 
proeliis, tribus navalibus,* in quibus trecentas triremes amise- 
rant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades 
simul cum collegis receperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas 
praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae : qua- 
rum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque 
minus multas consilio^ ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in 
captos benevolentia fueran't usi. Inde praeda onusti, locuple- 
tato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 

26. Athenas redit. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 6.) 

Ad hunc redeuntis exercitus triumphum effusa omnis multi- 
tudo obviam procedit, et universos quidem milites, praecipue 
tamen Alcibiadem rairantur. Sic enim populo erat persua- 
sum, omnes et adversas superiores^ et pra^esentes secundas 
res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et La- 
cedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem 
virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium 
unum omnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu 
ve«ierat, nisi Ol3'mpiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque 
vulgo donabatur.7 Postquam in Urbem venerat, concione 
advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tam ferus esset, quin ejus 
casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum 
opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publico 
bona ; et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus re- 
sacrare^ sunt coacti. 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 23 

27. Lysaridro duce res Lacedaemoniorum reparantur. 
• (Justin. V. 5.) 

Dum haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander 
classi belloque praeficitur; et in locum Tissaphernis Darius 
rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, loniae Lydiaeque prae- 
posuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae 
prions erexit. Aucti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum 
navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur/ repenti- 
no adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius 
quum Athenas venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fuit, 
uf statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterent, ducis se 
fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibi- 
ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo in voluntariura 
exsilium proficiscitur. 

28. Athenienses magna proelio apud Aegospotamos superaniur. 
(Just. V. 6, 7. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 8.) 

Itaque Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria 
adornat ; sed navibus exercitus deerat. Nam ut numerus 
militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. 
Pluribus itaque proeliis adverse Marte pugnatis, tandem Ly- 
sander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, quf, navi- 
bus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen* 
oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. Haec enim cla- 
de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est.^ Tributariae civi- 
tates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt. 
nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium* relictum est praetcr urbem 
ipsam. 

29. Atheniensium consternatio. (Just. V. 7.) 

(iuae quum Athenis nuntiata essent, ingcns omnium con- 
sternatio fuit; viri mulieresque relictis dajiiibus, j)€r urbem 
currere pavidi ; alius alium sciscitari ; auctorem nuntii require- 
re.' In foro deindc coennt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, qiies- 
tus, et lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratrcs, aut filios. aut par^io- 
tes deflcnt, et cum privatis casibus qucrelam publicam' mis- 
cent: Jam sc ipsos, jam ipsam patriam fcrituram, miserio' 
rcmqur. supersliium, quavi amissorum fortunam esse. Nuilam 
nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum eztrc^ 
turn, cujus virtuie servari possint. 



24 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



30. Athenae se Lysandro tradunt. (Justin. V. 8. Corn. 
■ Nep. Vita Lys. c. 1.) 

Dum haec Athenis fiunt, Lysander Graeciae civitates in 
Lacedaemoniorum potestatem redigit, et undique iis, qui Athe- 
niensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in miaquaque civi- 
tate delegit viros/ quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, mi- 
seramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget, Scie- 
bat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne no- 
vae advehi possent, providebat. Quibus malis Athenienses 
fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere : quae an 
dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est 
Quum nonnuUi nomen Atheniensium^ delendum, urbemque 
incendio consumendam censerent, Spartani negarunt, se pas- 
suros,^ ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis^ alter erueretur ; pacem- 
que Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia^ dejice- 
rent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent ; denique .si 
respublica triginta rectores,^ ex civibus deligendos, acciperet. 

31. Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis exercent. (Justin V. 

8,9.) 

His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari' coepit: 
Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et 
Lysandro dediti, qui brevi* tyrannidem in cives exercere coepe- 
runt. Q.uippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt ; 
et quasi hie numerus ad continendam ci\dtatem non sufficeret, 
septingentos milites a victoribus^ accipiunt. His copiis instruc- 
ti exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant :^ quumque 
hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni^° displicere didicissent, ip- 
sum quoque ad terrorem omnium interficiunt. Q,uo factum 
est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum 
terrorem^^ pati mallent. 

32. Alcibiades inierficitur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. 9, 10.) 

Horum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui 
quu.m casteilum in Phrygia^^ habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae 
agitabat consilia, Critias'^ caeterique tyranni Atheniensium 
certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum 
certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
rerum ratum^^ fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare 
si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium persequeretux. Ly- 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 'ZO 

Sander, his verbis commotus, Pharaabazo, satrapae, persuasit, 
ut homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati,^ in qua Alcibiades erat, ne- 
gotium darent,^ ul eum interficerent.^ Illi, quum eum ferro 
aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa casam 
earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. Ille autem 
ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subduc- 
tus, famiiiaris sui subaiare telum* arripuit. Namque erat 
cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui nunquam discedere vo- 
luerat Hunc sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vesti- 
mentorum^ fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim^ 
transiit, Q,uem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, te- 
lis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnaba- 
zum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, 
muliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. Sic Alcibiades an- 
nos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum, 

33. Thrasylulus exsul jpatriae liber andae capit consilium. 
(Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.) 

Inter cives, qui tyrannorum furorem efTugerant, Thrasybu- 
lus erat, qui, ad spem liberandae patriae eaectus,'' adunatis^ 
triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus At- 
ticae,^ occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. 
Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum^" transiit, Munychi- 
amque" munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, 
ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus 'in urbem, armis impedi- 
mentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus non 
minus' prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari 
vetuit; cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; ne- 
que quisquamest vuhieratus, nisi qui prior impugnase voluit ; 
neminem jacentem''^ veste spoliavit ; nihil aftigit praeter arma, 
quaeque ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit 
Critias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus. 

34. Exsules in pairiani redemit. (Corn. Nep. I.e. 3.) 

Dum •haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, 
tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thra- 
sybuhmi et eos, qui urbem tenebant,'^ fecit pacem, his condi- 
tionibus, ne qui pracfer triginta ti/ra?inos, et decern, qui postca 
praetorcs creali, eadem crudelitatc in cives grassati erajit, affi- 
ccrentur cxsiiio,ncve bona fublicarcntur ; rclpublicae procu- 
ratio pnpulo redderetur}^ Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasy- 
buli, quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civitate pos- 



26 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

set, legem tulit : ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, ne- 
ve midtareiur ; eamque illi legem Ohlivionis vocant. 

35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt. (Just. VI. 9.) 

Non ita multo post per victoriam/ a Conone de Lacedae- 
moniorum classe reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium non- 
nihil reparatae sunt ; nee tamen pristinam inter Graecos auc- 
toritatem potuerunt recipere. Magis magisque in torporem 
et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, 
sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef- 
fundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versa- 
bantur. Turn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges ale- 
bantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Q-uibus re- 
bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum 
antea Macedonum nomen emergeret ; et Pbilippus, obses tri> 
ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan- 
tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitu- 
tis jugum imponeret. 



D. DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM. 

1. Lycurgus Sjpartanorum legislator. (Just. III. 2.) 

Lacedaemoniorum respublica auctoritatem, qua inter Grae- 
cos pollebat, et incrementa debebat legibus et disciplinae Ly- 
curgi. Qmi yir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartano- 
rum,2 successisset, regnumque sibi vindieare potuisset, Cha- 
rilao, iilio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem 
adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit; ut intelli- 
gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatiss jura, quam 
omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus 
et prmcipes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis pre- 
cibus eum permoverunt, ut civitati leges scriberet. Quo dif- 
ficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi 
leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem locum inter 
Graecos obtineret. 

2. Quaedam Lycurgi leges. (Just. III. 2, 3.) 

^ Ac primum quidem populum in obsequia principum., prin- 
cipes ad juslitiam imperiorum formavit.^ Parsimoniam om- 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 15 

ipsum gloriosi. Idem populus postquam corruptus est, tre- 
centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo^ decrevit, 

8. Bellum Persicum alterum, (Corn. Nep. Vita Them. 

c. 2. 3.) 

Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciam aggressus 
est. Q,uo adventante quum oraculum Delphicum consuluis- 
sent,^ responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod 
responsum quo valeret,^ quum intelligeret nemo, Themisto- 
cles persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent ; eum 
enim significari murum lignemn. Quo consilio probato navi- 
um augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, 
conjuges liberosque partim Salamina,^ partim Troezena^ as- 
portant ; arcem^ sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sa- 
cra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidmn' relinquunt. Com- 
munis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum 
ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium^ inter 
Euboeam^ continentemque terram cum classiariis regiis^° con- 
flixit. Angustias enim Tliemistocles quaerebat, ne multitu- 
dine regiarum navium circumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio'^ 
discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod 
erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo.^^ duo factum est, 
ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Sa- 
lamina classem suam constituerent. 

9. Xerxes Tkemistoclis consilio ad Salamina superaiur. 

(Corn. Nep. A^it. Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.) 

At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Ur- 
bem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, 
quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus flammaperter- 
riti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi horta- 
rentur, ut domos suas discederent, moenibusque se defen- 
derent, Themistocles unus rcstitit, et universos quidem hosti 
pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos autem perituros. Q,uum 
vero socios minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis, 
quern habuit fidelissimum,'^ ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret su- 
is verbis,'* Graccos in eo esse, ut fugerent. Qui si disces- 
sissent, majore cum labore et longinquiore tempore'^ bellum 
confc'cturum,'^ quum singulos consectari cogeretur ; quos si 
statim agGfrcderetur, brevi universos oppressurum.'^ Hoc eo 
valebat,''' ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentuT. Hac 
re audita, barbarus,'^ nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis- 

PART II. — 3 



16 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

simo^ sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto 
mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non pos- 
set. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis 
Graeciae. 

10. Xerxes in Asiam revertitur. (C. N. I. c. 5.) 

Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias 
copiarum, ut etiam cum his Graeciam opprimere posset. 
Ne igitur bellare perseveraret, Themistocles eum certiorem 
fecit, id agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol- 
veretur, quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur. Idque ei 
persuasit. Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, se- 
que a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. 
Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est. 

11. Reliquiae Per sarum delentur. (Justin. II. 14. Corn. 

Nep. Vit. Them. c. 6.) 

Q,uum tamen pars exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge- 
nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae bellum continuaret, hae 
quoque copiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; 
eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a 
Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, 
Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Gluumque Pha- 
lerico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur,^ Themisto- 
clis consilio triplex Piraei^ portus constitutus est, isque moe- 
nibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate* aequipararet, 
utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, Lace- 
daemoniis vetantibus, non sine periculo suo. 

12. Pausajiias, dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur. 

(Just. 11. 15. Corn. N. Vita Paus. c. 2.) 

Post haec Lacedaemonn, ut bis illatum Graeciae bellum 
ulciscerentur, ultro^ fines Per sarum depopulantur. Cui bel 
lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majo- 
res res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio^ expugnato, 
cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnuUos 
regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex 
vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretrien- 
sem,'' qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuisse 
tradunt: Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Bi/zantii ceperat, post- 
quam propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit,^ seque tecum 
affmitate conjungi cupit. Quare, si tibi videtur, des eifiliam 



RES ATHENIEXSIUM. 17 

tiiam nujptum. Id si feceris, et Spartam et caeteram Graeciam 
sub tuam potestaiem se redacturum pollicetur. His de rebus 
si quid geri volueris, cerium} hominem ad eum mittas face^ 
cum quo colloquatur. 

13. Pausanias capitis damnatur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Paus. 
c. 2. 3. 5.) 

Rex tot hominum sibi necessariorum salute^ magTiopere ga- 
visus, confestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mit- 
tit, in qua eum collaudat,^ ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea 
perficienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nullius rei a se 
repulsam, esse laturum.^ Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog- 
nita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceci- 
dit Lacedaemoniorum, nee multo post proditionis accusatus 
damnatur. Mortem ut fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae 
Chalcioecus^ vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, sta- 
tim Ephori' valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectum- 
que sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret.^ Dicunt iilo 
tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam 
de scelere filii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum 
aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi 
morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo ela- 
tus esset, confestim animam efflavit. 

14. Themistocles in Asiam confugit. (Com. Nep. Vit. 
Them. c. 8. 9.) 

Paulo ante Themistocles testarum sufTragiis^ e civitate ejec- 
tus, Argos'° habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter mul- 
tas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii le- 
gates Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod 
societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fe- 
cisset.'' Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id 
ut audi vit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam 
confugit. Q.UO quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Ar- 
taxerxem his verbis; Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima 
mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam^'^ intuli, quum mihi 
necesse esset patriam meam defender e. Idem multo plura bo- 
na feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autem 
ad te confugi, exagitaius a cuncta Graecia, tuam pctens ami- 
citiam; quam si ero adeplus, 7ion minus me bonum amicum 
habebis, quam fortem inimicumille expertus esi}^ Rogo au- 
tem, ut de his rebus}* de quibus tecum coJIoqui volo, annum mi- 
hi temporis^^ des, eoque transacto me ad te venire patiaris. 



18 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 

15. Themistocks a rege Persiae benigne exceptus, Magnesiac 
moritur. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) 

Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem^ admiratus, cu- 
piensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit. The- 
mistocles autem omne illud tempus^ litteris sermonique Persa- 
rum dedit; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius^ 
dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in 
Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset regi pollicitus, 
magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam^ rediit, do- 
miciliumque Magnesiae^ sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo 
obiisse dicitur. Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, 
quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, 
praestare posse desperaret.^ Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab 
amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non con- 
cederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus. 

16. Cimon insulas Atheniensibus subjicit. (Corn. Nep. 
Vita Cim. c. 2.) 

Dum ilia gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine ae- 
mulo exercebant. Hoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimo- 
nis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen 
de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum re- 
verteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem^ 
imperii ab Atheniensibus defecerant, bene animatas confirma- 
vit,^ alienatas^ ad ofRcium redire coegit. Scyrum,^° quod con- 
tumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insula- 
que ejecit, agros civibus^^ divisit. Thasios,^^ opulentia fretoSj 
suo adventu fregit. His manubiis^^ Athenarum arx, qua*'^ ad 
meridiem vergit, est ornata. 

17. Ostracismo patQ-ia pulsus, moz revocatur.. (Ibid. c. 3.) 

Cluibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit 
in eandem invidiam, quam^^ Themistocles ; nam testarum 
suffragiis decem annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti 
celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. Nam quum ille 
forti animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque 
Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus 
virtutis desiderium^^ consecutum est. Itaque post annum quin- 
tum, quam expnlsus erat," in patriam revocatus est. Ille, 
quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius'** existi- 
mans, contendere^^ Lacedaemonem, sua sponte^ profectus, 
pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 19 

neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator mis- 
sus, quum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum 
implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 

18. Bellum Peloponnesiacum. Pericles. (Just. III. 2. et 7.) 

Q.uum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia soci- 
orumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fati- 
gati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent ; tota Graecia, 
ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem et incre- 
menta invidentibus,' in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua 
arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud florentes 
Graeciae res gravius afflixit, saepius susceptum et depositum 
est.^ Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad 
proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, 
ultionis tempus exspectantes, intra maenia se continebant. 
Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil 
sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. 
Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita ; sed multo 
clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione 
caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, 
ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis 
suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelligens, Pericles agros 
reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, 
navali proelio^ dimicatum est. Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. 
Post plures annos,* fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta 
fecere, quam nonnisi sex annos servaverunt. Nam inducias, 
quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona' rumpe- 
bant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est. 

19. Atheniensiuvi in Siciliam expeditio. (Just. IV. 3, 4.) 

Gluum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses^ et Syracu- 
sanos exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tem- 
pore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanis non ser- 
varentur, illi denuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida ves- 
te, capillo barbaque promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque 
lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, 
auxilium illis mittendurn censeret. Igitur classis ingens de- 
cernitur; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus ; 
tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terrori as- 
sent, quibus auxilio venerant. 



20 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 



20. Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae, (Just. IV. 4.) 

Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, 
revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria se- 
cundo Marte^ pugnant : munitionibusque urbi Syracusarum 
circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt, 
Gluibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis 
petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de 
belli jam inclinato statu'^ audivisset, auxiliis partim in Grae- 
cia, partim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. 
Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, 
sociosque obsidione liberayit. In eo proelio Lamachus forti- 
ter pugnans occisus est. 

21. Athenienses saepius victi irigentem cladem accipiunt. 
(Justin. IV. c. 4 et 5.) 

Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Sy- 
racusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone ciim auxi- 
liis arcessit. Quo cognito^ et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi 
ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copia- 
rum mittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum^ in Siciliam translatum 
esset, ita ex utraque parte^ summis viribus dimicabatur. 
Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vin- 
cuntur ; castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia 
amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi 
essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut ahirent Sicilia, dum res 
quamvis afflictae, nondum tamenperditae essent. Nicias autem 
seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit. 
Reparatur igitur navale bellum ; sed insciti^ ducum, qui Syra- 
cusanos, inter angustias maris^ facile se tuentes, temere ag- 
gressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eury- 
medon dux in prima, acie fortissimo dimicans, primus cadit ; 
triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur ; Demosthenes 
et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. 
Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit ; ipsos 
deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. De- 
mosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria 
morte se vindicat : Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dede- 
core captivitatis. 



RES A-THENIENSIUM. 21 

22. Alcibiades capitis damnatus Spartavi se confert. (Just 

V. 1. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 4.) 

Dum haec in Sicilia per biennium geruntur, belli illius con- 
citor et dux Alcibiades absens Athenis insimulatur mysteria 
Cereris violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, 
multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem 
evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem,^ deinde The- 
bas'^ se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bo- 
nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas' 
sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo- 
tionis exemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in pub- 
lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Athe- 
niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum infer- 
rent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii cum Persarum re- 
ge amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam^ in finibus Atticae 
munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Athenas 
tenuerunt. 

23. Persarum sibi favorem conciliat. (Justin. V. 2. Com. 

Nep. I. c. 5.) 

Non contentus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, Al- 
cibiades cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendit, et tributa- 
rias Atheniensium civitates auctoritate nominis sui ad defecti- 
onem compellit. Sed apud Lacedaemonios Alcibiadis vir- 
tus plus invidiae quam gratiae contraxit. Nam quum acerri- 
mi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce- 
rent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae caritate ductus ab ipsis 
descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Itaque tempus^ 
ejus interficiendi quaerere instituerunt. Qua re cognita Alci- 
biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se contulit. 
Cujus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, ei persuadet, 
ne nimis enixe Lacedaemonios juvaret. Nam dissidentibus 
Graecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac belli fore.^ Do- 
mesticis itaque bellis Graeciam attercndam esse, ne externis 
vacet;' exaequandasque vires partium et inferiores auxilio le- 
vandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fuit. Itaque Lacedaemo- 
niis commeatus navesque maligne* praebere coepit. 

24. Cum Atheniensibus in gratiam redit. (Just. V. 3.) 

Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exercitus Atheni- 
ensium, qui apud Samum^ morabatur, per internuntios collo- 



22 RES ATKEMENSIUM. 

quitur, polliceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a po- 
pulo ad senatum translata foret ; sperans fore, ut aut concor- 
dante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia 
inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur. 
Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfer- 
tur.^ Qui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exer- 
citu Alcibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. 
Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, prime urbem prodere 
Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsi- 
lium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestine ma- 
lo liberata,^ summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum 
adversus Lacedaemonies perrexit. 

25. Lacedaemoniorum vires frangit. (Corn. Nep. Vita 
Alcib. c. 5.) 

Hac expeditiene tanta subite rerum commutatio facta est, 
ut Lacedaemenii, qui paule ante victores viguerant,^ perter- 
riti pacem peterent; victi enim erant quinque terrestribus 
proeliis, tribus navalibus,^ in quibus trecentas triremes amise- 
rant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades 
simul cum collegis receperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas 
praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae : qua- 
rum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque 
minus multas consilio^ ad amicitiam adjunxerant, qued in 
captos benevolentia fuerant usi. Inde praeda enusti, locuple- 
tate exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 

26. Athenas redit. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 6.) 

Ad hunc redeuntis exercitus triumphum efRisa omnis multi- 
tude ebviam precedit, et universes quidem milites, praecipue 
tamen Alcibiadem mirantur. Sic enim pepule erat persua- 
sum, emnes et adversas superieres^ et praesentes secundas 
res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et La- 
cedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem 
virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium 
unum emnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu 
venerat, nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque 
vulgo denabatur.7 Pestquam in Urbem venerat, conciene 
advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tam ferus esset, quin ejus 
casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum 
opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publice 
bona ; et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus re- 
sacrare^ sunt coacti. 



RES ATHENIENSIUM. 23 



27. Lysandro duce res Lacedaemoniorum reparantur. 
(Justin. V. 5.) 

Dum haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander 
classi belloque praeficitur; et in locum Tissaphernis Darius 
rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, loniae Lydiaeque prae- 
posuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae 
prioris erexit. Aucti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum 
navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur/ repenti- 
no adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius 
quum Athenas venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fuit, 
ut statim Cononem in iMcibiadis locum mitterent, ducis se 
fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibi- 
ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo in voluntarium 
exsilium proficiscitur. 

28. Athenienses magno proelio apud Aegospotamos superantur. 
(Just. V. 6, 7. Corn. Nep, Vita Alcib. c. 8.) 

Itaque-Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria 
adornat ; sed navibus exercitus deerat. Nam ut numerus 
militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. 
Pluribus itaque proeliis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Ly- 
sander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navi- 
bus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos flumen'' 
oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. Haec enim cla- 
de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est.^ Tributariae civi- 
tates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt, 
nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium^ relictum est praeter urbem 
ipsam. 

29. Atheniensium consternatio. (Just. V. 7.) 

Quae quum Athenis nuntiata essent, ingens omnium con- 
sternatio fuit; viri mulieresque relictis domibus, per urbem 
currere pavidi ; alius alimn sciscitari ; auctorem nuntii rcquire- 
re. ' In foro deinde coeunt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, qiies- 
tus, ct lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratres, aut filios, aut paren- 
tes deflent, et cum privatis casibus querelam publicam' mis- 
cent: Jam se ipsos, jam ipsam patriam pcrituram, miserio- 
remque superstitum, quam amissorum fortunam esse. Nullam 
nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum exerci" 
iuMj cujus viriute servari possint. 



30. Athenae se Lysandro tradunt. (Justin. V. 8. Corn. 
Nep. Vita Lys. c. 1.) 

Dum haec Athenis fiunt, Lysander Graeciae civitates in 
Lacedaemoniorum potestatem redigit, et undique iis, qui Athe- 
niensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in unaquaque civi- 
tate delegit viros/ quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, mi- 
seramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. Scie- 
bat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne no- 
vae advehi possent, providebat. Gluibus malis Athenienses 
fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere : quae an 
dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est. 
Quum nonnuili nomen Atheniensium^ delendum, urbemque 
incendio consumendam censerent, Spartani negarunt, se pas- 
suros,^ ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis"* alter erueretur ; pacem- 
que Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia^ dejice- 
rent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent; denique si 
respublica triginta rectores,^ ex civibus deligendos, acciperet. 

31. Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis exercent. (Justin V. 

8, 9.) 

His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari' coepit: 
Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et 
Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyrannidem in cives exercere coepe- 
runt. Q.uippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt ; 
et quasi hie numerus ad continendam civitatem non sufficeret, 
septingentos milites a victoribus^ accipiunt. His copiis instruc- 
ti exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant -.^ quumque 
hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni^° displicere didicissent, ip- 
sum quoque ad terrorem omnium interficiunt. Q,uo factum 
est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum 
terrorem^^ pati mallent. 

32. Alcibiades interficitur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. 9, 10.) 

Horum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui 
quum castellum in Phrygia^^ habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae 
agitabat consilia, Critias^^ caeterique tyranni Atheniensium 
certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum 
certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
rerum ratum^* fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare 
si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. Ly- 



Sander, his verbis commotus, Phamabazo, satrapae, persuasit, 
ut homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati,^ in qua Alcibiades erat, ne- 
gotium darent,^ ut eum interficerenf.^ Illi, quum eum ferro 
aggredi non auderent, noctu iigna contuierunt circa casam 
earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. Ille autem 
ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subduc- 
tus, familiaris sui subalare telum^ arripuit. Namque erat 
cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, quinunquam discedere vo- 
luerat. Hunc sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vesti- 
mentorum^ fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim^ 
transiit. Q,uem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, te- 
lis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnaba- 
zum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, 
muliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. Sic Alcibiades an- 
noB circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum. 

33. Thrasyhulus exsul patriae liberandae capit consilium. 
* (Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.) 

Inter cives, qui tyrannorum furorem effugerant, Thrasybu- 
lus erat, qui, ad spem liberandae patriae erectus,"' adunatis^ 
triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus At- 
ticae,^ occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. 
Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum'" transiit, Munychi- 
amque'^ munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, 
ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedi- 
mentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasyhulus non 
minus prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari 
vetuit: cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; ne- 
que quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit; 
ncminem jacentem''^ veste spoliavit ; nihil attigit praeter arma, 
quaeque ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit 
(Jritias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus. 

34. Exsulcs in patriam redeunt. (Corn. Nep. I.e. 3.) 

Dum haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, 
tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thra- 
sybulum et eos, qui urbem tenebant,'^ fecit pacem, his condi- 
tionibus, ne qui praeter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui postea 
praetores creati, eadem crudelitate in cives grassati erant, ajji- 
ccrcntur exsilio,neve bona public arentur ; relpvblicae procu- 
ratio populo rcdderetur}^ Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasy- 
buli, quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civitate pos- 



set, legem tulit : ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, ne- 
ve multareiur ; eamque illi legem Oblivionis vocant. 

35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt. (Just. VI. 9.) 

Non ita multo post per victoriam,^ a Conone de Lacedae- 
moniomm classe reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium non- 
nihil reparatae sunt ; nee tamen pristinam inter Graecos auc- 
toritatem potuerunt recipere. Magis magisque in torporem 
et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, 
sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef- 
fundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versa- 
bantur. Turn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges ale- 
bantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Gluibus re- 
bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum 
antea Macedonum nomen emergeret ; et Philippus, obses tri- 
ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan- 
tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitu- 
tis jugum imponeret. 



D. DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM. 

1. Lycurgus Spartanorum legislator. (Just. III. 2.) 

Lacedaemoniorum respublica auctoritatem, qua inter Grae- 
cos poUebat, et incrementa debebat legibus et disciplinae Ly- 
curgi. Qui vir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartano- 
rum,^ successisset regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, Cha- 
rilao, filio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem 
adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit ; ut intelli- 
gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatiss jura, quam 
omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus 
et principes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis pre- 
cibus eum permoverunt,. ut civitati leges scnberet. Quo dif- 
ficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi 
leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem locum inter 
Graecos obtineret. 

2. Quaedam Lycurgi leges. (Just. III. 2, 3.) 

Ac primum quidem populum in obsequia principum^, prin- 
cipes ad justitiam imperiorum formavit.'' Parsimoniam cm- 



nibus STiasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione 
mercium^ jussit. Auri argentique usum, velut omnium sce- 
Jerum materiam, sustulit, Fundos omnium aequaliter inter 
omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publice jussit, ne cujus di- 
vitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberes in agrum 
deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria,^ sed in 
opere et laboribus agerent. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, 
ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Maximum honorem 
senum esse voluit. Haec quoniam primo, solutis antea mori- 
bus, dura videbat esse, auctorem eorum ApoUinem Delphi- 
cum fingit.2 Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jure- 
jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos, 
priusquam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphi- 
cum proficisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutandumque, 
legibus videretur Deo. Proficiscitur autem Cretam,* ibique 
perpetuum exsilium egit, abjicique in mare ossa sua moriens 
jussit, ne, reliquiis suis Lacedaemonem relatis, Spartani se re- 
ligione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur. 



3. Bella Messenica. (Just. III. 4. 5.) 

His igitur moribus ita brevi civitas convaluit, ut quum Mes- 
seniis bellum intulissent, gravissima se exsecratione obstrin- 
gerent, non, priusquam Messeniam^ expugnassent, reversu- 
ros. Sed decern annis in obsidione urbis frustra consumtis, 
Messenii tandem per insidias expugnantur. Deinde, quum 
per octoginta annos omnia servitutis mala perpessi essent, 
post longam poenarum*' patientiam bellum restaurant. La- 
cedaemonii autem tanto majore confidentia ad arma concur- 
runt, quod adversus servos dimicaturi videbantur. Res tamen 
aliter cecidit, atque ipsi speraverant. Nam tribus proeliis 
fusi, CO usque desperationis axlducti sunt Spartani, ut ad sup- 
plementum exerciius servos suos manumitterent. Turn de 
belli eventu oraculo Delphis consulto, jubentur ducem belli 
ab Atheniensibus petere. Athenienses autem, quum hoc re- 
sponsum cognovissent, in contemtum Spartanorum Tyrtaeum 
poetam claudum pede miserunt. Qui quum venisset, carmi- 
na cxercitui rccitavit, in quibus virtutis hortamenta, damnorum 
solatia, belli consilia, conscripserat."' Itaque tantum ardorem 
militibus injecit, ut omnes alacri animo mortem oppcterent. 
Raro unquam cruentius proelium fuit. Ad postremum tamen 
victoria Laccdaemoniorum fuit. 



TART II. 4 



4. Lacedaemonii principatum in Graecia exercent. 

Insequenti aevo factum est, ut Lacedaemonii, ob insitam 
quandam populo nobilitatem et eximiam virtutis famam, prin- 
cipatum in Graecia obtinerent. Gluare in Persicis bellis om- 
nes Graeciae civitates, quae se adversus barbaros conjunxe- 
rant,' eorum imperio parebant. Sed post ilia tempora quum 
Athenienses maris sibi imperium vindicassent, ingens Lace- 
daemoniorum contra eos exarsit invidia. Hinc inimicitiae, 
mox bella exorta ; unumque^ gravissimum, quod, per viginti 
septem annos extractum, universae Graeciae vires vehemen- 
ter afflixit. Victoria penes Spartanos fuit ; qui post pugnam 
apud Aegos flumen, ubi Atheniensium robur fractum est, ter- 
ra marique dominari coeperunt. 

5. Lacedaemonii cum Persis in Asia bellum gerunt. (Just. 
VI. 1. Corn. Vit. Con. c. 2.) 

Jam auctis viribus, Lacedaemonii totius Asiae imperium 
affectare coeperunt. Circa illud tempus, Conon, Athenien- 
sis, qui, amissa bello patria, in exsilio vivebat, contulit se ad 
Phsirnabazum, Satrapen loniae et Lydiae, eundemque gene- 
rum regis et propinquum, apud quern ut gratia valeret, multo 
labore perfecit. Nam quum Lacedaemonii in societate nou 
manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesilaumque bel- 
latum miaissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, 
qui a regis amicitia defecerat, et cum Lacedaemoniis coierat 
societatem, hunc adversus*^ Pharnabazus habitus est impera- 
tor ; re vera autem exercitui praefuit Conon, ejusque arbitrio 
omnia gesta sunt. Hie summum ducem Agesilaum multum 
impedivit, saepeque ejus consiliis obstitit, neque non fuit aper- 
tum, si ille non faisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus^ regi 
fuisse erepturum. 

6. Agesilai res gestae. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Ages. c. 4.) 

Hie quum jam animo meditaretur proiicisci in Persas el 
ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit Ephorum jussu, 
• bellum Athenienses et Boeotios^ indixisse Lacedaemoniis ; 
quare venire ne dubitaret. Qui quum victori praeesset exer- 
citui, maximamque haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiun- 
di, gloriosius tamen duxit, si institutis patriae'^ paruisset, quam 
si bello superasset Asiam. Quum jam baud ita longe abes- 
set Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeo- 



Ill caeterique eorum socii apud Coroneam ; quos omnes gravi 
proelio vicit. Huic victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, 
quum plerique se ex fuga in templum Miner vae conjecissent, 
quaerereturque ex eo/ quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera 
acceperat eo proelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus 
eum arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religionem, et eos 
vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut 
templa Deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros 
summa religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. 

7. Graeciae civitates se.se invicem dehilitant. (Corn. Vita 

Agesil. c. 5. Vit. Conon. c. 4. Just. VI. 4.) 

Post hoc proelium collatum est omne bellum circa Co- 
rinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie quum una 
pugna decem millia hostium Agesilao duce cecidissent, eoque 
facro opes adversariorum debilitatae viderentur,^ tantum abfuit 
ab insolentia gloriae,^ ut commiseraretur fortunam Graeciae, 
quod tam multi vitio adversariorum cecidissent ; namque ilia 
multitudine, si sana mens esset, Graeciam a Persis supplicium 
sumere potuisse. — Sed per idem tempus Conon, Persarum 
classi praefectus, Spartanorum vires in pugna navali apud 
Cnidum fregit. Victi Lacedaemonii fugam capessunt, multis 
navibus amissis, quas Conon partim ceperat, partimdepresserat. 
Hoc initium Atheniensibus resumendae potentiae fuit. Conon 
cum parte navium in patriam venit ; muros a Lysandro dirutos 
reficiendos curat ; pecuniaeque quinquaginta talenta, quae a 
Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus suis donat. 

8. Bellum, exoritur inter Thehanos et Lacedaemonios. (Jus- 

tin. VI. 6.) 

Ehim haec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legates in 
Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis discedere ; 
qui aliter fecisset, eum se pro hoste habiturum : civitatibus 
libertatem suaque omnia restituit. Fessi tot bellis Graeci 
cupide paruerunt. Sed Lacedaemonii securis* insidiantes, 
castellum Arcadum expugnant, occupatoque praesidium 
imponunt. Itaque armato instructoque exercitu Arcades, 
adhibitis in auxilium Thebanis, qui jam, Epaminondae vir- 
tute excitati, ad Graeciae imperium adspirabant, bellum re- 
petunt. In co proelio Archidamus,' dux Laccdacmoniorum, 
vulneratur; qui quum caedi suos videret, per praeconem 
corpora interfectorum ad sepulturam poscit. Hoc est enim 



signum apud Graecos victoriae traclitae. Clua confessione 
contenti Thebani signum parcendi dederunt. 

9. Spartanorum virtus. JEpaminondas in pugna ad Manti- 

neam interficitur. (Just. VI. 7. Corn. Nep. 

Vita Epam. c. 9.) 

Paulo post Thebani, Epaminonda duce, occupandae urbis 
hostium spem ceperunt. Igitur principio noctis^ taciti Lacedae- 
mona proficiscuntur, non tamen aggredi incautos potuerunt. 
Gluippe senes, et caetera imbellis aetas, quum adventum hos- 
tium sensissent, in ipsis portarum angustiis armati occurrunt. 
Pauci igitur senes sustinuerunt aciem,*^ cui paulo ante universa 
juventus par esse non potuit. Agesilai autem adventu nun- 
tiato, Thebani recessere. Nee bellum diu dilatum ; siquidem 
Spartanorum juventus, senum virtute et gloria incensa, teneri 
non potuit, quin ex continenti^ acie decerneret. Quum victo- 
ria^ Thebanorum esset, Epaminondas, dum non ducis tantum, 
verum etiam fortissimi militis officio fungitur, graviter vulnera- 
tur. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii : neque 
tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes profliga- 
runt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mortiferum se 
vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpora 
remanserat, extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, usque eo 
retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id post- 
quam audivit, satis, inquit, vixi ; invictus enim morior. Turn, 
ferro extracto, confestim exanimatus est. 

10. Epaminondae laus. Just. VI. 8. Corn. Nep. Vita 
Epam. c. 3.) 

Una cum Epaminonda Thebanorum quoque vires cecide- 
runt; ut non tarn ilium amisisse, quam cum illo interiisse 
omnes viderentur. Nam neque hunc ante^ ducem ullum 
niemorabile bellum gessere; nee postea virtutibus, sed cla- 
dibus insignes fuere ; ut manifestum sit, patriae gloriam et 
natam et exstinctam cum eo fuisse. Fuit autem incertum 
vir melior,^ an dux esset. Erat enim modestus, prudens, 
gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis ma- 
nu, animo^ maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
dem mentiretur. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut 
de republica nihil nisi gloriam caperet ; honores autem ita 
gessit, ut ornamentum non accipere,' sed dare ipse honori- 



ill j\.\j rj u ^J i.-\ *j iu. xiuf^x^ivx u lu.. 



bus videretur. Jam litterarum studium et philosophiae doc- 
trina tanta fuit, ut mirabile videretur, unde tarn insignis mib*- 
tiae scientia homini inter litteras nato contigisset 



E. MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



1. Macedoniae origmes. (Justin. VII. 1.) 

Macedonia ante, a nomine Emathionis regis, Emathia 
cognominata est. Hujus, sicut incrementa modica, ita ter- 
mini perangusti fuere. Antiquissimis temporibus Caranus, ex 
Herculis progenie, response oraculi sedes quaerere jussus, 
cum magna multitudine Graecorum in Emathiam venit, ibique 
urbem Edessam, oppidanis propter imbrium et nebulae mag- 
nitudinem non sentientibus, gregem caprarum, imbrem fugien- 
tium secutus, occupavit. Oraculum autem jusserat eum duci- 
bus capris imperium quaerere. Ilinc etiam postea in bellis, 
quae cum finitimis gerebat, capras ante signa habere sole- 
bat. Urbem quoque Edessam, ob memoriam muneris^ %Ae- 
gas,2 populum Aegeadas vocavit. Pulso deinde Mida, qui 
partem Macedoniae tenebat, aliisque regibus, in locum omnium 
solus successit, primusque adunatis gentibus variorum popu- 
lorum, veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit 

2. Primi Macedoniae reges. (Just. VII. 2.) 

Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, cujus et vita illustris et mor- 
tis postrema^ memorabilia fuere; siquidem senex moriens 
Argaeo filio monstAvit locum, quo condi vellet, ibique non 
sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum ossa poni jus- 
sit; praefatus,^ quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae fo- 
rent, regnum in familia mansurum ; creduntque exstinctam 
in Alexandre stirpem,^ quod locum sepulturae mutaverit. 
Argaeus, moderate et cum amore popularium administrate 
regno, successorem filium Philippum reliquit : qui immatu- 
ra mortc raptus Aerdpum, parvulum admodum, instituit he- 
redem. Illis temporibus Macedonibus assidua certamina 
cum Thracibus et Illyriis'' fuere. Tum quoque lUyrii, in- 
fantiam regis pupilli contemnentes, bello Macedonas aggre- 
diuntur. (iui quum primo proelio pulsi cssent, rege suo in 
4* 



32 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

cunis prolate et pone aciem posito, acrius certamen repetivere 
Conserto itaque proelio magna caede Illyrios fudere, osten- 
deruntque hostibus suis, priore bello regem ^ Macedonibus, 
non virtutem defuisse. 

3. Amynta rex. (Just. VII. 4.) 

Multis annis interjectis, per ordinem successionis regnum ad 
Amyntam pervenit. Hie quoque rex insigni industria et omni- 
bus imperatoriis virtutibus instructus fuit. Ex Eurydice tres 
filios sustulit,^ Alexandrum, Perdiccam et Philippum, Alexan- 
dri Magni patrem, et filiam Euryonen. Cum Illyriis et 
Olynthiis^ gravia bella gessit. Insidiis autem Eurydices ux- 
oris, quae regnum adulter© tradendum susceperat, occupatus 
fuisset,* nisi filia matris consilia et scelus prodidisset. Func- 
tus itaque multis periculis senex decessit, regno maximo ex 
filiis Alexandre tradito. 

4. Philippus, Thebis eruditus, fratri Perdiccae siSccedit. 
(Just. VIL 5.) 

Alexander inter prima initia regni bellum ab Illyriis pac- 
ta mercede redemit; et interjecto tempore, Philippo fratre 
obside dato, cum Thebanis pacem conciliat ; quae res ad 
egregiam Philippi indolem formandam plurimum valuit. Si- 
quidem per triennium Thebis obses habitus in domo Epa- 
minondae, summi et philosophi et imperatoris, ad hujus viri 
exemplum se composuit. Nee multo post Alexander, insi- 
diis Eurydices matris petitus, occubuit :^ cui Amyntas, quum 
in scelere esset deprehensa, propter communes liberos pe- 
percerat, ignarus, eam his ipsis aliquando exitiosam fore. 
Frater quoque ejus Perdicca pari insidiarum fraude decipitur,^ 
parvo filio relicto. Nuntio de fratris morte accepto, Philippus 
clam Thebis aufugit, domumque rediit, »bi diu pupilli regis 
tutorem egit. At ubi graviora bella imminebant, serumque 
auxilium in exspectatione infantis' erat, compulsus a populo 
regnum suscepit. 

5. Initia regni. (Justin. VII. 6.) 

Principium imperii non satis prosperum videbatur, quum 
hinc^ insidiarum metus, inde inopia regni, continuis bellis 
exhausti, immaturam adolescentis aetatem urgeret.^ Simul 
finitimae gentes, velut conspiratione facta ad opprimendam 
Macedoniam, ex diversis locis uno tempore regnum bello 



MACED0NU3I IMPERIUM. SS' 

petebant. Gluibus bellis omnibus quum par esse non posset, 
£Llia interpositapactionecomposuit, alia redemit,4nvalidissimos 
quosque aggressus vicit : quo factum est, ut et militum trepi- 
dos animos firmaret, et se a contemtu hostium vindicaret. 
Priraum illi cum Atheniensibus certamen ad Amphipolin^ fuit; 
quibus per insidias victis, quum interficere omnes posset, in- 
columes sine pretio dimisit. Post haec, bello in Illyrios trans- 
late, multa millia hostium caedit.^ Urbem nobilissimam Laris- 
sam capit in Thessalia, non praedae cupiditate, sed quod exer- 
citui suo robur Thessalorum equitum* adjungere gestiebat. 
His ita gestis, jam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiam 
quietos lacessit. Q,uum Methonam^ urbem oppugnaret, jacta 
de muris sagitta^ dextrum oculum regis effodit. Quo vulnere 
nee segnior in bellum, nee iracundior adversus'hostes factus 
est; adeo ut, interjectis diebus,' pacem deprecantibus daret, 
nee moderatus tantum, verum etiam mitis adversus victos 
esset. 

-6. Philippus se Graecorum rebus immiscet. 
(Justm. VIII. I.) 

Rebus Macedoniae compositis, finitimisque hostibus aut 
devietis aut territis, Philippus Graecorum libertati coepit insi- 
diari. Cluare civitatum contentiones alit, et auxilium inferiori- 
bus^ ferendo victos pariter victoresque subire regiam servitutem 
coegit. Causa et origo hujus mali Thebani fuere ; qui quum 
rerum potirentur, incredibili odio adversus Phocenses inflam- 
mati, bellum sacrum excitavere. Quod quum soli profligare 
non possent, Philippum ducem eligunt, qui sacrilegos puniret. 
Phocenses enim, templo ApoUinis occupato, magnam inde vim 
auri in belli usum converterant. Igitur Philippus, quasi sacri- 
legii ultor esset, omnes milites coronas laureas^ sumere jubet, 
atque ita, veluti deo duce, in proelium pergit. Phocenses, in- 
signibus dei conspectis, conscientia delictorum territi, abjectis 
armis fugam capessunt, poenasque violatae religionis sanguine 
pendunt. 

7. Fines imperii promovet. (Just. VIII. 1.) 

Philippus, quum magnam inde gloriam apud omnes natio- 
nes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Receperant enim 
per misericordiam, post caedem unius, duos fratres ejus,'° quos 
Philippus ex novcrca genitos, velut aemulos regni, interficere 
gestiebat. Ob banc igitur causam urbem antiquam et nobi- 



34 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

lem exscindit, et fratres olim destinato supplicio tradit, simulque 
praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti rae- 
talla in Thracia^ occupat. His ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum 
fratres duo,^ reges Thraciae, disceptationum suarum judicem 
eligerent, Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, in- 
structo exercitu supervenit, et regno utrumque spoliavit. 

8. In Graeciam penetrat. (Just. VIII. 4.) 

Paulo post Thebani iterum. legatos ad eum miserunt, qui 
rogarent, ut bellum contra Phocenses susceptum renovaret. 
Contra Phocensium legati, adhibitis^Lacedaemoniis et Athe- 
niensibus, bejlum deprecabantur,* cujus ab eo dilationem ter 
jam emerant. Secreto igitur auditis utriusque populi legationi- 
bus, his^ veniam belli poUicetur f illis contra, venturum se 
auxiliumque laturum. Utrosque vetat parare bellum aut me- 
tuere. Sic factum est, ut, securis omnibus, Thermopylarum 
angustias occuparet. Tunc primum Phocenses captos' se 
fraude Philippi animadvertentes, trepidi ad arma confugiunt. 
Sed neque spatium erat instruendi belli, nee tempus ad con- 
trahenda auxilia ; et Philippus excidium minabatur, ni deditio 
fieret. Victi igitur necessitate, pacta salute,^ se dediderunt. 
At, deditione facta, caeduntur passim rapiunturque, haud secus 
ac si proelio superati essent. 

9. Bella secunda gerit in Chersoneso et in Scythia. 
(Justin. VIII. 6. IX. 1.) 

His peractis, rebusque Macedoniae compositis, Dardanos^ 
caeterosque finitimos expugnat, et Byzantium, nobilem urbem 
et maritimam, obsidione cingit. Q,uam quum expugnare non 
posset, profectus cum fortissimis, sead Chersonensium urbes'" 
convertit, plurimasque earum sibi subjicit, filiumque Alexan- 
drum, decern et octo annos natum, ad se arcessit, ut prima 
stipendia sub patris militia faceret. In Scythiam quoque 
praedandi causa profectus est ; Scythasque, et virtute et nu- 
mero praestantes, dolo vicit. Viginti millia puerorum ac 
feminarum capta, pecoris magna vis, auri argentique nihil.^^ 
Aliquot millia nobilium equarum ad genus faciendum in Mace- 
doniam missa. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 35 



10. Graecos ad Chaeroneam vincit. (Just. IX. 3.) 

• 
Ab hac expeditione reversus, diu dissimulatum^ bellum Athe- 
niensibus^ infert, quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Fac- 
ta igitur inter duas antea infestissimas civitates societate, le- 
gationibus Graeciam fatigant.^ Communem hostem putant 
communibus viribus summovendum ; neque enim cessatu- 
rum Philippum, nisi omnem Graeciam domuerit. Motae 
quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt, quasdam autem 
ad Philippum belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam* 
commisso, quum Athenienses longe majore militum nume- 
ro praestarent, tamen assiduis bellis indurata Macedonum 
virtute vincuntur. Non tamen immemores pristinae virtu- 
tis ceciderunt ; quippe adversis vulneribus^ omnes loca, quae 
tuenda a ducibus acceperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. 
Hie dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetus- 
tissimam libertatem finivit. 

11. Bellum contra Persas parat. (Just. IX. 4, 5.) 

Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non so- 
lita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in convivio risit ; non 
coronas aut unguenta sumsit ; et, quantum in illo fuit, ita 
vicit,^ ut victorem nemo sentiret. Atheniensibus, quos passus' 
infestissimos fuerat, et captivos gratis remisit, et bello con- 
sumtorum corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia 
rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad formandum reium prae- 
sentium statum evocari Corinthum^ jubet. Ibi pacis leges 
universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum civitatum statuit, 
conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, ex omnibus le- 
git. Auxilia deinde singularum civitatum describuntur ; nee 
dubium erat, eum Persarum imperium et suis et Graeciae viri- 
bus impugnaturum esse. 

12. Philippus interjicitur. (Just. IX. 6,) 

Interea dum auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias Cleopa- 
trae filiae, et Alexandri,^ quem regem Epiri fecerat, magno 
apparatu celebrat. Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectan- 
dos, medius inter duos Alexandros, et filium ct gencrum, 
contenderet,'" Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adoles- 
cens, occupatis augustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. 
Hie ab Attalo" indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe quero- 
1am ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insuper ad- 



86 MACEDONUM IMPERITJM. 

versarium videfet, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, xiltio- 
nemque quam ab adversario non poterat/ ab iniquo judice 

exegit. 

13. Olympias mariti percussorem muneribus condecorat. 
(Justin. IX. 7, 8.) 

Creditum est etiam, percussorem immissum ab Olympi- 
ade, matre Alexandri, fuisse ; nee ipsum Alexandrum igna- 
rum paternae caedis exstitisse, quod Philippus, Olympiade 
repudiata, Cleopatram, Parmenionis sororem, in matrimo- 
nium duxisset. Olympias certe fugienti percussori equos 
praeparatos habuit. Ipsa deinde, quum regis nece audita 
accurrisset, eadem nocte, qua venit, Pausaniae in cruce 
pendentis capiti coronam auream imposuit. Paucos deinde 
post dies refixum corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti 
crcmavit, et tumulum ei fecit eodem in loco, parentarique 
eidem quotannis curavit. Post haec Cleopatram, a qua pulsa 
Philippi matrimonio fuerat, filia ejus in matris gremio in- 
terfecta, finire vitam suspendio coegit. Novissime gladium 
quo rex percussus est, Apollini consecravit. Caeterum deces- 
sit Philippus anno aetatis quadragesimo septimo, quum annis 
viginti quinque regnasset. 

14. Philippus cum Alexandro filio comparaius. 
(Justin. IX. 8.) 

Philippo Alexand.er filius successit, et virtute et vitiis patre 
major. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hie aperte, ille arti- 
bus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere^ hostibus, hie pa- 
lam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior. 
Iram pater dissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere ; hie ubi 
exarsisset, nee dilatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini uterque 
nimis avidus ; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de convivio 
in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere 
oiferre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in sues saevire. Reg- 
nare ille cum amicis volebat ; hie in amicos regna exercebat. 
Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus utrique 
similis. Solertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque 
oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis 
filio animus promtior; ille nee sociis abstinebat. Frugalitati 
pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. Gluibus artibus orbis 
imperii fundamenta pater jecit, operis totius gloriam filius con- 
summavit. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 37 

15. Initia regni Alexandri. (Justin XI. 2.) 

Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandre cura paternarum exse- 
quiarum fuit ; in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumu- 
lum patris occidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes re- 
bellantes compescuit ; orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. 
Inchoatum deinde a patre Persicum helium aggreditur. In 
cujus apparatu nuntiatur, Athenienses et Thebanos ab eo ad 
Persas defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis Demosthe- 
nem oratorem exstitisse ; qui omnes Macedonum copias una 
cum rege a Triballis deletas esse affirmaverit. Q,ua opinio- 
ne'^ mutatos omnium ferme ci\dtatum animos esse ; praesidia 
Macedonum obsideri. 

16. Alexander Graecos defectionem meditantes coercet. 
(Justin. XI. 3.) 

His motibus occursurus sunrnia celeritate in Graeciam pe- 
netravit. Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant, ita primes 
consilii poenitere coepit, missisque legatis helium deprecan- 
tur. Q,uibus auditis et graviter increpatis Alexander helium 
remisit.^ Inde Thehas exercitum convertit, eadem indul- 
gentia usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. Sed Theba- 
ni armis, non precihus, usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima 
quaeque supplicia miserrimae captivitatis experti sunt. Urbs 
diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur; captivi sub corona 
vendunlur. Miseranda res Atheniensihus visa. Itaque pro- 
fugos contra interdictum regis apud se receperunt. Q.uam 
rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda legatione denuo 
helium deprecantibus ita demum remitteret, ut oratores et 
duces, quorum fiducia toties rebel larent, sibi dederentur. Res 
60 deducta est, ut, retentis oratoribus, duces in exsilium age- 
rentur: qui ex continenti' ad Darium profecti, non mediocre 
momentum Persarum viribus accessere. 

17. Persicum bellum aggreditur. (Just. XI. 5.) 

Jam ad Persicum helium proficiscens, patrimonium omne 
suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa hahebat, amicis divisit: 
sibi Asiam sufficere pracfatus." Ncc excrcitui alius quam regi 
animus fuit. Q,uippe omnes obliti conjugum liberorumque, et 
longinquaeadomo militiae, nihil nisi Oricntisopes coq;itabant. 
Q-uum delati in Asiam essent, primus Alexander jaculum ve- 
lut in hostilem terram jecit; armatusque de navi tripudianti si- 



38 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

milis prosiluit, atqua ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem 
illae terrae invitae accipiant. In Ilio quoque ad tumulos he- 
roura, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. 

18. Prima, congressione Persas vincit. (Just. XI. 6.) 

Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, 
farcendum suis rebus^ praefatus, nee perdenda ea, quae posses- 
suri venerint. In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo mil- 
lia, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta 
duae. Hac tarn parva manu universum terrarum orbem vin- 
cere est aggressus. Gluum ad tam periculosum bellum exer- 
citum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum 
patre patruisque militaverant, elegit: ut non tam milites, 
quam magistros militiae electos putares. Prima cum hoste 
congressio in campis Adrastiae^ fuit. In acie Persarum sex- 
centa-^millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte quam vir- 
tute Macedonum superata, terga verterunt. Magna itaque 
caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedi- 
tes, centum viginti equites cecidere ; quos rex magnifice hu- 
matos statuis equestribus donavit ; cognatis eorum autem im- 
munitates a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victoriam major 
pars Asiae^ ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proelia cum 
praefectis Darii, quos jam non tam armis, quam terrore nomi- 
nis sui vicit. 



19. Gordii nodum fatalem solvit. (Just. XL 7.) 

Post haec Gordium urbem petit, quae posita est inter Phry- 
giam majorem et minorem, quod audierat, in ea urbe, in tem- 
plo Jovis, jugum plaustri Gordii* esse positum ; cujus nexum 
si quis solvisset, eum tota Asia regnaturum, antiqua oracula 
cecinisse. Capta igitur urbe quum in templum venisset, illud 
jugum requisivit; quo monstrato, quum capita loramentorum 
intra nodos abscondita reperire non posset, gladio loramenta 
caedit, dicens nihil interest, quo modo nodus solvatur ; atque 
ita resolutis nexibus, latentia in nodis capita invenit. 

20, In graven morhum incidit. (Just. XI. 8.) 

Haec illi agenti nuntiatur, Darium cum ingenti exercitu 
adventare. Itaque timens angustias, magna celeritate Tau- 
rum transcendit. Quum Tarsum* venisset, captus amoeni- 
tate Cydni fluminis, per mediam urbem influentis, projectis 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. S9 

armis, plenus pulveris ac sudoris, in praefrigidam undam se 
projecit. Tuna repente tantus nervos ejus occupat rigor, ut 
jam de eo actum esse videretur. Unus erat ex medicis, no- 
mine Philippus, qui remedium polliceretur ; sed hunc Par- 
menionis episiolae pridie e Cappadocia missae suspectum fa- 
ciebant. Hie enim, ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri, scripserat, 
a Philippo medico caveret ; nam corruptum ilium a Dario 
ingenti pecunia esse. Alexander tamen tutius est ratus, du- 
biae se fidei medico credere, quam indubitato^ morbo perire. 
Accepto igitur poculo, epistolas medico tradidit; atque ita 
inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis intendit. Ut secu- 
rum conspexit, laetior factus est, sanitatemque quarta die 
recepit. 

21. Darium vincit ad Issum. (Just. XI. 9.) 

Interea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum, ac 
centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Movebat haec 
multitudo hostium respectu paucitatis suae Alexandrum; nee 
tamen bellum differre ratus, circumvectus suos, singulas gen- 
tes diversa oratione alloquitur. lUyrios et Thracas opum ac 
divitiarum^ ostentatione ; Graecos veterum bellorum memoria, 
internecivique cum Persis odii accendebat. Macedones autem 
nunc Europae victac admonet, nunc Asiae expetitae; nee 
inventas illis toto orbe pares vires gloriatur.^ Nee Darii segnis 
opera in ordinanda acie fuit. Q,uippe ipse omnia circumire, 
singulos hortari, veteris gloriae Persarum admonere. Post 
haec proelium ingentibus animis committitur. In eo utcrque 
rex vulneratur. Tam 4iu certamen anceps fuit, quoad fugeret 
Darius. Exinde caedes Persarum secuta est. In castris 
eorum multum auri caeterarumque' opum inventum. Inter 
captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darii fuere. 
Ad quas visendas quum Alexander venisset, conspectis arma- 
tis invicem se complexae, velut statim moriturae, complora- 
tionem edidere. Provolutae deinde genubus Alexandri mortis 
dilationem precantur, dum Darii corpus sepeliverint. Motus 
tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, et Darium vivere dixit, et 
timentibus mortis metum demsit, easque haberi ut reginas prae- 
cepit. 

22. Plurimae Asiae gentes victori se subjiciunt. (Justin. 
XI. 10.) 

Post hoc proelium Parmenionem ad occupandam Persicam 
classem, aliosque amicorum suorum ad recipiendas Asiae ci- 

PART II. 5 



40 MACEDONUM IMPERItJM. 

vitates misit, quae statim, audita fama victoriae, in potestatem 
victorum venerunt. Tunc in Syriam proficiscitur, ubi obvios 
cum infulis multos Orientis reges habuit. Ex his, pro meritis 
singulorum, alios in societatem recepit, aliis regnum ademit, 
suffectis in loca eorumnovis regibus. Insignis praeter caete- 
ros fuit Abdalonymus, rex ab Alexandro Sidoniae^ constitutus. 
Quern Alexander, quum operam locare ad puteos exhauriendos 
hortosque irrigandos solitus esset, regem fecerat, spretis^ nobi- 
libus, ne generis id, non dantis, beneficium putarent.^ Q,uum 
Tyriorum legatis, qui ei coronam auream magni ponderis mi- 
serant, significasset, se Tyrum* ire velle ad vota Herculi red- 
denda, iique ejus introitum deprecarentur, ita exarsit, ut urbi 
excidium minaretur. Confestim admoto exercitu, post diutur- 
nam obsidionem, Tyriis muros animose defendentibus, urbs 
tandem per proditionem capitur. 

23. Ab oraculo Jovis Ammonis Alexander salutatur deus. 
(Justin. XL 11.) 

Inde Rhodum Alexander, Aegyptum, Ciliciamque sine cer- 
tamine cepit. Ad Jovem deinde Ammonem^ pergit, consulturus 
et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Nam mater ejus 
Olympias gloriata erat, Alexandrum non ex Philippo, sed ex 
serpente ingentis magnitudinis esse conceptum. Igitur Alex- 
ander, cupiens, originem divinam sibitribui, subornat antistites, 
quid sibi responderi velit per praemissos docens. Itaque ingre- 
dientem templum statim antistites , ut Ammonis filium, salu- 
tant. Simul victoriam omnium bellorum, possessionemque 
terrarum dari respondetur. Comitibus quoque ejus imperatum, 
ut Alexandrum pro deo, non pro rege colerent. Reversus ab 
Ammone Alexandriam^ condidit, et coloniam Macedonum 
caput esse Aegypti jubet. 

24. Darius pacem precatur frustra. (Just. XI. 12.) 

Darius quum Babyloniam profugisset,' per epistolam Alex- 
andrum precatur, redimendarum sibi captivarum potestatem 
faciat,^ inque eam rem magnam pecuniam pollicetur. Sed 
Alexander in pretium captivarum regnum omne, non pecuni- 
am petit. Interjecto tempore aliae epistolae Darii Alexan- 
dre redduntur, quibus filiae matrimonium et regni portio of- 
fertur. Sed Alexander sua sibi dari^ rescripsit, jussitque 
regni arbitria*" victori" permittere. Turn, spe pacis amissa, 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 4l 

bellum Darius reparat, et cum quadringentis millibus pedi- 
tum, et centum millibus equitum obviam vadit Alexandre. 
In itinere nuntiatur, uxorem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem 
illacrymatum Alexandrum, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum 
esse. Tunc Darius, quum se beneficiis quoque a rege supe- 
ratum videret, tertias epistolas scripsit, et gratias egit, quod 
nihil hostile in suos fecerit. Offert deinde majorem partem 
regni usque ad flumen Euphraten/ et alteram filiam uxo- 
rem; pro reliquis captivis triginta millia talentorum. Ad 
haec Alexander, gratiarum actionem supervacaneam esse, res- 
pondit; se didicisse non adversus calamitates hostium, sed 
vires eorum contendere. Caeterum neque mundura posse duo- 
bus solibus regi, neque orhem terrarum duo maxima regna 
salvo statu, terrarum habere posse; proinde aut deditionem eo 
die, aut in posterum aciem paret. 

25. Magno proelio ad Gaugamelam^ vincitur. 
(Justin. XL 13, 14.) 

Postero die aciem producunt. Tum repente ante proelium 
Alexandrum somnus oppressit; quumque ad pugnam solus 
rex deesset, a Parmenione aegre excitatus est. Ante proelium 
utraque acies hostibus spectaculo fuit. Macedones multitudi- 
nem hominum, corporum magnitudinem, armorumque pulchri- 
tudinem mirabantur ; Persae a tam paucis victa suorum tot 
millia stupebant. Raro in uUo proelio tantum sanguinis fusum 
est. Darius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse, 
sed a proximis fugere compulsus est. Alexander autem peri- 
culosissima quaeque aggrediebatur, et ubi confertissimos hos- 
tes acerrime pugnare (5onspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat. 
Hoc proelio Asiae imperium ei obtigit, quinto post acceptum 
regnum anno. Post haec expugnat Persepolin,^ caput Persici 
regni, urbem antiquissimam plurimisque refertam opibus, quae 
interitu ejus primum apparuere. 

26. A suis interficitur. (Justin. XI. 15.) 

Interea Darius a cognatis suis in vico Parthorum Thara 
aureis compedibus vincitur. Alexander postero die citato cur- 
su supervenit, ibique cognovit,^ Darium clauso vehiculo per 
noctem exportatum. Jusso caetero exercitu subsequi, cum sex 
millibus equitum fugientem insequitur ; in itinere multa et 
penculosa proelia fecit. Emensus deinde multum itineris quum 
nullum Darii invenisset indicium, respirandi equis data potes- 
tate, unus ex militibus, dum ad fontem proximum pergit, in 



42 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

vehiculo Darium, multis quidem vulneribus confossum, sed 
spirantem adhuc invenit, et unum e captivis ad eum adduxit. 
Q.uem quum rex ex voce civem esse cognovisset, Alexandre 
dicere jubet, se plurimam ei gratiam habere, quod in matrem 
liberosque suos regium, non hostilem animum exhibuissef. 
Quare se precari superum inferumque numina, et deos regni 
custodes et praesides, ut illi terrarum, omnium contingat im- 
perium. Posthaec porrecta manu exspiravit. Quae ubi Alexan 
dro nuntiata sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn indignam mortem 
lacrymis prosecutus est; corpiisque regio more sepeliri jussit. 

27. Graecarum civitatum motus ad libertatem recuperandam. 
(Justin. XII. 1.) 

Dum haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe 
recuperandae libertatis, ad ^arma concurrerat, auctoritatem 
Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux iiujus belli Agis, rex Lace- 
daemoniorum, fuit. Gluem motum Antipater, dux ab Alexan- 
dre in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna ta- 
men utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes 
videret, dimissis satellitibus, ut Alexandre felicitate, non vir- 
tute inferior videretur, tantam stragem hostium edidit, ut ag- 
mina inter dum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine 
victus, gloria tamen omnes vicit. 

28. Alexander Persarum vitam et cultum imitatur. 
(Justin. XII. 3.) 

Alexander autem, Hyrcanis^ Mardisque^ subactis, habitum 
regum Persarum et diadema, insolitum antea regibus Mace- 
donicis, assumit, amicos quoque longam vestem auratam et 
purpuream sumere jubet. Ut luxum quoque Persarum imi- 
taretur, ingentes epularum apparatus fecit, et convivia juxta 
regiam magnificentiam instruxit. 

29. .Alexander suorum in se animos exacerbat, 
(Justin. XII. 5.) 

Turn etiam primum hostili odio in suos saevire coepit. Max- 
ime indignabatur,.carpi se sermonibus suorum, quod Philippi 
patris patriaeque mores subvertisset. Propter quae crimina' 
Parmenio senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota filio in- 
terficitur. Fremere itaque omnes universis castris coepere, 
innoxii senis filiique casum miserantes : interdum, se quoque 
non debere melius sperare dicentes. Gluae quum nuntiata 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 43 

Alexandre essent, simulat, se ex amicis quosdam in patriam 
victoriae nuntios missurum. Hortatur milites, ut suis scribe- 
rent; datasque epistolas tacite ad se deferri jubet; ex qui- 
bus cognito de se singulorum judicio/ in unam cohortem eos, 
qui de rege durius opinati fuerant^ contribuit, aut consumtu- 
rus eos,^ aut in ultimis terris in colonias distributurus. Inde 
Drancas, Euergetas, caeterosque populos, qui ad radicem 
Caucasi habitabant, subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii, 
Bessus, vinctus adducitur, qui regem non solum prodiderat, 
verum etiam interfecerat. Q,uem in ultionem perfidiae fratri 
Darii excruciandum tradidit. Et ut his terris nomen relin- 
queret, urbem Alexandriam super amnem Tanain^ condidit. 
In Bactrianis quoque Sogdianisque^ duodecim urbes condidit, 
ibique eos, quos in exercitu seditiosos cognoverat, habitare 
jussit. 

30. Clitum suamanu interjicit. (Justin. XII. 6.) 

His ita gestis solemni die amicos in con\avium vocat. Ubi 
orta inter ebrios rerum a Philippe gestarum mentione, ipse 
se patri praeferre coepit, assentante majore convi varum parte. 
Itaque quum unus e senibus, Clitus, fiducia amicitiae regiae, 
memoriam Philippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res gestas, Alex- 
ander adeo ira exarsit, ut, telo a satellite rapto, Clitum in 
convi\'io trucidaret. Post, irae aestu subsidente, in poeniten- 
tiam versus, mori voluit. Mansit haec moriendi voluntas etiam 
insequentibus diebus, donee exercitus universi precibus exora- 
tus est, precantis, ne ita unius mortem doleat, ut universes 
perdat ; neque milites in ultimam deductos barbariam, inter 
infestas gentes destituat. Revocate igitur ad bellum animo, 
Chorasmos et Dahas® in deditionem accepit. 

31. In Indiam peneirat. (Justin. XII. 7.) 

Post haec Indiam petit, ut Oceano finiret imperium. Cui 
gleriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta convenirent, phaleras 
equorum et arma militum argento inducit; exercitumque 
suum, ab argenteis clypeis, Argyraspidas' appellavit. Quum 
ad Nysam"* urbem venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus, 
fiducia Liberi^ patris, a que condita urbs erat, parci jussit 
Tunc ad sacrum mentem duxit exercitum, vite hederaque 
non aliter vestitum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque es- 
set. Ubi ad mentem accessit, exercitus, repentino mentis 
impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchjmtium more dis- 
currit. ^ 

5' 



44 TtfACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



32. Porum, regem Indiae, superat. (Just. XII. 8.) 

Unus ex regibus Indorum fuit, Porus nomine, viribus cor- 
poris et animi magnitudine patiter insignis ; qui ad famam 
de Alexandri adventu bellum paraverat. Commisso proe- 
lio/ Alexandrum ad singulare certamen provocat. Nee 
Alexander pugnae moram facit; sed prima congressione 
vulnerato equo, quum praeceps in terram decidisset, concur- 
su sateilitum servatur. Porus multis vulneribus obrutus ca- 
pitur. Qui victum se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam ab hoste 
invenisset, neque cibum capere vellet, neque vulnera curari 
pateretur; aegreque ab eo obtentum est, ut vellet vivere. 
Cluem Alexander ob honorem virtutis incolumem in regnum 
remisit. Duas ibi urbes condidit, unam Nicaeam,^ alteram ex 
nomine equi Bucephalen^ vocavit. 

33. Macedones in patriam redire cupiunt. (Justin. XII. 8.) 

Gluum ad Cuphites venisset, ubi eum cum ducentis milli- 
bus equitum hostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis laboribus 
fessus, lacrymis eum precatur, finem tandem belli faceret; 
aliquando patriae reditusque meminisset, militumque annos 
respiceret. Ostendere^ alius canitiem, alius vulnera, alius 
aetate consumtum corpus et cicatricibus obductum. Motus 
eorum precibus, veluti finem victoriis facturus castra solito 
magnificentiora fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis ter- 
reretur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur. Nullum opus 
laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostibus cum gratula- 
fione in haec castra reverterunt. 

34. Alexander evitaepericuloaegre servatur. (Justin. XII. 9.) 

Inde Alexander ad amnem Acesinen^ pergit ; per quem 
in Oceanum devehitur, et in Ambros et Sigambros navigat. 
Cluae gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et sex- 
aginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Q,uum proelio victor es- 
set, exercitum ad urbem eorum duxit. Q,uam quum de muro, 
quem primus ceperat, a defensoribus desertam animadvertis- 
set, in urbis planitiem sine uUo satellite desiliit. Itaque quum 
eum hostes solum conspexissent, clamore edito undique in 
eum concurrunt. Ubi obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se, 
qui propter murum stabat, applicuit. Quum sic diu agmen 
sustinuisset, tandem, regis periculo cognito, amici ad eum 
desiliunt, ex quibus multi caesi ; proeiiumque tamdiu anceps 



MACTEDONUM IMPERITTM. ^ 

fuit, quoad omnis exercitus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veni- 
ret. In eo proclio sagitta sub mamma trajectus est, cujus 
vulneris curatio ipso vulnere gravior^ fuit. 

35. Oceano lustrato nuptias celehrat. (Justin. XII. 10.) 

Tandem saluti redditus'^ Polyperchonta^ cum exercitu Ba- 
byloniam mittit. Ipse cum lectissima manu, navibus conscen- 
sis, Oceani litora peragrat. Ibi Oceano libamenta dedit,* pros- 
perum in patriam reditum precatus ; ac, veluti positis imperii 
terminis, ostio fluminis Indi invehitur. Ibi in monumenta 
rerum a se gestarum urbem Barcen condidit, arasque statuit. 
Inde terrestri itinere Babyloniam redit. Ibi filiam Darii re- 
gis Statiram in matrimonium recepit ; sed et optimatibus Ma- 
cedonum lectas ex omnibus gentibus nobilissimas virgines tra- 
didit. 

36. Babyloniam redit. (Justin. XII. 13.) 

Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam revertenti nuntiatur, 
non solum legationes Carthaginiensium caeterarumque Afri- 
cae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Sicfliae, Galliae, Sardiniae, 
nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus adventum Babyloniae oppe- 
riri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam ex 
magis praedixit,5 ne urbem introiret, testatus,^ hunc locum ei 
fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho^ philosopho compulsus, ut 
magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus, con- 
vivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus in laetitiam effu- 
sus esset, rccedentem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus, in- 
staurata comissatione^ invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum 
veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semianimis, 
tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. Ve- 
nenum accepisse creditur. 

37. Babyloniae moritur. (Justin. XII. 15.) 

Gluarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, agnos- 
cere se fatum. domu^ majorum suorum, ait ; namque plerosque 
Aeacidarwm}^ intra triceumum annum dcfunctos. Tumultu- 
antes deinde milites, insidiis periisse regem suspicantes, ipse 
sedavit, eosque omnes ad conspectum suum admisit, osculan- 
damque dextram porrcxit. Q.uum lacrymarent omnes, ipse 
non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine uUo tristioris 
mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Ham- 
monis templo condi jubet. Gluum deficere eum amici vide- 



46 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

rent, quaenint, quem imperii faciat heredem ; respondit, dig 
nissimum. Hac voce omnes amicos suos ad aemulam regni 
cupiditatem accendit Sexta die, praeclusa voce, exemtum 
digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscentem ami- 
corum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus 
heres, judicio tamen electus esse videbatur. 

38. De Alezandri virtuie et fortuna quaedam. 
(Justin. XII. 16.) 

Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et triginta annos 
natus, vir supra humanum modum vi animi praeditus. Omina 
quaedam magnitudinem ejus in ipso ortu portendisse existima- 
bantur. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum victo- 
riarum accepit; alterius belli Illyrici, alterius certaminis Olym- 
piad, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimus^ litterarum 
studiis*^ eruditus fuit, Exacta pueritia, per quinquennium 
Aristotele, philosopho praestantissimo, usus est magistro. Ac- 
cepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis fiduciam fecit, ut, 
illo praesente, nullius hostis arma timerent. Itaque cum nullo 
hoste unquam congressus est, quem non vicerit ; nullam ur- 
bem obsedit, quam noA expugnaverit. Victus denique est non 
virtute hostili sed insidiis suorum et fraude. 

39. Lucius barbarorum. Macedonum laetitia. 
(Justin. XIII. 1.) 

Exstincto in ipso aetatis et victoriarum flore^ Alexandro 
Magno, triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentium fuit, Ut 
vero nuntius de ejus morte disseminatus est, omnes barbarae 
gentes, pauUo ante ab eo devictae, non ut hostem, sed ut pa- 
rentem luxerunt. Mater quoque Darii regis, audita morte 
victoris, in quo pietatem filii erat experta, mortem sibi ipsa con- 
scivit. Contra Macedones, non ut civem, sed ut hostem de- 
functum gaudebant ; severitatem nimiam et assidua belli peri- 
cula exsecrantes. Hue accedebat, quod principes regnum et 
imperia, vulgus militum thesauros, veluti praedam, specta- 
bant. Erant enim in thesauris quinquaginta millia talentum,^ 
quae sibi divisum iri sperabant. Nee amici Alexandri frustra 
regnum spectabant. Nam tantae virtutis et venerationis erant, 
ut singulos reges putares. Neque unquam ante Macedonia 
vel uUa gens alia tanto clarorum virorum proventu floruit; 
quos primo Philippus, mox Alexander tanta cura legerat, ut 
non tam ad societatem belli, quam in successionem- regni electi 
viderentur. 



MACEDONUM IMFERIUM. 47 

40. Duces de imperio constituendo consilia ineurii. 
(Justin. XIII. 2.) 

Caeterum, defuncto Alexandro, armati in regiam coeunt, ad 
formandum rerum praesentium statum.^ Perdicca censet, 
Roxanes, regiae conjugis, quara gravidam relinquerat, partum 
esse exspectandum, et si puerum peperisset, hunc patri suc- 
cessorem fore. Me] eager negat, exspectandum,^ dum reges 
nascerentur, quum jam genitis uti liceret. Esse Pergami 
puerum, filium Alexandri, natum ex Barsine, nomine Hercu- 
lem ; seu mallent juvenem, esse in castris fratrem Alexandri, 
Aridaeum, comem et cunctis non suo tantum, verum et patris 
Philippi nomine acceptissimum. Ptolemaeus recusabat re- 
gem Aridaeum, tum, quod ex Larissaeo scorto natus esset, 
tum ob majorem, qua laborabat, valetudinem f nam veren- 
dum esse, ne ille nomen regis, alius imperium teneret ; me- 
lius esse ex liis legi, qui pro virtute regi suo proximi fuerint. 
Vicit Perdiccae sententia, consensu universorum. Placuit 
itaque Roxanes exspectari partum, et si puer natus fuisset, 
tutores Leonatum, Perdiccam, Crateron et Antipatrum consti- 
tuunt, confestimque in tutorum obsequia jurant.* 

41. Aridaeus, Philippi films, rex creatur. (Justin. XIII. 
3, 4.) 

Q,uum equites idem fecissent, pedites indignati, nullas sibi 
consiliorum partes relictas,^ Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem, 
regem appellant, satellitesque illi ex turba sua legunt, et no- 
mine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in castris 
seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Aridaeus rex ag- 
noscitur. Servata est portio regni Alexandri filio, si natus 
esset. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipa- 
ter praeponitur : regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur : 
castrorum et exercittis cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assigna- 
tur; jubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in Hammo- 
nis templutn deducere. Tunc Perdicca, lustratione castrorum 
indicta, seditiosos supplicio occultetradi jubet, Reversus inde, 
provincias inter principes divisit. 

42. Bellum in Graecia or tum per Antipatrum comprimitur. 
(Justin. XIII. 5.) 

Dum haec in Oriente geruntur, in Graecia Athenienscs et 
AetOli bellum, quod jam vivo Alexandro moveranl, summis 
viribus instruebant. Causa belli erat, quod reversus ab In- 



48 MACEDONUM IMl»ERlUM. 

dia Alexander epistolas in Graeciam scripserat, quibus omni- 
um civitatum exsules restituebantur. Q,uae litterae recita- 
tae praesente universa Graecia, in mercatu Olympiaco,^ mag- 
nos motus excitaverunt, quod plurimi non legibus, sed per 
factionem pri^icipum pulsi fuerant principesque verebantur, 
ne revocati potentiores in republica iierent. Palam igitur 
jam tum multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam freme- 
bant.** Principes tamen omnium Athenienses et Aetoli fue- 
mnt. Bello igitur exorto, Antipater, cui Graecia sorte obve- 
nerat, Leonatum ex Asia in auxilium vocavit, Q,ui quum ve- 
nire cum exercitu nuntiatus esset, obvii ei Athenienses cum 
instructis copiis fuere, ibique equestri proelio, gravi vulnere 
ictus, exstinguitur. Sed Antipater, exercitu exstincti recepto, 
quum par hostibus etiam proelio videretur, solutus obsidione, 
qua cinctus fuerat Lamiae,^ in Macedoniam concessit ; Grae- 
corum quoque copiae, finibus Graeciae hoste depulso, in ur- 
bes dilapsae sunt. 

43. Certamina inter duces Alexandri. (Justin. XIII. 6* 
XV. 1.) 

Post haec bellum inter Perdiccam et Antigonum oritur, 
quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in 
duas partes discurrentibus* ducibus, in sua viscera armatur, 
ferrumque a barbaris in civilem sanguinem^ vertit. In hoc 
bello Perdiccas occisus est ; pluresque ejusdem partis duces 
perierunt. Et jam finitum certamen inter successores Alex- 
andri Magni videbatur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata 
est discordia. Ptolemaeus^ et Cassander, Antipatri filius, 
inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum 
bellum terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptolemaeus 
Aegyptum cum Africae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenice. 
Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Graecia. Asiam et par- 
tes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cujus filius Demetrius, 
prima belli congressione, a Ptolemaeo apud Gamalam^ vinci- 
tur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderationis gloria, 
quam ipsius victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amicos Demetrii 
non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper mune- 
ribus, dimisit ; et ipsius Demetrii privatum omne instrumen- 
tum^ ac familiam^° reddidit, dicens ; non se propter praedam, 
sed propter dignitatem inisse bellum, indignatum, quod Anti- 
gonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solus communis 
victoriae praemia corripuisset. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 49 

44. Ezstincta Alexandr^sobole, principes regium nomen sw 
munt. (Justin. XV. 2.) 

Dum haec ajSfuntur, Cassander Herculem, Alexandri fiJi- 
um, qui fere annos quatuordecim excesserat, ne favore pater- 
ni nominis in regnum Macedoniae vocaretur, occidi lacite 
cum matre Barsine jubet; turn alterum quoque filium cum 
matre Roxane pari fraude necavit. Interea Ptolemaeus cum 
Demetrio navali proelio^ iterate^ congreditur, et amissa clas- 
se in Aegyptiim refugit. Hac victoria elatus, Antigonus re- 
gem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet. Ptolemaeus quo- 
que, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu 
cognominatur. Quibus auditis, Cassander et Lysimachus et 
ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. Sed Ptolemaeus et 
Cassander caeterique factionis alterius duces, quum se sin- 
gulos ab Antigono carpi ac lacessi viderent, per epistolas se 
invicem exhortati suntadbellum communibus viribus suscipi- 
endum. Cui quum Cassander interesse propter finitimum 
bcllum^ non posset, Lysimachum cum ingentibus copiis in 
auxilium sociis mittit. 

45. Lysimachi fortitudo. (Justin. XV. 3.) 

Erat hie Lysimachus illustri inter Macedones loco natus, 
sed magis etiam virtute quam genere clarus. Q,uum Alex- 
ander Callisthenem* philosophum miserandum in modum om- 
nibus membris truncasset, et insuper cum cane in cavea clau- 
sum circumferret, Lysimachus, eum audire et praecepta 
virtutis ab eo accipere solitus, misertus tanti viri, venenum ei 
in remedium calamitatum dedit. Q.uod adeo aegre Alexan- 
der tulit, ut eum objici ferocissimo leoni juberet. Sed quum 
leo impetum fecisset in eum, Lysimachus manum amiculo in- 
volutam in os leonis immersit, arreptaque lingua feram exani- 
mavit. duod quum nuntiatum regi esset, admiratio irae suc- 
ccssit, carioremque eum propter constantiam tantae virtutis* 
habuit. Post mortem regis, quum inter successores ejuspro- 
vinciae dividerentur, ferocissimae gentes, quasi omnium for- 
tissimo, assignatae sunt. 

46. Nova inter Alexandri successores bella oriuniur. 
(Justin. XV. 4.) 

Priusquam bellum inter Ptoleraaeum sociosque ejus adver- 
sus Antigonum committeretur, repente ex Asia majore Se- 
leucus, novLis Antigono hostis, accessit. Hujus quoque viri 



go MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

virtus clarissima fuit. Post mortem Alexandri, occupato regno 
Orientis, urbem condidit, patris noimne Antiochiam vocatam, 
et campos urbi vicinos Apoilini dicavit, a quo generis originem 
ducebat. Multa in Oriente post divisionem inter socios regni 
Macedonici bella gessit. Principio Babyloniam cepit : inde 
auctis ex victoria viribus Bactrianos expugnavit. Compositis 
deinde in Oriente rebus, in bellum cum Antigono descendit. 
Conjunctis igitur omnium sociorum copiis, proelium^ committi- 
tur; in eo Antigonus occiditur; Demetrius filius ejus in fugam 
vertitur. Sed socii, profiigato hostili bello, denuo in semet 
ipsos arma verterunt; et, quum de praeda non conveniret, 
iterum in duas factiones diducuntur. Seleucus Demetrio, 
Ptolemaeus Lysimacho junguntur. Cassandro defuncto Phi- 
lippus filius succedit. Sic quasi ex integro nova Maeedoniae 
bella nascuntur. 

47. Regnum Macedoniae, parricidiis inquinatae, Demetrius 
occupat. (Justin. XVI. 1.) 

Post Cassandri regis, filiique ejus Philippi continuas mortes,' 
Thessalonice, uxor Cassandri, non multo post tempore, ab 
Antipairo filio occiditur. Causa parricidii fuit, quod, post mor- 
tem mariti, in divisione inter fratres regni, in alterum filium 
Alexandrum videbatur fuisse propensior. Gluod facinus eo 
gravius visum est, quod nullum maternae fraudis vestigium fu- 
it. Ob haec igitur Alexander, in ultionem maternae necis ges- 
turus cum fratre bellum, auxilium a Demetrio petit : nee De- 
metrius, spe invadendi Macedonici regni, moram fecit. Cujus 
adventum verens Lysimachus persuadet genero Antipatro, ut 
malit cum fratre suo in gratiam rtdire, quam paternum hos- 
tem in Macedoniam admitti. Inchoatam igitur inter fratres 
reconciliationem quum praesensisset Demetrius, per insidias 
Alexandrum interfecit, regnumque Macedoniae occupavit. 
Lysimachus quoque, quum bello Dromichaetis, regis Thra- 
cum, premeretur, tradita ei^ altera parte Macedoniae, quae An- 
tipatro ejus genero obvenerat, pacem cum eo fecit. 

48. Demetrius a Pyrrho, Epiri rege, Macedonia pelliiur. 
(Justin. XVI. 2.)^ 

Igitur Demetrius, totius Macedoniae viribus instructus, 
Asiam occupare statuit. Sed Ptolemaeus, Seleucus et Ly- 
simachus, pacta societate conjunctisque copiis, bellum ad- 
versus Demetrium transferunt in Europam. His comitem se 
jungit Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, sperans, Demetrium non diffici- 
lius amittere Macedoniam posse, quam acquisierat. Nee 



MACEDOXUM IMPERIUM. 51 

spes frustra fuit ; quippe, exercitu ejus corrupto, ipsoque in 
fiigam acto, regnum Macedoniae occupavit. Demetrius au- 
tem, a tot exercitibus circumventus, qaum posset honeste mo- 
ri, turpiter se dedere Seleuco maliiit. Finite beilo, Ptole- 
maeus cum magna rerum gestarum gloria moritur, regno mi- 
nimo naiu ex filiis^ relicto. 

49. Lysimachus et Seleucus, ultimi commilitonum Alexandria 
pereunt. (Just. XVI. 3. XVII. 1,'2.) 

Sed mox inter Lysimachum et Pyrrhum, socios paullo ante 
adversus Demetrium, bellum exarsit. Victor Lysimachus, 
pulso Pyrrho, Macedoniam occupavit. Inde Tliraciae bel- 
lum intulit. Mox post varia ostenta, quae Lysimacho dira 
portendebant, Agathoclem, filium, Arsinoe noverca veneno in- 
terfecit. Hoc parricidium principum secuta est caedes, lu- 
entium supplicia, quod occisum juvenem dolebant. Itaque 
et hi, qui caedibus superfuerant, et hi, qui exercitibus prae- 
erant, certatim ad Seleucum deficiunt, eumque compellunt, 
ut bellum Lysimacho inferret. Uitimum hoc certamen com- 
militonum Alexandri fuit. L3'simachus quatuor et septua- 
ginta annos natus erat: Seleucus septem et septuaginta. 
Sed in hac quoque aetate utrique juvenilis erat animus, 
imperiique cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant. Lysimachus in 
eo bello strenue^ moritur,^ amissis ante variis casibus quinde- 
cim liberis. Seleucus autem, solum se de cohorte Alexandri 
superesse gavisus, post septem menses a Ptolemaeo Cerauno,* 
cujus sororem Lysimachus in matrimonio habuerat, per insi- 
dias circumventus, occiditur, regnumque Macedoniae, quod 
Lysimacho eripuerat, cum vita pariter amittit. 

50. Motus in Graecia. (Justin. XXIV. 1.3.) 

Paulo post, dissidentibus inter se Ptolemaeo Cerauno et 
Antiocho^ et Antigono^ regibus, omnes ferme Graeciae civi- 
tates, ducibus Spartanis, ad spem libertatis erectac, in bel- 
lum prorumpunt ; et, ne cum Antigono, sub cujus regno 
erant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggredi- 
untur, causam belli practendentes, quod sacratum Apollini 
campum Cirrhaeum' per vim occupasscnt. Conjuncto ex- 
ercitu, Aetolorumque finibus devastatis, magnam claclem passi 
sunt. Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparantibus, auxiliummul- 
tae gentes negaverunt, existimantes, dominationem eos, non 
iibertatem Graeciae quaererc. Interea inter reges bellum 
finitur. Nam Ptolemaeus, pulso Antigono, quum regnum to- 

PART II. G 



52 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

tius Macedoniae occupasset, pacem cum Antiocho facit, affi- 
nitatemque cum Pyrrho, data ei in matrimonium filia sua, 
jungit. Sed brevi post, incredibilibus commissis sceleribus, 
a Gallis regno spoliatus captusque, vitam ferro, ut meruerat, 
amisit. 

51. Gain in Graeciam 'penetrant. (Just. XXIV. 4, 5.) 

Namque Galli, abundante multitudine, quum eos non ca- 
perent terrae, quae genuerant, trecenta millia hominum ad 
sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. Ex his portio in Italia 
consedit, quae et Romam incendit/ alia portio in Illyricos 
sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia ^ consedit, ubi per multos an- 
nos bella cum finitimis gesserunt. Hortante deinde succes- 
su, divisis agminibus, alii Greciam, alii Macedoniam peti- 
vere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges 
non lacessiti ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mcrcarentur. So- 
lus rex Macedoniae Ptolemaeus adventum Gallorum intre- 
pidus audivit, bisque cum paucis et incompositis, quasi parri- 
cidiorum furiis agitatus, occurrit. Proelio commisso Mace- 
dones caeduntur. Ptolemaeus multis vulneribus saucius ca- 
pitur; caput ejus amputatum et lancea fixum circumfertur. 
Paucos ex Macedonibus fuga servavit : caeteri aut capti aut 
occisi. 

52. Galli Bremio duce Delphos petunt. (Justin. XXIV. 6.) 

Paullo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallorum in Graeci- 
am se effuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus pedi- 
tum et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit, 
Victo exercitu, totius regionis agros depraedatur. Tum Del- 
phos iter vertit ad Apollinis templum spoliandum. Hoc tem- 
plum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undique impen- 
dente, cujus praecipitiis, ut natural i praesidio, defenditur. 
Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntur munera, 
quaeque magnificentia sua et gratam hominum voluntatem, et 
Apollinis veracitatem manifestant. 

53. Cum ingenti clade repelluntur. (Just. XXIV. 7.) 

Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos 
suorum animos, praedae ubertatem militibus ostendebat, sta- 
tuasque cupa quadrigis, quarjum ingens copia procul viseba- 
tur, solido auro fusas esse affirmabat. Qua asseveratione 
incitati Galli, simul et mero saucii,^ sine respectu periculorum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 53 

in bellum ruebant. Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu 
peditum sexaginta quinque millia ; Delphorum sociorumque 
nonnisi quatuor millia militum erant. Hi plus in Deo, quam 
in viribus spei ponentes, cum conlemtu hostium resistebant, 
GallosquG scandentes e summo montis verlice partim saxo, 
partim armis obruebant. Inter hacc templorum antistites, 
sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pug- 
nantium aciem procurrunt, eos hortantes, ne cunctarentur 
diis antesignanis^ hostem caedere. Glnibus vocibus incensi 
omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei sta- 
tim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio montis abrupta Gal- 
lorum stravit exercitum, et tempestas insecuta grandine et 
frigore saucios absumsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolorem 
vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam finivit. Alter ex 
ducibus cum decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia 
excedit. Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit ; nuUus sine 
labore et periculo dies ; assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, 
lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli reliquias obtere- 
bant. duo pacto evenit, ut brevi^ ex tanto exercitu nemo su- 
peresset. 

54. Clade in Macedonia accepta, Galli in Asiam trajiciunt. 
(Justin. XXV. 1, 2.) 

Pace inter duos reges, Antigonum Gonatam, Demetrii fili- 
um, et Antiochum regem Syriae, statuta,^ quum in Macedo- 
niam Antigonus reversus esset, Gallorum exercitus, qui a 
Brenno ad fines tuendos relictus erat, in Macedoniam irrupit. 
Glui quum classem in Hellesponti litoribus collocatam incau- 
tius diripiunt, a remigibus et ab exercitus parte, quae eo cum 
conjugibus et liberis confugerat, trucidantur ; tantaque cae- 
des Gallorum fuit, ut opinio^ hujus victoriae Antigono pacem, 
non a Gallis tantum, verum etiam a finitimis praestaret. Pos- 
tea Galli, a Bithyniae rege in auxilium vocati, parta victoria 
regnum cum co diviserunt ; eamque regionem Gallograeciam 
cognominaverunt. 

55. Pyrrhus rex Epiri Macedoniam invadit. (Justin. 
XXV. 3.) 

Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia^ in Epirum reversus fines Mace- 
doniac invadit; cui Antigonus cum exercitu occurrit, victus- 
que proclio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedo- 
niam in deditionem accipit ; Antigonus autem ^um paucis 
equitibus Thessalonicam se rccepit, ut inde cum conducta 
Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Rursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyr- 



54 .. MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

rhi filio, funditus victus, cum septem comitibus fugiens salutis 
latebras in solitudine quaerit. 

56. Argos oppugnans occiditur. (Just, XXV. 4, 5.) 

Pyrrhus autem, in tanto fastigio regni collocatus, Graeciae 
Asiaeque imperium meditatur. Primum illi bellum adversus 
Spartanos fuit : ubi majore mulierum quam virorum virtute 
exceptus, Ptolemaeum filium, et exercitus partem robustissi- 
mam amisit. Ptolemaeus in oppugnatione urbis usque in me- 
diam urbem procurrerat, ubi concursu multitudinis interfectus 
est. Cujus corpus ut relatum est patri, dixisse Pyrrbum fe- 
runt, aliquanto tardius eum, quam timuerit ipse, vel temeritas 
ejus meruerit, occisum esse. Ipse Pyrrhus quum a Spartanis re- 
pulsus Argos petiisset, ibi inter confertissimos violentissime di- 
micans saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Satis constans inter om- 
nes auctores fama est, nullum nee ejus, nee superioris aetatis 
regem comparandum Pyrrho fuisse. Nam et vitae sanctitate 
atque justitia optimos quosque aequabat ; scientia rei militaris 
plurimos superabat, patriamque suam angustam et ignobilem, 
fama rerum gestarum toto orbe illustrem reddidit. 

57. Antigonus Gallos magno proelio fundit. Bella inter Ma- 
cedonas et Epirotas. (Just. XXVI. 1, 2, 3.) 

Post mortem Pyrrhi non in Macedonia tantum, verum 
etiam in Asia Graeciaque magni bellorum motus fuere ; civi- 
tatesque mutuis inter se odiis in bellum ruebant. Inter bos 
motus Antigonus, qui in Macedoniae regnum redierat, quum 
multiplici bello et Ptolemaei^ regis et Spartanorum premere- 
tur, novusque ei hostis, Gallograeciae exercitus, affluxisset,^ 
parva manu adversus caeteros relicta, adversus Gallos totis 
viribus proficiscitur. Galli, quum hostiae ante pugnam cae- 
sae infaustum pugnae exitum portenderent, in furorem versi 
conjuges et liberos suos trucidant, cruentique ex recenti suo- 
rum^ caede in proelium proficiscuntur. Omnes occidione 
caesi. Post hujus pugnae eventum, Ptolemaeus et Spartani 
victorem hostium exercitum declinantes, in tutiora se recipi- 
unt. Antigonus ubi eorum discessum videt, bellum Atheni- 
ensibus infert. In quo quum occupatus esset, Alexander, 
rex Epiri, ulcisci mortem patris Pyrrhi cupiens, fines Mace- 
doniae depopulatur. Adversus quern quum reversus a Grae- 
cia Antigonus esset, transitione militum destitutus,^ regnum 
Macedoniae* cum exercitu amittit. Hujus filius Demetrius, 
puer admodum, absente patre, reparato exercitu, non solum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. B9 

amissam Macedoniam recipit, verum etiam Epiri regno Alex- 
andrum spoliat. Tanta fortunae varietas erat ! Paullo post 
tamen Alexander, non minore Epirotarum desiderio, quam 
suorum auxilio, in regnum restituitur. 

58. Seleuci et Antiochi, fratrum, fiagitia. (Justin. 
XXVII. 1, 2.) 

Mortuo Syriae rege Antiocho, Seleucus, qui in ejus locum 
successerat, parricidio novercae, Ptolemaei sororis, inquinatus, 
a Ptolemaeo terra marique victus est. Q,uum, quo se verte- 
ret, non haberet, Antiochi fratris auxilium implorat, oblata ei 
Asia inter fines Tauri montis, in praemium latae opis. Antio- 
chus^ autem, quum esset arinos quatuordecim natus, supra 
aetatem regni avidus,*^ occasione arrepta fratrem regno spoiiare 
conatus est. Ea tempestate omnia bella in exitium Asiae 
gerebantur. Seleucus et Antiochus fratres bellum propter 
Asiam gerebant; Ptolemaeus, rex Aegypti, sub specie soro- 
riae ultionis, Asiae inhiabat : hinc Bithynus Eumenes, inde 
Galli Asiam depopulabantur. Victo Antiocho, quum Eumenes 
majorem Asiae partem occupasset, ne tunc quidem fratres a 
bello abstinuerunt. Antiochus victus, quum profugo nusquam 
tutus locus esset, ad Ptolemaeum hostem confugit. Sed 
Ptolemaeus eum servari arctissima ctistodia jubet. Hinc opera 
cujusdam mulieris,quam familiarius noverat,custodibus decep- 
tis, elabitur, fiigiensque a latronibus interficitur. Seleucus quo- 
que iisdem ferme diebus, amisso regno,^ equo praecipitatus 
obiit. Sic fratres, ambo exsules, ambo regno privati, similibus 
easily, scelerum suorum poenas luerunt. 

59. Antigonus, Philippi tutor, regnum Macedoniae aclmini- 
strat. (Justin. XXVIII. 3.) 

Circa ilia tempora Demetrius, rex Macedoniae, Antigoni 
Gonatae filius, relicto filio Philippo admodum parvulcf deces- 
sit. Cui Antigonus Doson* tutor datus, accepta in matrimo- 
nium matre pupilli, regem se constitui laborabat. Interjecto 
deinde tempore, quum seditione minaci Macedonum clausus 
in regia teneretur, in publicum sine satellitibus procedit, pro- 
jectoque in vulgus diadcmatc ac purpura, dare hacc eos alteri 
jubet, qui aut imperare illis nrsciat, aut cui parere ipsi sciant. 
Commemorat deinde beneficia sua, ut defectionem sociorum 
rindicavcrit : ut Dardanos,^ Thessalosque exsultantes morte 
Demetrii regis compescuerit ; ut denique dignitatem Macedo- 
G* 



56 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

num non solum defenderit, verum etiam auxerit. Quorum si 
illos poeniteat, deponere se imperium et reddere illis munus 
suum ; ipsi regem quaerant, cui imperent. Q,uum populus 
pudore motus recipere eum regnum juberet, lamdiu recusavit, 
quoad seditionis auctores supplicio traderentur. 

60. Spartanos superat. Horum in malis virtus. (Justin. 
XXVIII. 4.) 

Post haec bellum Spartanis infert, qui soli adliuc Macedo- 
num arma contemnebant. Inter duas nobilissimas gentes sum- 
mis viribus pugnabatur; quum hi pro vetere Macedonum 
gloria, illi non solum pro illibata libertate, sed etiam pro salute 
certarent. Victi Lacedaemonii^ non ipsi tantum, sed etiam 
conjuges liberique magno animo fortunam tulere. Nemo 
quippe in acie saluti^ pepercit; nulla amissum conjugem fle- 
vit ; iiliorum mortem senes iaudabant ; patribus iA^acie caesis 
filii gratulabantur ; suam vicem omnes dolebant, quod non et 
ipsi pro patriae libertate cecidissent. Inter haec nullus in urbe 
strepitus, nulla trepidatio : magis omnes publicam quam pri- 
vatam fortunam lugebant. Inter haec Cleomenes rex, post 
multas hostium caedes, toto corpore suo pariter et hostium cru- 
ore madens, supervenit ; ingressusque urbem non humi conse- 
dit, non cibum aut potum^poposcit, non armorum onus depo- 
suit, sed acclinis parieti, quum quatuor millia sola ex pugna 
superfuisse conspexisset, hortatur, ut se ad meliora tempora 
reipublicae reservarent, Tum cum conjuge et liberis Aegyp- 
tum ad Ptolemaeum^ proficiscitur, a quo honorifice susceptus, 
diu in summa dignatione vixit. Postremo post Ptolemaei 
mortem a filio ejus* cum omni familia interficitur. Ant!f onus 
autem fortunam tantae urbis miseratus a direptione milites 
prohibuit, veniamque his, qui superfuerunt, dedit. Nee mul- 
to post ipse decessit, regnumque Philippo pupillo, annos qua- 
tuordecim nato, tradidit. 

61.' Multaimperia nova regum successione mutantur. 
(Justin. XXIX. 1.) 

lisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova 
regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia Phi- 
lippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit ; et in Asia, inter- 
fecto Seleuco,^ impubes adhuc rex Antiochus^ constitutus est. 
Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptole- 
maeus, cui ex crimine facinoris cognomen Philopdtor' fuit. 
Etiam Spartani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum; et 



MACEDONUM IMPERIDM. 57 

apud Carthaginienses aetate iminatura dux Hannibal constitui- 
tur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum 
a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna 
indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptoleniaeus, sicut scelestus in 
occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. 

62. Philippus cum Hannihale societatem contra Romanos 
jiingit. (Justin. XXIX. 2. 4.) 

Philippus quum, Dardanis aliisque finitimis superatis, Aeto- 
lis bellum inferre gestiret, a Demetrio, lUyriorum rege, im- 
pulsus est, ut Romanos aggrederetur. Gluerebatur ille Ro- 
manorum injuriam, qui non contenti Italiae t er minis imp erium 
totiusorbisspe complexi,^ helium cum omnibus regibus gertrent. 
Se cedere illi regno'- quod Ro7tiani occupaverint, profitetur ; gra- 
tius habiturus,^ siin possessione imperii sui socium potius quam 
hostes inderit. Hujusmodi orationeimpulitPhilippum,ut, omis- 
sis Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret, minus negotii^ existiman- 
tem, quod jam victos ab Hannibale apud Trasimenum^ lacum 
audierat. Itaque ne eodem tempore multis bellis distineretur, 
pacem cum Aetolis facit, navesque fabricare coepit, quibus in 
Italiam trajiceret. Legatum deinde ad Hannibalem, jungen- 
dae societatis gratia, cum epistolis mittit; qui a Romanis 
comprehensus et ad senatum perductus, incolumis dimissus est, 
non in honorem regis, sed ne, dubius adhuc, indubitatus hostis 
redderetur. 

63. Pacem cum Romanis facer e cogiiur. 
(Justin. XXIX. 4.) 

PauUo post autem quum Romanis nuntiatum esset, Philip- 
pum in Italiam copias trajecturum, Laevinumpraetorem cum 
instructis navibus ad prohibendum transitum mittunt. Q,ui 
quum in Graeciamtrajecisset, multis promissis impulit Aetolos, 
ut bellum adversus Philippum susciperent. Philippui^quoque 
Achaeos in Romanorum bellum soUicitat. Interea et Dardani 
Macedoniae fines vastare coeperunt, et Laevinus praeter, junc- 
ta cum Attalo rege societate, Graeciam populatur. His aliis- 
que rebus distractus rex Macedoniae cum Romanis pacem fa- 
cit, contentis interim bellum Macedonicum distulisse ; Philo- 
poemeni autem, Achacorum praetori, quern didicerat animos 
sociorum ad Romanos trahere, insidias praetendit. Q,uibus 
cognitis ille Achaeos auctoritate sua a rege Macedoniae pror- 
sus abstraxit. 



58 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 



64. Ptolemaei quaedam gesta. (Just. XXX. 1, 2.) 

Dum haec in Graecia geruntur, Ptolemaeus, qui ad necem 
utriusque parentis fratris quoque caedem adjunxerat, luxuriae 
se tradiderat, nee amici tantum, verum etiam omnis exercitus 
regis exemplum secuti erant. Gluibus cognitis, Antiochus, 
icX Syriae, repentino bello multas urbes ejus oppressit, ipsam- 
que Aegyptum aggreditur. Ptolemaeus autem exercitu in 
Graecia conducto, secundum proelium facit, spoliassetque 
regno Antiochum, si fortunam virtute juvisset. Sed conten- 
tus recuperatione urbium, quas amiserat, facta pace, in pris- 
tinam luxuriam revolutus, regnum perditissimis hominibus 
tanquam praedam permisit. Eo mortuo Alexandrini, suppli- 
cio de praedonibus illis sumto, legates miserunt ad populum 
Romanum, rogantes, ut tutelam pupilli susciperent, tuerentur- 
que regnum Aegypti, quod jam Philippum et Antiochum, fac- 
ta inter se pactione, inter se divisisse dicebant. 

65. Romani bellum conti i Philippum suscipiunt. 
(Justin. XXX. 3, 4.) 

Grata legatio Romanis fuit, causam belli adversus Philip- 
pum quaerentibus, qui ipsis, belli Punici temporibus, insidia- 
tus fuerat. Mittuntur itaque legati, qui Antiocho et Philippo 
denuntient, regno Aegypti abstineant. Mittitur et M. Lepi- 
dus in Aegyptum, qui tutorio nomine regnum pupilli adminis- 
traret. Dum haec aguntur, legationes Attali et Rhodiorum, 
injurias Philippi^ querentes, Romam venerunt. Gluae res 
omnem cunctationem Macedonici belli senatui exemit. Sta-. 
tim igitur titulo^ ferendi sociis auxilii, bellum adversus Phi- 
lippum decernitur, legionesque cum consule in Macedonian! 
mittuntur. Nee multo post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia 
Romanorum ad spem pnstinae libertatis erecta, bellum Phi- 
lippo intulit ; atque ita quum rex undique urgeretur, pacem 
petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium 
commissum est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Phik 
lippum et Flaminium, Romanorum ducem. Macedonas Ro- 
mana fortuna vicit. Fractus itaque bello Philippus, pace ac- 
cepta, nomen quidem regium retinuit ; sed omnibus Graeciae 
urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessionis amissis, solam 
Macedoniam retinuit. 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 59 



66. Antiochum, Hannibalis consiliis adjutum, Romani aggre- 
diuniur. (Justin. XXXI. 1, 2. 4.) 

Interea Antiochus, rex Syriae, Aegyptum occupare statuit. 
Itaque Phoenicen, caeterasque Syriae quidem, sed juris Ae- 
gypti civitates, quum invasisset, legates ad eum Senatus mi- 
sit, qui denuntiarent ei, abstineret^ regTi(f^upilli populi Ro- 
mani, postremis patris precibus iidei suae traditi. Quibus 
spretis, bcllum ei denuntiatum est. Eodem tempore Nabis, 
Lacedaemoniorum tyrannus, multas Graeciae civitates occu- 
paverat. Igitur Senatus, ne uno tempore duplici bello Ro- 
manae vires distinerentur, scripsit^ Flaminino, si ei videretur, 
sicuti Macedoniam a Philippo, ita Graeciam a Nabide libe- 
raret. Terribile quippe Antiochi bellum nomen Hannibalis 
fecit, quem aemuli ejus cum Antiocho inisse societatem apud 
Romanos criminabantur. Q,ui quum sibi a Romanis insidias 
strui intellexisset, clam nave conscensa, cursum ad Antiochum 
direxit. Ad hunc quurii pervenisset, negabat opprimi Roma- 
nos nisi in Italia posse. Cujus consilia quum regi placerent, 
Romani ad Antiochum legatos misere, qui et regis apparatum 
specularentTir, et Hannibalem assiduo colloquio^ suspectum 
invisumque redderent. Hie dolus bene illis successit. Gluip- 
pe Antiochus reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam^ exis- 
timans, eum veluti hostem proditoremque sui odisse coepit. 

67. Eum pugna navali superant. (Just. XXXI. 6.) 

Dum igitur Antiochus, falsa suspicione deceptus, omnem 
belli apparatum temere et negligenter agit, Acilius, Romanus 
consul, omnia bello necessaria summa industria parat. Ita- 
que prima belli congressione' rex victus et fugatus castra di- 
tia victoribus reliquit. Deinde quum in Asiam fugiendo per- 
venisset, poenitere neglecti consilii coepit, revocatoque in 
amicitiam Hannibale, omnia ex sententia ejus agere. Inte- 
rim nuntiatur, Aemilium, Romanum ducem, cum octoginta 
rostratis navibus adventare. Itaque, priusquam sociae civi- 
tates ad hostes deficerent, decernere navali proelio statuit, 
sperans cladem in Graecia acceptam nova posse victoria 
aboleri. Tradita igitur Hannibali classe, proelium commiiti- 
tur.^ Sed ncc Asiani milites Romanis, neque naves eorum 
pares rostratis navibus fuerunt; minor tamen clades ducis 
solertia fuit. 



60 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 

68. Antiochus pads leges, a Romanis dictatas, repudiat. 
(Justin. XXXI. 7.) 

Novae hujus victoriae fama nondum Romam venerat, quum 
jam Lucius Scipio consul creatus esset, qui bellum in Asia ge- 
reret. Huic datur legatus frater Africanus, cui Poeni et Han- 
nibal superati nomow fecerant. Trajicientibus autem in Asiara 
exercitum Scipionibus, jam utrobique profligatum bellum nun- 
tialum est, victumque Antioctium terrestri, Hannibalem navali 
bello invenerunt. Primo igitur adventu eorum legatos pacem 
petentes ad eos Antiochus mittit, peculiare donum Africano 
ferentes ipsius filium, quem rex parvo navigio trajicientem ce- 
perat. Leges pacis dicuntur : Ut rex Asia Romanis cederet, 
contentus regno Syriae esset, naves universastraderet, sumtum- 
que omnem belli Romanis restitueret. Quae quum nuntiata 
Antiocho essent, nondum ita se victum esse respondit, ut spoli- 
ari se regno pateretur. 

69. Magno proelio vinciiur. (Justin. XXXI. 8.) 

Igitur quum ab utrisque bellum pararetur, ingressique 
Asiam Romani Ilion^ venissent, mutua gratulatio Iliensium 
ac Romanorum fuit, Iliensibus, Aeneam caeterosque duces cum 
eo a se profectos ; Romanis, se ab his procreatos, referentibus 
Tantaque laetitia omnium fuit, quanta esse post longum tem- 
pus inter parentes et liberos solet. Profectis ab Ilio Roma- 
nis, Eumenes rex cum auxiliis occurrit ; nee multo post 
proeiium cum Antiocho commissum.^ duum in dexteriore 
cornu pulsa legio Romana ad castra fugeret, M. Aemilius, 
tribunus militum, ad tutelam castrorum relictus, armare se 
milites suos et extra vallum progredi jubet, strictisque gladiis 
fugientibus minari, morituros,nisiin proeiium revertantur; in- 
festioraque sua, quam hostium castra, inventuros. Attonita 
tam ambiguo^ periculo legio in proeiium revertitur, magna- 
que caede edita, initium victoriae fuit. Caesa hostium quin- 
quaginta millia, capta undecim. Antiocho pacem petenti 
nihil ad superiores conditiones additum. Captas civitates inter 
socios divisere Romani. 

70. Aetoli a Romanis victi. Achaeorum et Messeniorum Bella. 
(Justin. XXX. 4. XXXIL 1.) 

Aetoli,^ qui Romanis ofFensi, quod non omnem Macedoni- 
am Philippo ademtam ipsis dedissent, Antiochum in bellum 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 61 

impulerant, illo victo soli remanserunt. Nee multo post 
victi, libertatem, quam adversus dominationem Atheniensium 
et Spartanorum inter tot Graeciae civitates soli retinuerant, 
amiserunt. Sub idem tempus bello inter Messenios et Achae- 
os exorto, Achaeorum imperator Philopoemen, in transitu 
fossae cquo praecipitatus, a multitudine hostium oppressus 
est. Hunc, velut in illo omne bellum confecissent/ in mo- 
dum triumphi per universam civitatem circumduxerunt. De- 
inde in carcerem ducto venenum dederunt ; quod ille laetus, 
ac si vicisset, accepit, quaesito^ prius, an Ly cartas, praefectuh 
Achaeorum, qyem secundum a se esse sciebat, incolumu 
effugisset ? Q,uem ut accepifefTugisse, non in iotum, dicens, 
consultum^ male Achaeis, exspiravit. Nee multo post reparato 
bello, Messenii vincuntur, poenasque interfecti Philopoemenia 
pependerunt. 

7 1 . Regia Philippi Macedonis parricidio inquinatur. (Just. 
XXXII. 2.) 

Interim regis Macedonum domus intestipis malis agitaba- 
tur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi filius, a patre Romam 
missus, ob insignem pudorem* multa favoris documenta a 
senatu accepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plus 
momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem 
patris habuisse. Igitur Perseus, major filiorum regis, per- 
specta patris aegritudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud 
eum criminari, et primo invisum, mox etiam suspectum red- 
dere ; nunc amicitiam Romanorum, nunc proditionem ei pa- 
tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo paratas con- 
fingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, testes- 
que subornat. Q.uibus rebus patrem impulit, ut supplicium 
de innocente sumeret. 

72. Philippus morilur. (Justin. XXXIL 3.) 

Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aenmlo non negligentior tan- 
tum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contumacior erat ; nee 
heredcm regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus offensus 
Philippus impatientius in dies mortem Demetrii dolebat, et, 
denique fraude eognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam in- 
noxii Demetrii morte cruciabatur. Brevi post tempore, mor- 
bo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno 
belli, apparatu adversus Romanes, quo postea Perseus usus 
est. 



62 MACEDO^"UM IMPKRIUM. 

73. Ultima Hannihalis fata. (Justin. XXXII. 4. Corn. 

Nep. Vita Hannib. c. 12.) 

Hannibal, quum ab Antiocho Romani, inter caeteras con- 
ditiones pacis, deditionem ejus deposcerent, admonitus a 
rege, Cretam confugit. Ibi quum se propter nimias opes in- 
vidiosum^ videret, contendit ad Prusiam, regem Bithyniae. 
Qui quum terrestri proeiio ab Eumene victus esset, et bel- 
lum in mare transtulisset, Hannibal novo commento auctor 
victoriae fuit. Gluippe omne serpentium genus^ in fictiles 
lagenas conjici jussit, medioque proeiio in naves hostium 
mitti. Id primum illis ridiculum visum. Sed ubi serpenti- 
bus repleri naves coepere, ancipiti periculo circumventi, 
hosti victoriam cessere. Quae ubi Romam nuntiata sunt, 
senatus legatos misit, qui utrumque regem in pacem coge- 
rent, Hannibalemque deposcerent. His Prusias, quod pete- 
bant, negare non ausus, rogavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, 
quod adversus jus hospitii esset; ipsi, si possent, compre- 
henderent; locum, ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal 
enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum 
erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus 
aedificii exitum sibi haberet; semper verens, ne usu eveni- 
ret, quod accidit. Hue quum legati Romanorum venissent, 
ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puer a janua 
prospiciens Hannibali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinem ar- 
matos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii 
circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo un- 
dique obsideretur. Puer quum omnes exitus occupatos os- 
tendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sese peti, neque sibi 
diutius vitam esse retinendam. Gluam ne alieno arbitrio 
dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod sem- 
per secum habere consueverat, sumsit. 

74. Perseus a Romanis victus; Macedonia in provinciae 

Rom. formam redacta. (Just. XXXIII. 1, 2.) 

Jam Macedonicum bellum summa omnium virium conten- 
tione a Romanis geri coeptum est. Prima equitum congres- 
sio^fuit, qua Perseus victor suspensam^ omnium exspecta- 
tionem in sui favorem traxit ; misit tamen legatos ad consu- 
lem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Romani etiam victo 
dedissent, impensas belli lege victi^ suscepturus. Sed consul 
Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo,^ leges dixit. Dum 
haec aguntur, Romani Aemilinm Paitlum consulem creant, 
eique extra ordinem Macedonicum 4)ellum decernunt ; qui 



MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 63 

quum ad exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fe- 
cit. Pridie, quam proelium^ consereretur, luna nocte defe- 
cit ; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni 
portendere vaticinabantur. Gluod vaticinium non fefellit. Per- 
seus rex fuga cum decern millibus talentCim Samothraciam' 
defertur ; quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a 
consule, cum duobus filiis, Alexandre et Philippo, cepit, cap- 
tumque ad consuj^m duxit. Macedonia Romanorum ditioni 
addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Graecia excitantium 
principes Romam missi, ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu 
detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civita- 
tium senatu fatigata, in suam quisque patriam remissus est. 

75. Romani in Achaeos causas belli quaerunt. (Justin. 
XXXIV. 1.) 

Macedonibus subactis, Aetolorumque ^viribus debilitatis, 
soli adhuc ex universa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tunc 
temporis Romanis videbantur, non propter singular um civi- 
tatium nimias opes, sed propter conspirationem^ universarum. 
Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen im- 
perium habent, singularumque urbium pericula mutuis viri- 
bus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, 
tempestive fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum 
agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Sparta- 
nis a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res 
sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam mandatum 
est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi itaque omnium 
civitatium principibus Corinthum evocatis, decretum senatus 
recitant, dicentes, expedire omnibus, ut singulae civitates sua 
jura et suas leges habeant. Q,uod ubi omnibus innotuit, vo- 
lutin furoremversi universumperegrinumpopulum trucidant; 
legatos quoque ipsos Romanorum violassent, nisi hi, audito tu- 
multu, trepidi fu^issent. 

76. Achaeis victis Corinthus diripitur. (Justin. XXXIV. 2.) 

Haec ubi Romae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio 
consuli bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omnibus strenue pro- 
visis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. Sed apud Achaeos 
omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proe- 
lium agitantes,^ vehicula ad spolia hostium reportanda, se- 
cum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spcctaculum 
certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso' 

Part II.— 7 



64 V-^^ PARTHORUM. 

ante oculos suorum caesi sunt, Conjugeg quoque et liben 
eorum praeda hostium fuere. UrBs Corinthus diruitur : popu- 
lus omnis sub corona venditur ; ut hoc exemplo ceteris civita- 
tibus nietus novarum rerum^ imponeretur, 

77. Attalo defuncto, Asia fit Romanorum. 
(Justin. XXXVI. 4.) 

Non ita multo post etiam Asia Romanorfftn. facta est. Atta- 
lus^ ibi florentissimum ab Eumene patruo acceptum regnum 
caedibus amicorum et cognatorum suppliciis foedabat. Post 
multa scelera squalidam vestem sumit, barbam capillumque in 
modum reorumsummittit:^ non in publicum prodire, non popu- 
lo se ostendere, non domi laetiora conviviainire,prorsusutpoe- 
nas scelerum pendere videretur. Omissa deinde regni adminis- 
tratione, hortos fodiebat, gramina seminabat, et noxia innoxiis 
permiscebat, eaque omnia veneni succo infecta, velut pecu- 
liare munus, amicig mittebat. Postea aerariae artis fabricae 
se tradidit, cerisque fingendis et acre fundendo et procuden- 
do oblectabatur. Matri deinde sepulcrum facere instituit: 
cui operi intentus, morbum ex solis fervore contraxit, et sep- 
tima die decessit. Hujus testamento populus Romanus heres 
regni est institutus. 



F. RES PARTHORUM. 

1. Parthorum origines. (Justin. XL I. 1.) 

Parthi,* penes quos nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum 
exsules fuere. Hoc etiam ipsorum nomine manifestatur ; nam 
Scythico sermone Parthi exsules dicuntur. Hi et Assyriorum 
et Medarum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi 
fuerunt. Postea quoque quum imperium Orientis a Medis ad 
Persas translatum est, veluti vulgus sine nomine, praeda vic- 
torum fuere. Postremo Macedonibus servierunt. A Roma- 
nis autem, binis bellis,^ per maximos duces, florentissimis tem- 
poribus, lacessiti, soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum,^ 
verum etiam victores fuere. 

2. Parthorum mores. (Justin. XLI. 2.) 

Administratio gentis post defectionem Macedonici imperii 
sub regibus fuit Proximus regibus populi ordo est : ex hoc 



RES PARTHORUM. 65 

ducds in bello, ex hoc rectores in pace habent. Sermo inter 
Sc)^hicum et Medicum medius et ex utrisque mixtus. Vestis 
olim 8ui moris ;^ posteaquam accessere opes, ut Medis, pellu- 
cida ac fluida.-^ Exercitum non, ut aliae gentes, liberorum, 
sed majorem partem servorum habent. Hos pari ac liberos 
suos cura habent, et equitare ac sagittare magna industria do- 
cent. Locupletissimus ut quisque est, ita plures in bello equites 
regi suo praebet. Cominus in acie proeliari, aut obsessas ex- 
pugnare urbes nesciunt. Pugnant autem procurrentibus equis, 
aut terga dantibus; saepe etiam fugam simulant, ut incautio- 
res adversus vulnera insequentes habeant.^ Diu pugnare 
nequeunt ; et sane intolerandi forent, si, quantus est impetus, 
vis tanta et perseverantia esset. Plerumque in ipso ardore 
certaminis proelia deserunt, et paullo post pugnam ex fuga 
repetunt ; ut, quum maxime 'te -vicisse putes, tum tibi discri- 
men subeundum sit maximum. Munimentum ipsis equisque 
loricae plumatae sunt, quae utrumque toto corpore tegunt. 
Auri argentique nullus in armis usus. 

3. Continuatio. (Justin. XLI. 3.) 

Uxores singuli plures habent, iisque non convivia tantum 
virorum, verum etiam conspectum interdicunt. Came nonnisi 
venatibus quaesita vescuntur.* Equis omni tempore vectantur ; 
illis^ bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata ofRcia obeunt; 
super illos ire, consistere, mercari, colloqui. Hoc denique dis- 
criraen inter servos liberosque est, quod servi pedibus, libcri 
nonnisi equis incedunt. Sepultura vulgo aut avium aut ca- 
num laniatus est. Nuda demum ossa terra obruunt. In su- 
perstitionibus® praecipua amnibus veneratio est. Caeterum 
ingenia genti tumida, seditiosa, fraudulenta, procacia ; natura 
taciti ;' ad faciendum, quam ad dicendum, promtiores. Prin- 
cipibus metu, non pudore^ parent. Fi^es dictis promissisque 
nulla, nisi quatenus expedit. 

4. Arsaces Parthos in libertatem vindicat. (Justin. XLI. 4.) 

Post mortem Alexandri Magni qnum inter successores ejus 
Orientis regna dividerentur, primum Stasanori cuidam sunt 
traditi, quum nullus Macedonum Parthorum imperium dig- 
naretur accipere. Postea didactis Macedonibus in bcllum 
civile, alios post alios habuere dominos. Tandem Arsaces 
vir incertae originis sed magnae virtutis, Seleuco,'' ad quern 
Parthorum populus per aliquod tempus pertinuerat, a Grallis 



66 RES PARTHORUM. 

in Asia victo, cum praedonum manu Parthos ingressus, impe- 
rium gentis invasit. Non magno deinde post tempore Hyrca- 
norum quoque regnum occupavit, et Seleucum ad defectores 
persequendos venientem, proelio vicit. Gluem diem Parthi 
exinde solemnem, velut initium libertatis, observant. 

5. Regnum firmat. (Justin. XLI. 5.) 

Revocato deinde Seleuco novis motibus in Asiam, Arsaces 
dato laxamento, regnum Parthicum format, militem legit, cas- 
tella munit, civitates firmat. Urbem quoque nomine Daram, in 
monte Zapaortenon condit, cujus loci ea conditio est, ut neque 
munitius quidquam esse, neque amoenius possit. Nam prae- 
ruptis montibus ita cingitur, ut tutela loci nullis defensoribus 
egeat ; et soli circumjacentis tanta ubertas est, ut propriis opi- 
bus expleatur. Sic Arsaces, quaesito simul constitutoque regno 
non minus memorabilis Parthis, quam Persis Cyrus, matura 
senectute decedit. Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi 
tribuerunt, ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncu- 
pent. Hujus nepos, Arsaces et ipse nomine dictus, quindecim 
annis in regno actis decessit, relictis duobus filiis, Mithridate 
et Phrahate ; quorum major Phrahates more gentis, heres 
regni, Mardos, validam gentem, bello domuit, nee multo post 
decessit, multis filiis relictis ; quibus praeteritis,^ fratri potissi- 
mum Mithridati, insignis virtutis viro, reliquit imperium, pa- 
triae potius quam liberis consulendum ratus. 

6. Mithridates regni fines profert. (Justin. XLI. 6.) 

Hie vir spem de se conceptam non fefellit. Bello inter 
Parthos et Medos orto, post varies utriusque populi casus, ad 
postremum victoria penes Parthos fiiit His viribus auctus 
Mithridates Mediae Bacasin praeponit, ipse in Hyrcaniam pro- 
ficiscitur. Unde revifsus bellum cum Elymaeorum^ rege 
gessit, quo victo banc quoque gentem regno adjecit, impe- 
riumque Parthorum a monte Caucaso, multis populis in di- 
tionem red actis, usque ad flumen Euphratem protulit. His 
actis adversa valetudine correptus, non minor Arsace proavo, 
gloriosa senectute decessit. 

7. Regum Parthicorum successio. (Just. XLII. 1, 2, 3.) 

Huic Phrahates filius successit. Qui cum Scythis bellum 
gerens a Graecis militibus, quibus in bello captis et crudeliter 
tractatis, imprudentius, ut suis, utebatur, in pugna relictus at- 



RES PARTHORUM. 0f 

que occisus est. In hujus locum Artabanus, patruus ejus, rex 
substituitur ; qui bello Thogariis^ illato, in brachio vulneratus, 
statim decedit. Huic Mithridates filiussuccedit, cui res gestae 
Magni cognomen dedere : quippe claritatem parentum animi 
magnitudine supergreditur. Multa bella cum finitimis magna 
virtute gessit, multosque populos Parthico regno addidit. Eti- 
am cum Scythis prospere aliquoties dimicavit. Ad postremum 
Ortoadisti, Armeniorum regi, bellum intulit; quo debellato 
propter crudelitatem a Senatu Parthico regno pellitur. 

8. Romanorum legiones a Parthis trucidaniur. 
(Justin. XLII. 4.) 

Vacans regnum occupavit Orodes, Mithridatis frater. Q,ui 
quum Babyloniam, quo Mithridates confugerat, diu obsideret, 
oppidanos fame coactos in deditionem compulit. Mithridates 
quoque, fiducia cognationis, ultro se in protestatem Orodis 
tradit. Sed Orodes plus hostem, quam fratrem, cogitans, in 
conspectu suo eum trucidari jussit. Post haec bellum cum 
Romanis gessit, Crassumque imperatorem cum filio et omni 
exercilu Romano delevit. Hujus filius Pacorus, missus ad 
persequendas Romani belli reliquias, magnis rebus in Syria 
gestis, patri suspectus in Parthiam revocatur ; quo absente, 
exercitus Parthorum relictus in Syria a Cassio, quaestore 
Crassi, cum omnibus ducibus trucidatur. 

9. Romani Parthos magno proelio vincunt. 
(Justin. XLII. 4.) 

His ita gestis non multo post tempore, apud Romanes inter 
Caesarem et Pompejum civile bellum exarsit, in quo Parthi 
Pompejanarum partium fuerc. Victis partibus Pompejanis, 
et Cassio et Bruto auxilia adversus Augustum et Antonium 
misere, et post belli finem rursum, Pacoro duce, Syriam et 
Asiam vastavere, castraque Ventidii, qui absente Pacoro ex- 
ercitum Parthicum fuderat, magna mole aggrediuntur. Sed 
ille simulate timore, diu continuit se, ct insultare'' Parthos ali- 
quantisper passus est. Ad postremum in secures laetosque 
partem legionum cmisit, quarum impetu fusi Parthi in divcrsa 
abiere. Pacorus quum fugientes sues abduxisse secum legio- 
nes Romanas putaret, castra Ventidii, velut defensoribus pri- 
vata, aggreditur. Tum Ventidius, reliqua parte legionum 
emissa, universam Parthoru\n manum cum rege ipso Pacoro 
interfecit. Nullo bello Parthi unquam majus vulnus acce- 
perunt. 7 * 



6S RES PARTHORUM. 

10. Orodis, regis Parthorum, de mortefilii luctus. 

(Justin, 1. c.) 

Haec quum in Partliia nnntiata essent, Orodes, pater Pa- 
cori, qui paullo ante vastatam Syriam, Asiam a Parthis occu- 
patam esse audiverat, victoremque Pacorum Romanorum 
gloriabatur, repente filii morte etexercitus clade audita, ex 
dolore in furorem vertitur.^ Multis diebus non alloqui quem- 
quam, non cibum sumere, non vocem mittere, ita ut etiam 
mutus factus videretur. Post multos deinde dies, ubi dolor 
vocem laxaverat,*^ nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat, ilium 
videre, ilium audire se putabat. Post longum deinde luctum 
alia sollicitudo miserandum senem invadit, quern ex numero 
triginta filiorum in locum Pacori regem destinet. Multae 
pellices, ex quibus generata tanta juventus erat, pro suis 
quaeque sollicitae, animum senis obsidebant. Sed fatum Par- 
thiae fecit, ut sceleratissimus omnium, et ipse Phrahates no- 
mine, rex statueretur. 

11. Phrahatis saevitia et exilium. (Just. XLII. 6.) 

Hie itaque, beneficium parricidio rependens, patrem inter- 
fecit ; fratres quoque ad unum omnes trucidat. Jam quum 
infestos sibi optimates propter assidua scelera videret, ne esset, 
qui in suum locum nominari rex posset, adultum filium interfici 
jubet. Huic Antonius bellum cum sedecim validissimis legio- 
nibus intulit, sed graviter multis proeliis vexatus, a Parthia 
refugit. Q,ua victoria insolentior Phrahates redditus, quum in 
dies magis saeviret, in exilium a populo pellitur. Exilii impa- 
tiens, quum diu finitimas civitates, ad postremum Scythas pre- 
cibus fatigasset, Scytharum maxime auxilio in regnum resti- 
tuitur. Eo absente regem Parthi Tiridaten quemdam consti- 
tuerant ; qui, audito adventu Scytharum, cum magna amicorum 
manu ad Caesarem,^ in Hispania bellum* tunc temporis geren- 
tem, profugit,' obsidem Caesari minimum filium Phrahatis fe- 
rens, quem negligentius custoditum rapuerat. 

12. Augustus Phrahatem terret. (Justm, 1. c.) 

Quo cognito, Phrahates statim ad Caesarem legatos mittit, 
servum suum Tiridaten et filium remitti sibi postulat. Qua 
legatione audita, Caesar, neque Tiridaten dediturum se Par- 
this, dixit, neque adversus Parthos Tiridati auxilia daturum. 
Simul Phrahati filium sine pretio remisit, et Tiridati, quoad 
manere apud Romanes vellet, opulentum sumtum praeberi 



RES SICILIAE. 69 

jussit. Post haec finito Hispaniensi bello, quum in Syriam 
ad componendum Orientis statum venisset, metum Phrahati 
incussit. Gluare hie ut bellum a Parthiae finibus averteret, 
omnes captivos ex Crassi et Antonii legionibus colligi jussit, 
eosque simul cum signis militaribus^ Augusto remisit. Sed 
et filii nepotesque Phrahatis obsides Augusto dati, plusque 
Caesar magnitudine sui nominis fecit, quam armis alius im- 
perator facere potuisset. 



G. RES SICILIAE. 



1. Siciliae origines. (Justin. IV. 2.) 

Siciliae primo Trinacriae'^ nomen fuit: postea Sicania' 
cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, 
quibus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insulae occupavit; post 
quem singulae civitates in tyrannorum imperium concesserunt, 
quorum nulla terra feracior fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus 
justitia cum caeterorum crudelitatecertabat ; cujus moderatio- 
nis baud mediocrem fructum tulit. duippe decedens quum 
filios parvulos reliquisset, tutelamqueeorum Micytho,spectatae 
fidei servo, commisisset, tantus amor memoriae ejus apud 
omnes fuit, ut parere servo, quam carere regis filiis mallent, 
principesque civitatis, obliti dignitatis suae, regni majestatem 
administrari per servum paterentur. 

2. Carthaginienses in Sicilia. (Justin. IV. 2.) Dionysius 
major. (Ibid. XX. 1. 5.) 

Imperium Siciliae etiam Cartiiaginienses tentaverc; diuque 
varia fortuna cum tyrannis dimicatum. Ad postremum 
amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exercitu, aliquantisper 
quievere victi. Insequenti tempore Dionysius, Carthagini- 
ensibus victis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. Turn, de- 
sidiam exercitus sui timens, copias in Italiam trajecit. Prima 
illi militia adversus Graecos fuit, qui proxima Italici maris 
litora tenebant ; quibus devictjs, finitimos quosque aggredi- 
tur, omnesque Graeci nominis,^ Italiam possidentes, hostes 
sibi destinat ; quae gentes non partem, sed universam ferme 
Italiam ea tempestate occupaverant. Expugnatis Locris, 



70' B^ES SIC!ltIA£. 

Crotonienses aggreditur, qui cum parvis copiis fortiter restite- 
runt. Hoc bello occupatum Dionysium legati Gallorum, qui 
paucos ante menses Romam incenderant/ societatem amici 
tiamque petentes adeunt. Grata legatio Dionysio fuit. Ita 
pacta societate, et auxiliis Gallorum auctus, bellum velut ex 
integro restaurat. Sed eum in Siciliam adventus Carthagi- 
niensium revocavit, qui, reparato exercitu, bellum auctis viri- 
bus repetebant. Nee multo post Dionysius, assiduis bellis 
victus fractusque, ad postremum suorum insidiis interficitur. 

3. Dionysius minor 'patri succedit. (Just. XXI. 1.) 

Eo exstmcto milites maximum natu ex filiis ejus, nomine 
Dionysium, in ejus locum sufFecere. Q,ui, ut popularium ani- 
mos inter initia regni sibi conciliaret, nexorum^ tria millia e 
carcere dimittit ; tributa populo intra triennium remittit, et, 
quibuscunque delinimentis potest, animos omnium sollicitat.^ 
Tunc fratrum suorum avunculos, veluti aemulos imperii sui, 
hortatoresque puerorum ad divisionem regni, sustulit, ipsos- 
que paullo post fratres interficit. 

4. Regno pelliiur. (Just. XXI. 2.) 

Sublatis aemulis in segnitiem lapsus, saginam corporis ex 
nimia luxuria, oculorumque valetudinem contraxit, adeo ut non 
solem, non pulverem, non denique splendorem ferre lucis posset. 
Propter quae dum contemni se putat, saevitia grassatur, civita- 
temque caedibus implet. Q,uae saevitia quum eum omnibus 
invisum reddidisset, et bellum denique Syracusani adversus 
eum decrevissent, diu dubitavit,^ imperium deponeret an bello 
resisteret. Sed a militibus, praedam ex urbis direptione spe- 
rantibus, descendere in proelium cogitur. Plus semel victus, 
legates ad Syracusanos mittit, spondens, se depositurum tyran- 
nidem, si mitterent ad eum, quibusQum'sibi de pace conveniret. 
In quam rem missos primores in carcere retinet,^ atque ita, in- 
cautis omnibus nee quidquam hostile metuentibus, exercitum 
ad delendam civitatem mittit. Fit igitur in ipsa urbe anceps 
proelium ; in quo, oppidanis multitudine superantibus, Diony- 
sius pellitur, qui quum obsidionem arcis timeret, cum omni 
regie apparatu in Italiam profugit tacitus. 



RES SICILIAE. 



5. Post tyrannidem in Locrenses exercitam Syracusas redit. 

(Justin. XXI. 2, 3.) 

Exul a Locrensibus sociis exceptus, velut jure regnaret, ar- 
cem occupat, solitamque sibi saevitiam exercet. Opulentiores 
interfecit, matronas etiam nonnuUas ad prodendas virorum pe- 
cunias torquet. Q,uum his artibus per annos sex regnasset, 
conspiratione Locrorum^ civitate pulsus, in Siciliam redit. Ibi 
Syracusas, securis omnibus, post longam intercapedinem pa- 
cis, per proditionem recipit. 

6. A Timoleone pulsus Corinthum concessit. (Justin. XXL 

5. Conf. Corn. Nep. Vita Timol. 2.) 

Ibi quum gravior crudeliorque in dies, civitati esset, iterata 
conspiratione obsidetur. Petiverant autem ejus adversarii 
opem a Corinthiis, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, postula- 
verant. Ab illis Timoleon missus, incredibili felicitate Dio- 
nysium tota Sicilia depulit. Tunc, deposito imperio, Corin- 
thum in exilium proficiscitur. Ibi, humillima quaeque tutis- 
sima existimans, in sordidissimum vitae genus descendit; in 
publico vagabatur et potabat; totis diebus in popinis deside- 
bat, cum perditissimo quoque de minimis rebus disceptabat, 
pannosus et squalidus incedebat ; quae omnia facere videbatur 
ut contemnendus magis quam metuendus videretur. Denique, 
ludimagistrum professus, pueros in trivio docebat. 

7. Agathoclis tyranni genus et vita. (Just. XXII. 1.) 

Paucis annis interjectis Agathdcles ex humili genere ad 
regnum Syracusarum totiusque Siciliae pervenit. Quippe in 
Sicilia patre figulo natus, juveniles annos omni infamiae gene- 
re inquinavit, latrocinia quoque exercuit. Interjecto tempore 
quum Syracusas concessisset, diu sine fide fuit f deinde gre- 
gariam militiam sortitus, non minus tunc seditiosa, quam an- 
tea turpi vita, in omne facinus promtissimus erat. Nam et 
manu strenuus, et in concionibus perfacundus habebatur. 
Brevi itaque centurio, ac deinceps tribunus militum factus est. 
Jam quum in diversis proeliis insignem fortitudinem praesti- 
tisset, dignus est habitus, qui in locum defuncti ducis Damas- 
conis sufficeretur. Tum bis occupare imperium Syracusarum 
voluit, bis in exilium actus est. 



72 RES SICILIAE. 

8. Tyrannidem Agathocles occwpat. (Just. XXII. 2.) 

duum apud Murgantinos^ exularet, ab his odio Syracusa- 
norum primo praetor, mox dux belli creatur. In eo bello et 
urbem Leontinorum^ capit, et patriam suam Syracusas .obsi- 
dere coepit. Sed quum videret, fortius defendi urbem, quam 
oppugnari, precibus per internuntios Hamilcarem exorat, ut 
inter se et Syracusanos pacis arbitrium suscipiat. Quo inter- 
cedente non pax tantum Agathocli conciliatur, verum etiam 
praetor Syracusis constituitur. Quo facto, acceptis ab Ha- 
milcare quinque millibus Afrorum, potentissimos quosque ex 
principibus interficit, senatum trucidat, et ex plebe quoque lo- 
cupletissimos et promtissimos tollit. 

9. Agathoclis bella cum Poenis. (Just. XXII. 3 — 6.) 

His ita gestis militem legit exercitumque conscribit ; quo 
instructus finititnas ci^itates, nihil hostile metuentes, ex im- 
proviso aggreditur. Deinde quum adversus Poenos arma 
movisset, Poenique victores Syracusas obsidione cinxissent, 
mira prorsus audacia bellum in Africam transferre statuit. 
Itaque oppidanis ad obsidionis necessitatem frumento in- 
structis, comitibus duobus adultis filiis, Archagatho et Hera- 
clida, cursum in Africam direxit. Q,uo quum venisset, uni- 
versas naves, consentiente exercitu, incendi jubet, ut omnes 
scirent, auxilio fugae ademto,^ aut vincendum aut moriendum 
esse. Deinde quum omnia, quacunque ingrederentur, pros- 
ternerent, villas castellaque incenderent, obvius ei fuit cum 
triginta millibus Poenorum Hanno ; sed, proelio commisso, 
duo*de Siculis, tria millia de Poenis cum ipso duce cecidere. 
Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur et Poenorum fran- 
guntur. Castra deinde in guinto lapide a Carthagine statuit, 
ut vastitatem agrorum et incendia villarum de muris ipsius ur- 
bis specularentur.^ 

10. Agathocles Poenos e Sicilia pellit. (Justin. XXII. 7, 8.) 

His Poenorum malis etiam deletus in Sicilia cum impera- 
tore exercitus accessit. Nam post profectionem Agathoclis 
Poeni in obsidione urbis segniores redditi, ab Antandro, fra- 
tre Agathoclis, occidione caesi nuntiabantur.^ Itaque quum 
domi forisque eadem fortuna Carthaginiensium esset, non 
tributariae tantum ab his urbes, sed etiam socii reges deficie- 
bant. Quorum copiis auctus,' Carthaginienses gravi proe- 



RES SICILIAK. 73 

lio superat. duo ikcto, tradito exercitu filio Archagatho, in 
Siciliam rediit, nihil actum existimans, si amplius Syracusae 
obsiderentur. Nam post occisum Hamilcarem, Gisgonis fili- 
um, novus eo a Poenis missus exercitus fuerat. Statim igi- 
tur primo adventu ejus Siciliae urbes, auditis rebus, quas in 
AfriA gesserat, certatim se ei tradunt, atque ita pulsis e Si- 
cilia Poenis, totius insulae impehum occupavit. Ifl Africam 
deinde reversus, seditione militum excipitur. Nam stipen- 
diorum solutio in adventu m patris dilata a filio fuerat. Igi- 
tur ad concionem vocatos blandis verbis permulsit : stipendia 
illis dicens ab hoste quaerenda esse : communem victoriam 
communem praedam futuram. Sedato itaque militari tumul- 
tu, ad castra hostium exercitum ducit; ibi inconsultius proe- 
lium committendo, majorem partem exercitus perdidit. Q,uum 
itaque in castra fugisset, militesque ob stipendium non solu- 
tum metueret, concubia nocte solus cum Archagatho filio 
profugit. Archagathus tamen, qui a patre noctis errore^ 
discesserat, a militibus comprehensus reducitur. Tum pac- 
tione cum hostibus facta, milites, interfectis Archagathi libe- 
ris, Carthaginiensibus se tradidere; Archagathus ipse ab 
Arcesilao, amico antea patris, occisus est. Post haec Poeni 
ad persequendas belli reliquias duces in Siciliam miserunt, 
cum quibus Agathocles pacem acquis conditionibus fecit. 

11. Agathocles moritur. (Justin. XXIII. 2.) 

Brevi post tempore, Agathocles, quum spe ampliandi'^ reg- 
ni in Italiam trajecisset, gravi morbo correptus est. Quum 
jam nulla spes esset, eum hoc malo liberari posse, bellum 
inter filium ejus nepotemque oritur, regnum jam quasi mortui 
vindicantes, occisoque filio, regnum nepos occupavit. Inter 
haec domestica mala rex moritur. Carthaginienses autem, 
cognitis quae in Sicilia agebantur^ occasionem totius insulae 
occupandae datam sibi exi^timantes, magnis viribus' eo tra- 
jiciunt, multasque *ivitates subigunt. 

12. Pyrrhus Siciliam occupat et amittit. 
(Justin. XXIII. 3.) 

Eo tempore Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, adversus Romanos bellum 
gerebat:^ qui imploratus a Siculis in auxilium, quum Syracu- 
sas venisset, multasque civitates subegisset, rex Siciliae 
appellatur. Post haec multa secunda proelia cum Carthagi- 
niensibus facit. Interjecto deinde tempore, quum legati ab 
Italicis sociis venissent, nuntiantes, Romanis resist! non posse, 



74 DE HISPANIA. 

deditionemque futuram, nisi subveniat victorem exercitum in 
Italiam trajecit. Gluo facto socii in Sicilia ab eo defecerunt, 
et imperium Siciliae tarn cito amisit, quam facile quaesierat. 
Sed nee in Italia meliore felicitate usus in Epirum revertitur. 

13. Hiero, Hieroclis Jllius, imperium Siciliae adipiscuur. 
* (Justin. XXIII. 4.) 

Post profectionem a Sicilia Pyrrhi, magistratus Hiero^ crea- 
tur, cujus tanta moderatio fuit, ut, consentiente omnium civita- 
lum favore, dux adversus Carthaginienses primum, mox rex, 
crearetur. Hujus futurae magnitudinis multa fuerunt omina. 
Q,uippe genitus patre Hierocle, nobili viro, a patre, quod ex 
ancilla natus esset, expositus erat. Bed parvulum apes multis 
diebus aluerunt. Ob quam rem response aruspicum admoni- 
tus pater, qui regnum infanti portendi canebant, puerum rece- 
pit, omnique studio ad spem majestatis, quae promittebatur,'^ 
instituit. Eidem, in ludo inter aequales discenti, lupus, in 
turba puerorum repente conspectus, tabulum eripuit. Ado- 
lescenti quoque, prima bella ineunti, aquila in clypeo, noctua 
in hasta consedit. Denique adversus provocatores saepe 
pugnavit, semperque victoriam reportavit. A Pyrrho rege 
multis militaribus donis donatus est. Pulcritudo ei corporis 
insignis, vires quoque in homine admirabiles iuere; in alloquio 
blandus, in negotio Justus, in imperio moderatus, prorsus ut 
nihil ei regium deesse, praeter regnum, videretur. 



H. DE HISPANIA QUAEDAM. 
1. Hispaniae descripto, (Justin. JXLIV. 1.) 

Hispaniam veteres ab Ibero amne primum Iberiam, post^ 
ab Hispano^ Hispaniam cognominaverunt. Haec, inter Afri- 
cam et Galliam posita, Oceani freto et montibus Pyrenaeis 
clauditur. Sicut minor utraque terra, ita utraque fertilior. 
Nam neque, ut Africa, violento sole torretur, neque, ut Gallia, 
assiduis ventis fatigatur, sed media inter utramque in omnia 
frugum genera fecunda est, adeo ut non ipsis tantum incolis, 
verum etiam Italiae urbique Romanae cunctarum rerum abun- 
dantiam suppeditet. Hinc enim magna copia est frumenti, 



DE HISPANIA. 175 

vini, mellis et olei ; nee ferri solum materia praecipua est, sed 
et equorum pernices greges ; iiec summae tantum terras lau- 
danda bona/ verum et abstrusorum metallorum felices divitiae. 
Jam lini spartique vis ingens ; minii certe nulla feracior terra. 
In hac cursus amnium non torrentes rapidique, ut noceant, sed 
lenes, et vineis campisque irrigui,^ plerique etiamdivites auro. 
Uno tantum Pyrenaei montis dorso adhaeret Galliae, reliquis 
partibus undique mari cingitur. Salubritas coeli per omnem 
Hispaniam aequalis, quia aeris spiritus nulla paludum gravi 
nebula inficitur. Hue accedunt et marinae aurae undique- 
versus assidui flatus, quibus onmem pro vine iampenetrantibus, 
eventilato terrestri spiritu, praecipua hominibus sanitas reddi- 
tur. ^ 

2. Hispanorum mores. Viriathus dux. (Ibid. 2.) 

Corpora hominum ad inediam^ laboremque, animi ad mor- 
tem parati. Bellum quam otium malunt ; si extraneus* deest, 
domi hostem quaerunt. Veloeitas genti pernix, inquies ani- 
mus; plurimis militares equi, et arma sanguine ipso eariora.^ 
Nullus in festos dies epularum apparatus. In magna tamen 
saeeulorum serie nullus illis dux magnus, praeter Viriathum, 
fuit, qui annis decem Romanos varia vietoria fatigavit. Cujus 
ea virtus et contirrentia fuit, ut, quum eonsulares exereitus fre- 
quenter vieerit, tantis rebus gestis non armorum, non vestis 
cultum, non denique vietum mutaret, sed in eo habitu, quo 
primum bellare eoepit, perseveraret; ut quivis gregarius miles 
ipso imperatore opulentior videretur. 

3. Gallaecorum divitiae ct mores. (Just. XLIV. 3.) 

Pars Hispaniae, quae Gallaeeia voeatur, aeris ac plumbi 
uberrima ; tum et minio, quod etiam vieinoilumini nomen dedit, 
et auro quoque ditissima adeo, ut etiam aratro frequenter 
glebas aureas exseindant. In hujus gentis finibus saeer mons 
est, quem ferro violari nefas habetur : sed si quando fulgure 
ierra proseissa est, detcctum aurum, veluti dei munus, coUigere* 
permittitur. Feminae res domesticas agrorumque eulturam 
administrant; ipsi*' armis et rapinis serviunt.' Praecipua his 
quidem ferri materia, nee tamen ullum apud cos telumproba- 
tur, quod non aut Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tinctum sit. 



PART II. 8 



76 RES MASSILIENSIUM. 



4. Carthaginiensium in Hispania impenum. 
(Justin. XLIV. 5.) 

Mature Carthaginienses imperium Hispaniae occupavere. 
Nam quum Gaditani^a Tyro, unde et Carthaginiensibus origo 
est, sacra Herculis in Hispaniam transtulissent, urbemque ibi 
condidissent, finitimi incremeniis novae urbis invidentes, Ga- 
ditanos bello lacessiverunt. Consanguineis Carthaginienses 
auxilium miserunt. Ibi felici expeditione et Gaditanos ab in- 
juria vindicaverunt, et major em partem^Hispaniae imperio sue 
adjecerunt. Postea quoque, hortante primae expeditionis suc- 
cessu, Hamilcarem imperatorem cum magna manu ad occu- 
pandam provinciam misere, qui, magnis rebus gestis, dum for- 
tunam inconsultius sequitur, in insidias deductus occiditur. Ln 
hujus locum gener ipsius Hasdrubal raittitur ; qui et ipse a 
servo Hispani cujusdam, ulciscente domini injustam necem, in- 
terfectus est. Major utroque Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, suc- 
cessit. Hie universam Hispaniam domuit ; inde bello Roma- 
nis illato, Italiam per annos sexdecim variis cladibus fatigavit ; 
quum interea Eomani, missis in Hispaniam Scipionibus, pritno 
Poenos provincia expulerunt, postea cum ipsis Hispanis gravia 
bella gesserunt. N ec prius Hispani jugum potuerunt accipere. 
quam Caesar Augustus, perdomito orbe terrarum, victricia ad 
eos arma transtulit, populumque barbarum et ferum, legibus av 
cultioris vitae usum traductum, in formam provinciae redegit 



1. RES MASSILIENSIUM. 



1. Phocaeenses Massiliam condunt. (Just XLIII. 3.) 

Temporibus Tarquinii Superbly Romanorum regis, ex Asia 
Phocaeensium juventus, patria profuga, Massiliam inter Li- 
gures- et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, et, dum se armis 
adversus Gallicam feritatem tuentur, magnas res gesserunt. 
Duces classis Simos et Protis fuerunt. Hi regem Segobri- 
giorum, Nannum nomine, in cujus finibus urbem condere 
gestiebant, conveniunt. Forte eo die rex occupatus in ap- 
paratu nuptiarum Gyptis filiae erat; quam more gentis, elec- 
to inter epulas genero, nuptum tradere illic^ parabat. Itaque 



RES MASSILIENSIUM. 77 

quum ad nuptias invitati omnes proci essent, rogantur etiam 
Graeci hospites ad convivium. Introducta deinde virgo quum 
juberetur a patre aquam porrigere ei, quern virum eligeret, 
tunc, omissis omnibus, ad Graecos conversa, aquam Proti 
porrigit ; qui factus ex hospite gener, locum condendae urbis 
a socero accepit. Condita igitur est Massilia prope ostia 
Rhodani amnis, in remoto sinu, velut in angulo maris. Sed 
Ligures, incrementis urbis invidentes, Graecos assiduis bellis 
fatigabant.^ Qui pericula propulsando in tantum^ enituerunt, 
ut, victis hostibus, in captivis agris multas colonias constitu- 
erent. 



2. Massiliensibus afinitimis struuntur %nsidiae, 
(Justin. XLIIL 4.) 

Ab his igitur Galli et usum vitae cultioris et agrorum cul- 
tus, et urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt. Tunc et legibus, 
non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere 
consueverunt. Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo 
locus condendae urbis acceptus fuerat, quum regno filius ejus 
Comanus successisset,affirmat Ligur quidam, Massiliam, quan- 
doqus^ finitimis populis exitio futuram, in ipso ortu opprimeri' 
dam esse. Subnectit et fabulam: canem gravidam aliquandc a 
pastore locum petisse precario, in quo pareret; quern quum ob- 
iinuisset, iterato petisse, ut sibi educare eodem in loco catulos h- 
ceret; ad postremujn, adultis catulis, pastorem illam,domestico 
praesidio foriem,* depellere non potuisse. His incitatus rex in- 
sidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque solemni Floraliorujn^ die 
multos fortes et strenuos viros hospitii jure inurbem misit; plu- 
res etiam frondibus tectos vehiculis induci jussit. Ipse cum ex- 
ercitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut, quum nocte portae 
apertae forent.^tempestiveadesset, urbemque somno ac vino se- 
pultam' armis invaderet. Sed has insidias mulier quaedam, 
regis cognata, 'prodidit, quae Graecum adolescentem, cujus 
amore tenebatur, miscrata formacct fortunae ejus, periculum 
declinare jussit. lUe rem statim ad magistratus defert ; atque 
ita patefactis insidiis, cuncti Ligures comprehenduntur. Gluibus 
interfectis, insidianti regi insidiae tenduntur. Caesa sunt cum 
ipso rege hostium septem millia. Exinde Massilienses festis 
diebus portas claudere, vigilias agere, peregrinos recognos- 
cere,^ ac veluti bellum habeant, urbem custodire. 



78 RES MASSILIENSIUM. 

3. Massiliensium bella. (Justin. XLIII. 5.) 

Post haec magna illis cum Liguribus, magna cum Gallis 
fuere bella ; quae res urbis gloriam auxit Graecorumque vir- 
tutem celebrem inter finitimos reddidit. Carthaginiensium quo- 
que exercitus, quum bellum, captis piscatorum navibus, ortum 
esset, saepe fuderunt, pacemque victis dederunt ; cum His- 
panis amicitiam junxerunt; cum Romanis prope ab initio 
conditae urbis foedussummafidecustodierunt,auxiliisquein omni- 
bus bellis industrie socios juverunt. Quae res illis et virium 
fiduciam auxit, et pacem ab hostibus praestitit. 

4. Finitimis impetum in eos facientibus, deorum cura servan- 
tuT. (Ibid.) 

Gluum igitur Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia 
opum, et virium gloria floreret, repente finitimi populi ad no- 
men Massiliensium^ delendum, veluti ad commune exstinguen- 
dum incendium, concur runt. Dux consensu omnium Catu- 
mandus regulus eligitur, qui, quum magno exercitu lectissi- 
morum virorum urbern hostium obsideret, per quietem specie 
torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus, ultro pacem 
cui;! Massiliensibus fecit ; petitoque,^ ut intrare illi in urbem et 
deos eorum adorare liceret, quum in arcem Minervae venisset, 
conspecto simulacro deae, quam per quietem viderat, repente 
exclamat, illam esse, quae se nocte exterruisset ; illam, quae 
recedere ab obsidione jussisset, gratulatusque Massiliensibus, 
quod animadverteret, eos ad curam deorum immortalium perti- 
nere,^ torque aureo donata dea, in perpetuum amicitiam cum 
Massiliensibus junxit. Parta pace et securitate fundata legati 
Massiliensium, revertentes a Delphis, quo missi munera Apol- 
lini tulerant, audierunt urbem Romanam a Gallis captam in- 
censamque.'* Quam rem domi nuntiatam publico funere^ 
Massilienses prosecuti sunt ; aurumque et argentum publicum 
privatumque contulerunt, ad explendum pondus Gallis, a qui- 
bus redemtam pacem cognoverant. Ob quod meritum et im- 
munitas illis decreta et locus spectaculorum in senatu datus et 
foedus aequo jure percussum est. 



BREY^S E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 



1. Cicero puer. 

Marcus Tullius Cicero natus est Arpini, U. C. ann. 
DCXLVIL, matre Helvia, ex honesta et nobili gente prog- 
nata, patre, Equite Romano, qui in amoenissima ad Arpinum 
regione habebat praedium, a majoribus acceptum. Ibi ado- 
levit et educatus est Cicero. Pater ejus, quum bene perspi- 
ceret, quanta m vim in omnem vitam haberet recte instituta 
liberorum educatio, mature filios optimis praeceptoribus eru- 
diendos tradidit. Jam quum Tullius, in quo alacre ingenium 
cum eximia assiduitate conjunctum mature elucescebat, bona 
in litterarum studiis incrementa cepisset, a patre Romam mis- 
sus est, ubi celeberrimorum Graecorum scholis interesset. 
Quod quidem tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum, turn 
caeterorum discipulorum, admiratione factum est, ut, quum 
fama de insigni Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios quoque 
manasset, non pauci, qui ejus videndi et audiendi gratia scholas 
adirent, reperti fuis^e dicantur. Idem, quum forte eodem tem- 
pore Romae commoraretur Graecus quidam, Archias, poetica 
facultate excellens, familiaritatem cum eo junxit, ej usque prae- 
ceptis et exemplo ita profecit, ut ipse tum carmen, Pontius 
Glaucus inscriptum, multa arte componeret. 

2. Cicero adolescens. 

Sic educatus et omni litterarum genere egregie instructus 
decimum sextum aetatis annum agebat Cicero. Mos fuit 
apud Romanos, ut ii, qui hunc aetatis annum consecuti as- 
sent, toga virili induta, iii forum prodirent, ibique populi con- 
cionibus, judiciis et orationibus, quibus publicae causae de- 
fenderentur, adessent. Praeterea juvenes Romani, ut atten- 
&* 



80 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIO:, E3. 

tius ad ea, quae e re sua essent, animos adverterent, senator! 
cuidam nobiliori, cujus nutu et auctoritate regereiitur eorum 
studia, commendari solebant. Cicero igitur, tog-a virili sum- 
ta, a patre deductus est ad Q,. Mucium Scaevolam augurem, 
tarn rerum publicarum et civilium scientia, quam ingenio et 
doctrina, longe praestantissimum. duem quidem q«um Ci- 
cero, quod adolescentes honoris causa solebant facere, dedu- 
ceret in forum, reduceretque, nee unquam ab ejus latere dis- 
cederet ; non solum consilia, quae rogatus ille dabat, cupide 
arripiebat et animo recondebat, sed etiam vel commode, vel 
acute, vel prudenter ab eo dicta et disputata diligenter me- 
moriae mandabat. Hinc factum est, ut brevi tempore et le- 
gum, et omnium,- quae a bono causarum patrono exiguntur, 
cognitionem sibi pararet accuratissimam. Sed quum nulla 
re magis ad summos in republica honores viam muniri posse 
intelligeret, quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in 
ejus studium incubuit ; in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non 
solum eos, qui in foro et judiciis causas perorarent, studiose 
sectaretur, sed privatim quoque, tarn graecas orationes in la- 
tinam linguam vertendo, quam, quae ipse commentatus esset, 
declamando, diligentissime se exerceret. At ne in hoc qui- 
dem exercitationis genere acquievit. Nam eodem tempore 
non solum carmina, quibus Scaevolam et Atticum mirifice 
delectatos esse legimus, conscripsit, sed etiam philosophiae, 
Phaedro Epicureo inprimis duce, operam dedit. 



3. Cicero miles. 

Postquam juvenes Romani assidua in rebus forensibus ex- 
ercitatione, et vario officiorum genere, senatus populique fa- 
vorem atque gratiam sibi collegerant, tuin^ ut foris pariter ac 
domi de republica bene merere discerent, togam cum sago 
mutare, sive castra sequi, et virtutis bellicae documenta ede- 
re, debebant. Itaque Cicero, ut faceret et tentaret omnia, 
quibus in republica ad summos honores enitendum erat, mi- 
litaris quoque artis scientiam sibi parare constituit. Nee de- 
erat ei ad banc rem occasio. Saeviente enim turn bello So- 
ciali sive Marsico, quum consul Pompejus Strabo, Pompeji 
Magni pater, exercitum duceret contra hostiles copias, facile 
ab eo, ut in ejus comitatu sibi esse liceret, impetravit. In 
quo quidem bello, quamvis ad pacis magis, quam ad belli 
artes, natus esse videbatur Cicero, tamen nulli strenui mi- 
litis defuit officio, et omnino ita se gessit, ut bellicae quoque 
virtutis laudem inde referret. 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 81 



4. Cicero post militiam in urbem reversus. 

Gluuni rerum publicarum status graviter turn concuteretur 
Sullae et Marii certaminibus, Cicero, ab omni partium stu- 
dio alienus, oratoribus, qui turn excellebant, vacabat, vel ipse 
cogitata mentis litteris mandabat. Sed multum ille in hac 
re discrepabat a nostrae aetatis horninum ingenio. Non enim 
protrusit et evulgavit statim, quae juvenis litteris consignave- 
rat, sed ad maturiorern aetatem reposuit, et, quae minus turn 
probarentur ejus judicio, aut emendavit, aut plane delevit. 
Ad oratores autem, quorum exemplo et disciplina adjuta turn 
imprimis sunt Ciceronis studia, pertinent Philo Academicus 
et Molo Rhodius, Mithridatis furore atque violentia cum mul- 
tis aliis e Graecia exacti. His quidem et Uiodoto Stoico 
(quem recepit adeo in domum suam) eo impensius dedit ope- 
ram, quo major ei inter Romanos oratores .eminendi fuit cu- 
piditas. Accenderat inprimis Ciceronis studia exemplura 
Hortensii, omnium oratorum, qui tum Romae florebant, elo- 
queutissimi. Hunc igitur tanto animi ardore aemulatus est, 
ut brevi tempore non aequaret tantum ejus laudem, sed etiam 
super^ret. 

5. Cicero in causa publica primum orator prodit. 

Cicero, viginti et sex annos natus, postquam in privatrs 
causis jam pluribus operam suam commodaverat, nunc in 
publica causa eloqueniiae suae copias expromendi occasio- 
nem nactus est. Nam quum Roscium quendam ex Ameria, 
parricidii accusatum, db Chrysogoni, qui in ejus adversariis 
fuit, potentiam nemo defendere auderet ; tanta eloquentiae 
vi et animi libertate eum defendit Cicero, ut jam tum in arte 
dicendi nuUus ei par esse videretur. Ipse Cicero saepius 
magna cum animi voluptate hujus orationis et partae sibi per 
cam laudis meminit, quamvis idem, se nimium passim in hac 
oratione juvenili fervori indulsisse et fines, intra quos contineri 
debuisset, transiluisse, in maturiore aetate constitutus baud 
dissimulat. 

6. Cicero peregrinatur. 

Anno post ad corporis male aflfecti valetudinem reficien- 
dam Cicero in Asiara profectus est. Quum primum Athenas 
venisset, adeo hujus urbis commodis et opportunitatibus cap- 
tus est, ut per sex menses ibi commoraretur. Nihil autem 



82 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

opportunius et jucundius in hac celebratissima Musarum sede 
obtingere potuit Ciceroni nostro, quam quod ei cum Antiocho, 
philosopho Academico, non versari tantum, sed etiam apud 
eum habitare liceret. Sic enim nactus fuerat non solum ami- 
cum, quocum familiariter viveret, sed etiam magistrum, ad 
cujus praecepta philosophiae studia moderari posset. Ad vi- 
tae jucunditatem, qua Cicero Athenis fruebatur, multum con- 
ferebat Pomponii Attici, veteris amici et aequalis, quem ibi con- 
venerat, consuetudo ; quae quidem ita tum aucta et confirmata 
est, ut per totam reliquam vitam alter alteri exsisteret amicis- 
simus. Eodem tempore apud Demetrium Syrum, veterem et 
baud ignobilem dicendi magistrum, studiose Noster in arte 
rhetorica se exercuit. * 



7. Cicero Asiam peragrat. 

Athenis relictis Cicero iter flexit in, Asiam, ibique cum 
principibus oratoribus, ad quos se applicaverat, Menippo Stra- 
tonicensi, Dionysio Magnete, Aeschylo Cnidio, Xenocle Adra- 
mytteo et alifs versatus est et nobilissimas Asiae urbes per- 
agravit, Delatus deniqueestRhodum, ubi, quem jam Romae 
audiverat, Moloni denuo operam dedit. Insignes, quos Cicero 
in arte dicendi inter ea fecerat, progressus mirabatur quidem 
Molo, sed idem vitia, quae vitanda essent oratori bono et gravi, 
libere ei indicavit. Nam quum res, qaas Noster in orationibus 
describendas sibi sumserat, nimia verborum copia exaggeraret, 
et sententiarum lumina ingenii ostentandi causa nimis coacer- 
varet ; humaniter eum monuit Molo, ut hunc juvenilem im- 
petum reprimere, et, quae redundarent, quasi extra ripas difflu- 
entia, coercere studeret. Cujus quidem praecepti veritatem se 
bene jam tum percepisse, ipse grato animo profitetur. — Posido- 
nium quoque, philosophum, qui Rhodi erat, diligenter audivit, 
eumque in philosophiae studio ducem adhibuit. 



8. Cicero ex peregrinatione redux in urbem factus. 

Biennio post quum Cicero Romam se recepisset, ibi, sicut 
ante peregrinationem, in foro versari atque causas perorare 
coepit. Ad eos, quorum causas tum Ciceronem defendisse 
constat, pertinet Roscius Comoedus, vir tam arte histrionicEi, 
quam ingenio et aliarum virtutum laude florentissimns. Quo 
crebrior autem causarum dicendarum oblatafuit Ciceroni oc- 
casio, eo luculentius exsplendescere coepit ejus fama atque 



BREVES E CICEROMS VITA NARRATIONES. 83 

gloria, et eo magis ad suminos honores consequendos via ei 
aperta atque munita est. 

9. Cicero Quaestor in Siciha. 

Q,uum Cicero trigesimum primum aetatis annum ageret, 
quo anno secundum leges Romanas magistratum ei capessere 
licebat, ab omnibus tribubus sine ulla suffragiorum varietate 
Qimestor creatus est. Jam vero quum creati Q,uaestores de 
provincia, quam quisque administraret, sortiri solerent, sorti- 
tione facta evenit Nostro Sicilia. Profectus igitur in provin- 
ciam tanta diligentia tantaque prudentia omnes ac singulas 
demandati sibi muneris partes explevit, ut non solum senatus 
populique Romani favorem et gratiam, sed etiam Siculorum 
amorem atque benevolentiam sibi conciliaret. Romanis qui- 
dem, frumenti penuria et caritate hoc anno laborantibus, com- 
meatu ex Sicilia subvecto egregie prospexit ;• Siculis vero tarn 
mitem, comem, humanum et officiosum se praebuit, ut dece- 
dentem ex provincia inauditis, ut ipse testatur, honoribus orna- 
rent, et, quocunque modo possent, gratum animum ei declara- 
rent. — Caeterum quicquid temporis, a publicis negotiis vacui, 
ei datum fuit in Sicilia, id exercitationibus, ad artem dicendi 
spectantibus, sacravit. 

*# 
10. Cicero sepulchrum Archimedis invesHgat. 

Priusquam Cicero ex Sicilia decederet, totam insulam per- 
agrare, et, quicquid rerum memorabilium ibi reperiretur, cog- 
noscere et oculis usurpare constiluit. Quum Syracusis esset, 
principes quosdam, quibus ducibus m celeberrima ilia urbe 
lustranda utebatur, ut sibi Archimedis sepulchrum monstra- 
rent, rogavit. Illi quidem, se nihil plane unquam de Archime- 
dis sepulchro inaudivisseajebant, imo, ilium Syracusis sepul- 
tum esse, omnino negabant. At Cicero, quum ei succurrerent 
versus quidam, Archimedis sepulchro inscripti, qui sphaeram 
cum cylindro in summo sepulchro positam esse declarabant, ab 
mvestigandi studio baud abstitit. Delatus igitur in locum, ubi 
magna veterum sepulchrorum frequentia fuit, quum omnia 
oculis coUustrasset, ecce ! animadvertit columellam, non mul- 
tum e dumis et vepribus eminentem, in qua sphaerae etcylin- 
dri figura conspiciebatur. Statim locum circa columellam 
falcibus purgari et aperiri jubet; accedit ad columellam, et 
ipsos illos versus, quos memoria tenebat, adversae basi inscrip- 
tos invenit. 



84 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES, 



1 1. Cicero e Sicilia Romam reversus. 

Cicero, Cluaestoris munere insigni laude perfunctus, e Si- 
cilia rediit Romam, gravissimis turn bellis pressam et disten- 
tam. Ibi per quinque annos in causis dicendis ita excelluit, 
ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur prin- 
ceps. Jam vero quum ad earn aetatem pervenisset, (triginta 
et septem annos turn natus erat,) quae praestituta fuit aediUta- 
tem vel praeturam petituris, nomen suum inter candidatos 
aedilitatis professus est eo successu, ut, praelatus caeteris can- 

didatus omnibus, uno ore omnium Aedilis Curulis crearetur. 

«■ 

12. Cicero Verrem accusat. 

Priusquam aedilitatem adibat Cicero, opportuna, qua summi 
oratoris artem ostenderet, oblata ei est occasio Verris accu- 
satione. Homo iste, qui primum Gluaestor, tum Praetor per 
tres deinceps annos in Sicilia fuerat, tanta avaritia et impu- 
dentia non privata tantum, sed etiam publica bona, diripuerat, 
ut Siculi, inaudita impudentia ab isto spoliati et expilati, diem 
ei Romae dicere constituerent. Q,uo magis autem illi jam 
olimnon solum summum Ciceronis in causis dicendis ingenium 
et eloquentiam, sed etiam fasignem ejus animi integritatem, 
humanitatem et benevolentiam perspexerant, eo vehementius 
nunc eum rogabant, ut accusationem contra Verrem suscipe- 
ret. Nee defuit ille eorum precibus. Imo nefandam, qua in 
Siculorum bona grassatus fuerat Verres, avaritiam tanta 
orationis gravitate et animi libertate in judicio perstrinxit et 
ante omnium oculos posuit, ut iste, argumentorum vi convic- 
tus, sponte in exilium, ubi reliquam vitae partem transegit, 
abiret. 



13. Cicero Aedilis Praetor. 

Cicero, aedilitatem ingressus, solemnem ilium morem, quo 
munera, sive ludos populo edere solebant novi Aediles, baud 
neglexit quidem, sed in eorum sumtibus faciendis sapienter 
modum tenuit, honestiorem rationem, qua populi gratiam et 
amorem sibi conciliaret, secutus. Nam, quum populus tum 
premeretur annonae caritate, splendidissima a Siciilis sibi 
oblata munera impendebat eo, ut viliore annona veniret pre- 
tio. Gluo quidem honesto liberalique studio populi in Cicero 
nem favor adeo auctus est, ut, quum post aedilitatem Prae 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NAKRATIONES. 85 

tons munus peteret, inter octo Praetores, qui crcabantur, 
prae multis aliis competitoribus totius populisuffragiis primus 
crearetur. Nee vana fuit populi de Ciceronis praetura ex- 
spectatio. Nam sicut summam diligentiam, humanitatem, 
prudentiam et honestatem in quaesturae aedilitatisque ob- 
eundis officiis probaverat, ita in Praetoris munere gerendo 
summae justitiae, aequitatis, sanctitatis et temperantiae laude 
excelluit. Dum Praetor erat Cicero, cum alias orationes 
habuit, tum inprimis orationem pro Lege Manilia. Nam 
quum Manilius, tribunus plebis, legem rogasset, qua Pompejo 
summum belli Mithridatici imperium decerneretur ; Cicero in 
oratione ilia Pompeji virtutes, summo duci proprias, tanta 
ubertate, gravitate atque elegantia deseripsit et exposuit, ut, 
faciendum omnino esse, quod in lege Manilia suaderetur, om- 
nes ac singuli judicarent. 



14. Cicero post Praeturam. 

Praetura perfunctis provincia, quam Propraetores admmis- 
trarent, decerni solebat. Sed Cicero, neque divitiarum in 
provincia parandarum, neque rerum foris gerendarum admo- 
dum cupidus, detrectata provincia, Romae manere, et ibi re- 
rum civilium scientiae et earum artium, quibus viam ad con- 
sulatum sibi aperiret, operam navare maluit. Itaque per duos 
post praeturam annos, (tantum enim temporis a prietura usque 
ad consulatus petitionem intercedere debebat,) quolibet ofRcio- 
rum genere populi favorem coUigere, et hujus collecti favoris 
aura vela quasi sua ita implere studuit, ut fieri non posset, 
quin metam, h. e. consulatum, secundo cursu at«tingeret. 

15. Cicero Consul. 

Cicero igitur, tanto studio tantaque virtutum laude ad sum- 
mos honores grassatus, aetatis anno quadragesimo tertio, quo 
secundum leges consulatum peti licebat, non tabellis, quibus 
alias suffragia in comitiis Consularibus dari solebant, sed vo- 
ce universi populi Romani honorificentissime Consul crutus, 
et sex aliis competitoribus, in quibus L. Sergius Catilina fuit, 
praelatus est. Consulatum gerere incipienti negotium facesse- 
bat P. Rullus, tribunus plebis, homo seditiosus, qui, dumlegis 
agrariae rogationem, veterem istam gravissimarum discordia- 
rum causam, agitabat, non parum reipublicae infestus fieri 
coepit. Sed Cicero perniciosos RuUi conatus tribus oratio- 
nibus agrariis tanta sententiarum vi et gravitate repressit at- 



86 * BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

que retudit, ut ipse populus legi tarn populari, pauperiorum 
magis, quam uraversae reipublicae commodis respondenti forti- 
ter resisteret. 

16. Cicero deiecta et compressa Caiilinae conjuratione servat 
rempublicam. 

L. Sergius Catilina, quern inter consulatus competitores 
fuisse modo commemoravimus, quum spe consulatus conse- 
quendi se dejectum videret, obnixe faciebat omnia, ut proxi- 
mis certe comitiis obtineret, quod frustra adhuc petierat. Sed 
Cicero, quum praeciperet animo, quantum malorum ab im- 
mensa Catilinae libidine dominandique cupiditate reipublicae 
immineret, nefandas artes atque callida consilia, quibus ille 
consulatum adfectabat, eludere atque irrita reddere studuit. 
Hinc tanta in Ciceronem accensus est ira Catilina, ut fere 
palam illi mortem minaretur. Et vere ipso die comitiali, 
quem caedi destinaverat, perpetraturus fuisset illud facinus, 
nisi Cicero re comperta sibi providisset et firmissimo se con- 
tra vim sibi paratam munivisset praesidio. Itaque quum lo- 
ricatus et fortissimorum virorum cohorte stipatus in Campum 
Marti um prodiisset, Catilina non solum a vi facienda prohibi- 
tus, sed etiam a consulatu, quem appetebat, repulsus est. 
Sed ne sic quidem a proposito deterritus est. Vi enim et ar- 
mis consecuturus, quod arte et consilio consequi non potuerat, 
sociis, in doinum Leccae cujusdam convocatis, rationem, qua 
ferro ignique rerum potirentur, descripsit atque proposuit. 
Ante omnia autem consilio Ciceronem e medio tollendi intentus 
fuit. Sed frustra fuerunt, quas Ciceronis vitae «?truxerat, insi- 
diae ! frustra bellici ab uno conjuratorum, Manlio, in Etruria 
contra patriam facti apparatus ! frustra omnia, quae Catilina 
cum conjuratis inierat, consilia ! Ne multa ! unius Ciceronis 
prudentia et vigilantia gravissima calamitas a bonorum capi- 
tibus et ab universa civitate depulsa est. 

17. Cicero vir Consularis 

^cero, postquam consulatu, tanta laude et gloria gesto 
abierat, vir consularis inter principes senatores, h. e. inter 
eos, qui primum in senatu rogarentur sententiam, locum ob- 
tinere, et in urbe publicae saluti invigilare maluit, quam 
Proconsul in provinciam sibi decretam discedere. Primum 
quidem misere vexabatur ab adversariis, nimiam inprimis po- 
testatem, qua ille Consul indicta causa cives supplicio affe- 
cisset, in crimen vocantibus. Contra hos igitur, inprimis 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 87 

contra Metellum, egregie se defendit, et tela in se conjecta 
retudit. Nee de populi, quo fruebatur, favore quicquam de- 
tractum estadversariorum criminatione et invidia. Bello enim 
cum nonnullis gentibus Grallicis exorto, (V. C. DCXCIII.) 
quum inter legatos, qui quietos adhuc populos a bello dehor- 
tatum mitterentur, primus sorte electus esset Cicero ; nuUo 
modo vigilantissimum hunc publicae salutis custodem ex urbe 
mittendum esse, universus populus judicavit. 

18. Cicero scriptor et foeta. 

Eo fere tempore de gravioris momenti rebus in consulatu a 
se gestis, scripsit commentarios, et quidem orations graeca, 
ad Isocratis scribendi genus conformata et composita. Hos 
commentarios non solum per Atticum suum, ad quem eos 
miserat, in Graecia vulgari cupiebat, sed eosdem communi- 
cavit cum Posidonio Rhodio, rogans eum, ut de iisdem rebus 
pulchrius quid et uberius scriberet. At Posidonius, se per- 
lectis illis commentariis magis deterritum esse respondebat, 
quam ut simile quid de illis rebus moliri auderet. Unde fa- 
cile, quanta Ciceroni in graece scribendi arte fuerit facultas 
atque peritia, intelligi potest. Post aliquod tempus latino 
quoque carmine rerum a se gestarum historiam complexus 
est ; quod opus interjecto demum aliquo tempore evulgavit, 
Paulo post, ut specimen ederet de ea, quam in rebus publi- 
cis et civilibus sibi parasset, peritia atque prudentia, potiores, 
quas Consul habuit, orationes, sub titulo Consulares, exire 
atque in vulgus emanare jussit. Sub eadem tempora edidit 
Arati, poetae Graeci, carmen de Sideribus, quod juvenis in 
latinum sermonem converterat. 

19. Cicero sponte in exsilium ahit. 

P. Clodius, nobili loco natus, sed ferox et procax adoles- 
cens, quum per Ciceronem inprimis in lucem protracta es- 
sent occulta ejus flagitia, tantam in eum concepit iram animo, 
ut ea non nisi illius ruina atque pernicie expiari posse vide- 
retur. Fraude igitur et malis artibus tribunus plebis factus, 
(quum enim patricius esset, in gentem plebejam, ut sic jus 
tribunatu.s petendi adipisceretur, se adoptandum curaverat,) 
rogavit legem, qua ei, qui civem Romanuvh non populi ju- 
dicio dam/iaium, supplicio affecisset, aqua et igyii inierdicere- 
iur. Aperte hac lege petebatur Cicero, qui de quibusdam 
Catilinae conjuratis, baud populi judicio damnatis, supplici- 
um sumserat. Itaque Cicero, ut, populi miseratione mota, 

PART II. 9 



88 BREVIS E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

poenam in lege ista constitutam a se amoliretur, sordidatus, 
ut reus, per vias incedebat, adolescentibus eum ex omni no- 
bilitate plus viginti millibus comitantibus, Q.uin ipse sena- 
tus pro Cicerone deprecabatur. Sed quum neque senatus, 
neque nobilium, neque populi studiis quicquam effici posset 
apud consul es, Pisonem et Gabinium, in Clodii partem in* 
clin antes ; sponte ille solum vertere constituit. Verum enim 
vero ne sic quidem Clodii ira deferbuit. Nam quum in ip- 
sum Ciceronem saevire non posset, in absentis domum et vil- 
las incendio saeviit. 

20. Cicero exsul. 

Q,uum Cicero in exsilium abiret, primum iter dirigebat in 
Siciliam, tum Brundusium et inde in Graeciam, ubi navem 
ad Dyrrhachium appulit. Inde se contulit Thessalonicam 
in Macedonia, ubi a Cn. Plancio admodum benigne exceptus 
et quovis humanitatis et liberalitatis genere per septem men- 
ses ornatus et cumulatus est. Interea Romae totus fere po 
pulus ingenti desiderio flagitare coepit Ciceronis reditum 
Post acerrima igitur, quibus senatus populusque Romanus 
contra Clodium exsurrexerant, certamina, Cicero tandem se- 
cundum peculiarem legem, a Lentulo rogatam, et insigni po- 
puli favore jussam, revocatus est in patriam. Nihil autem 
per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, acci- 
dit jucundius. Quocunque enim veniebat, voces ei acclama- 
bantur laetissimae, et, quum ipsi urbi propior factus esset, 
omnes fere incolae obviam ei ruebant, et suam de ejus reditu 
laetitiam faustissimis declarabant significationibus. 

21. Cicero 'post reditum ex exsilio. 

Cicero, quum in urbem rediisset, sicuti statim domos vil 
lasque suas, nefario scelere a Clodio direptas atque dirutas 
reficiendas atque restituendas curavit, ita pristinum de re- 
publica et aliis bene merendi studium retractare et de integro 
exercere coepit. Q-uicunque eum consuleret, vel ejus in 
causa aliqua patrocinium peteret, hunc tam consilio suo, 
quam eloquentia sustentavit, et tutum ab injuria praestitit. 
Quinquaginta et quatuor annos natus in Collegium Augurum 
adoptatus est. Paulo post P. Clodius, Ciceroni infestissi- 
mus, in fortuito concursu a Milone interfectus est. Defen- 
debat quidem Cicero accusatum de hac caede Milonem, sed 
ejus eloquentiam adeo peryincebat et obtundebat ferox et 
incondita Clodii sociorum vociferatio, ut, quo minus in exsi- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRA.TIONES. 89 

Hum exigeretur Milo, baud impedire posset. Ciceronis, quae 
adhuc exstat, pro Milone oratio, scripta demum est turn, quum 
is jam exsul viveret Massiliae, 

22. Cicero Proconsul m provinciam proficiscitur. 

Cicero, ut supra commemoravimus, repudiavit, quam post 
consulatum statim administraret, provinciam. Sed duodecim 
ferme annis post ex senatusconsulto provinciae Ciliciae et fini- 
timis locis Proconsul praeesse jussus est. Uuum in provinciam 
proficisceretur, et ad Ephesum in terram escenderet, ingens 
Graecorum, tantum virum videre gestientium, undique confiuxit 
copia. Inde properavit in provinciam, ubi, quum variis rebus 
melius rectiusque constituendis egregiam dedisset operam, 
tanto successu contra Parthos dimicavit, ut non solum Impe- 
ratoris ^ommQ ornaretur, sed in ejus honorem etiam suppli- 
catio Romae decerneretur. Exacto anno ex provincia, Q,uaes- 
tori Coelio tradita, Romam decessit. 

23. Ciceronis post reditum ex provincia studia. 

Cicero, in urbem ex provincia redux, suavissime quidem 
afRciebatur insigni illo, quo totus populus Romanus eum ac- 
cipiebat, favore et observantia, sed ejusdem simul animus 
rerum, quae tum Romae movebantur, consideratione graviter 
perturbabatur. Tantae enim inter Julium Caesarem et Pom- 
pejum ortae erant inimicitiae, ut res non nisi bello dirimi 
posse videretur. Cicero quidem studiose et obnixe faciebat 
omnia, ut utrumque inter se reconciliaret, et a belli civilis 
calamitatibus deterreret ; sed quum neutrum ad pacem in- 
eundam permovere posset, Pompeji partes amplexus cum op- 
timatum exercitu in Graeciam profectus est. Mox in campis 
Pharsalicis commissum est memorabile illud proelium, non 
exercitui tantum Pompeji, sed ipsi quoque, paulo post occiso, 
funestissimum. Cicero igitur prudenter reditum acceleravit 
in Italiam, ubi, omni rerum publicarum cura ex animo dimis- 
sa, sibi et litteris vivere constituit. Tum primum rhetoricam 
et philosophiam latinae orationis luce illustrare coepit, scrip- 
sitque cum alia, tum Parlitiones Oratorias ; Brutum sive de 
Claris oratoribus ; tres libros de Orator e ; Catonem sive Lau- 
dem M. Catonis Uticensis. — Sexaginta et duos annos natus 
de filiae dilectissimae, Tulliae, morte dolorem suscepit longe 
acerbissimum. Primum quidem dolor ille omnia sapientiae 
praecepta ex ejus pectore excussisse videbatur, sed deinde; 
quum sensim sensimque eum ferre didicisset, conscripsit li- 



90 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 

brum de Consolatione, qui tamen, quod valde dolendum, tem- 
poris injuria nobis ereptus est. Nam liber ilie, qui sub hoc 
nomine in quibusdam Ciceronis editionibus exhibetur, satis 
aperte alienam manum prodit. Eodem fere tempore plura, 
quae ad philosophiam spectant, commentatus est, e quibus 
quinque libri de Finibus bonorum et malorum et totidem Tus- 
culanarujni Quaestionum ad nostra tempora propagati sunt. 

24. Cicero post caedem Caesaris. 

Caesare ir^terfecto, Cicero cum ejus interfectoribus, a quo- 
rum societate et consiliis prudenter adiiuc refugerat, se con- 
tulit in Capitolium. Post tres dies, quum inde descendisset, 
venit in senatum, et, quicquid ad pacem quietemque servan- 
dam conferre videretur, gravi oratione suasit et proposuit. 
Sperans igitur, fore, ut eorum, quae suasisset, a senatu po- 
puloque haberetur ratio, secessit ex urbe in Tusculanum 
suum, ibique fessus pertaesusque publicarum curarum omne 
tempus in litterarum studiis contrivit. Ad ea, quae litteris 
consignavit in otio illo rusticano, referendi sunt libri: de 
Natura Deorum ; de Divinatione ; de Senectute ; de Amici- 
tia; de Officiis. 

25. Cicero Antonii lacessitur insolentia. 

Quum novi motus Romaeconcitarentur, Cicero imminentem 
tempestatem itinere, quod in Graeciam facturus erat, effugere 
tentavit. Sed idem deinde, praesentia sua fortasse motus istos 
componi posse ratus, ex itinere jam incepto Romam regressus 
est. Vix autem eo venerat, quum insolenter et contumeliosetrac- 
taretur a consule Antonio. Q,uod quidem tam aegre tulit Cice- 
ro, ut in prima Oratione Philippica graviter in consulis insolen- 
tiam et inhumanitatem invectus de moderatione erga se adhi- 
benda ageret. Sed tantum abfuit, ut haec oratio mitigaret mu- 
taretque Antonii animum, ut public e nunc se Ciceronis inimi- 
cum profiteretur. Tum Cicero ex urbe in villam suam ad Nea- 
polin se recepit, ibique secundam orationem Philippicam, in 
qua omne virus acerbitatis in Antonium efTudisse videtur, com- 
posuit. Sed brevi tempore post quum Antonius, ut Dec. Brutum 
e Gallia Cisalpina pelleret, ex urbe profectus esset, Cicero^ ut, 
hac liberius agendi occasione usus, labefactato liberae rei- 
publicae statui, quae posset, fulcra sul5deret, celeri pede Ro- 
mam reversus est. Et vere paulo post, Antonio ad Mutinam 
victo, nova spes liberae reipublicae affulgere coepit ; sed in 
breve tantum. tempus. Octaviano enim et .0,. Pedio consuli- 



BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 91 

bus notissimus iste triumviratus inter Antonium, Octavianum 
et Lepidum in quinque annos juncms atque constitutus est, 
eo consilio, ut pari potestate conjunctim imperium exercerent, 
et liberae reipublicae defensores, inprimis Ciceronem, e medio 
tollerent. 

26. Cicero occiditur. 

Cicero jam expers publicarum curarum et toto anmio in lit- 
terarum studiis defixus in Tusculano suo delitescebat, quum, 
se inter proscriptos relatum esse, audiret. Quo mmtio primum 
quidem ejus animus adeo perculsus est, ut inops consiliimodo 
hue modo illuc fugere tentaret ; dein, quum paululum se re- 
cepisset ejus animus, capto consilio cum vetere amico Bruto 
se conjungendi, navem, qua in Macedoniam veheretur, con- 
scendit. Verum enim vero ne in hoc quidem exsequendo per- 
stitit consilio. Nam quum subiret eum cogitat jo, se honestius 
in patria vitam depositurum esse, nave ad Cajetam appulsa in 
villam suam Formianam se contulit. Ibi placide aliquamdiu 
dormientem servi,qui procul manum militum.dominum exqui- 
rentium, conspexerant, e somno excitabant, eumque partim vi, 
partim precibus, in lectica colfocatum, ut vitae periculo eripe- 
rent, littus versus portabant. Sed in media via opprimebantur 
ab Antonii militibus. Cicero, quum intejligeret, se periculum 
effugere non posse, lecticam deponi jussit. Mox, conspecto 
horummilitum duce, Popilio Laenate, novam salutis spem con- 
cepit animo. Hunc enim, quem aliquahdo in causa capitali a 
supplicio liberaverat, vix taminhumanum fore existimabat, ut 
ei vitam sustineret eripere, cui suam debebat. Sed ille veteris 
beneficii immemor caput et manum dextram Ciceroni vel ipse 
detruncavit, vel milites suos detruncare jussit, et utrumque, ut 
perpctratae caedis mercedem acciperet, Romam ad Antonium 
deportavit. Tum Antonii uxor, Fulvia, ira et furore abrepta, 
summi oratoris linguam acu perfodit ; Antonius autem Cice- 
ronis caput atque manum, tanquam tropaeum aliquod, publics 
in Rostris conspectui hominum exponi jussit. 
9* 



92 CAPUT PRIMUM. 



CAPUT PRIMUM. 

narrationes breviores ex ciceronis oferibvs ex- 
cerptab; 

1. Verae divitiae. 

1. Nunquam ego bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut 
supellectilem amiserit ; neque non laudabo sapientem ilium, 
Biantem, qui numeratur in septem ; cujus quum patriam Pri- 
enen cepisset hostis, caeterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis 
rebus secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut 
idem ipse faceret : Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea 
porto mecum. f lie haec ludibria fortunae, ne sua quidem puta- 
vit, quae nos appellamus etiam bona. (Paradoxa c. 1.) 

2. Socrates in pompa quum magna vis auri argentique fer- 
retur, quam muUa non desidero, inquit. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

3. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei 
talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis 
praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Acade- 
miam: iis apposuit ""tantum, quod satis esset, nullo- apparatu. 
Gluum postridie rogarent eum, cuinumerarijuberet, quid? vos 
hesterna, inquit, coenulanon intellezistis, me pecunia none gere? 
Gluosquumtristiores vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne asper- 
nari regis liberalitatem videretur. (Tusc. Glu. V. 32.) 

4. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut Cynicus, Alexandro roganti, 
ut diceret, si quid opus esset, nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a 
sole ! OfFecerat videlicet apricanti. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 

5. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum 
vita fortunaque superaret ; sibi nihil deesse ; illi nihil satis un- 
quam fore ; se ejus voluptates non desiderare, quibus nunquam 
satiari ille posset ; suaseum consequi nullo modo posse. (Tusc. 
au. V. 32.) 

6. Themistocles quum consuleretur, utrum bono viro pau- 
peri, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, ego, inquit, malo 
virum qui pecunia egeat, quam pecuniam quae viro. ( De Offic. 
II. 20.) 

II. Sapientiae praestantia. 

1. Xenocratem ferunt, nobilem imprimis philosophum, 
quum quaereretur ex eo, quid adsequerentur ejus discipuli. 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 99 

respondisse, ut id sua sponte facerent, quod cogerentur facere 
legibus. (De Republ. I. 2.) 

2. Eleus Hippias quum Olympiam venisset, maxima ilia 
quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est, cuncta paene 
audiente Graecia, nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod 
ipse nesciret, nee solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, littera- 
rum cognitionem et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis re- 
rum, quae de hominimi moribus, quae de republica diceren- 
tur, sed annulum, quern haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soc- 
cos, quibus indutus esset, sesua manu confecisse, (De Ora- 
tor. III. 32.) 

3. Scipioni interroganti Laelium, quid ? Laeli, turn quum. 
tu es iratus, permitiis illi iracundio.e dominatum animi tui ? 
Non mehercule, respondit ille, sed imitor Archytam ilium Ta- 
rentinum, qui quum ad vill am venisset, et omnia aliter offen- 
disset as jusserat, te infelicem, inquit yillico, quem necassem 
jam verberibus, nisi iratus essem. (De Republ. I. 38.) 

4. Publium Scipionem, eum, qui primus Africanus appel- 
latus est, dicere solitum scripsit Cato, qui fuit/ere ejus aequa- 
lis, nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam quum otiosus esset. 
Magnifica vero vox et sapiente digna, quae declarat, ilium et 
in otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudine secum loqui soli- 
tum ; ut neque cessaret unquam, et interdum colloquio alteri- 
us non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae lan'guorem afferunt 
caeteris, ilium acuebant, otium et solitudo. (De Offic. III. 

1) ■ . 

5. Diogenes Cynicus projici se jussit inhumatum. Turn 
amici : volucribusne et feris? Mi?iime vero, inquit] sed bacil- 
lum propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi ; 
non enim senties. Quid mihi igitur ferarum laniatus oberit, 
nihil sentienti? (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) 

6. Praeclare Anaxagoras ; qui quum Lampsaci moreretur, 
quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid 
accidisset, auferri ? nihil necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad 
inferos tantundem viae est. (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) 

III. Exempla Foriitudinis. 

1. Lacedaemonius quidam mortem tantopere contemsit, 
ut quum ad eam duceretur, damnatus ab ephoris, et esset 
vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, con- 
tcmnisne leges Lycurgi ? responderet, ego vero illi maximam 
gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena multaverit, quam sine mutua- 
tione et sine versura possem dissolvere. O virum Sparta dig- 



94 CAPUT PRIMrM. 

num ! ut mihi quidem, qui tarn magno animo fiierit, innocens 
damnatus esse videatur. (du. Tusc. I. 42.) 

2. Tales innumerabiles nostra civitas tulit. Sed quid duces 
et principes nominem, quum legiones scribat Cato saepe ala- 
cres in eum locum profectas, unde redituras se non arbitra- 
rentur? (Tusc. Qu. I.e.) 

3. Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis occiderunt, 
in quos Simonides : 

Die, hospes, Spartae, nos te hie vidisse jacentes, 
Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obseqmmur. 

E quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glo- 
rians : Solem prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non 
videbitis. — In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus. (Tusc. 
Qu. 1. c.) 

4. Viros commemoro: qualis tandem Lacaena? Quae 
quum filium in proelijim misisset, et interfectum audisset, id- 
circo, inquit, genueram, ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non 
dubitaret occumbere. (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 

5. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia 
quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt : num se ©sset 
etiam mori prohibiturus ? (Glu. Tusc. V. 15.) • 

6. Fortes et duri vSpartiatae ; magnam habet vim reipubli- 
cae disciplina. Quid ? Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosophum 
non ignobilem, nonne miramur 1 Cui quum Lysimachus rex 
crucem minaretur, istis, quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare 
purpuratis tuis ! Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an 
sublime putrescat. (Tusc. Glu. I. 43.) 

7. Illustris mors Epaminondae, illustris Leonidae. Quo- 
rum alter quum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam si- 
mulque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, ut primum 
dispexit, quaesivit, salvusne esset clypeus ? Quum salvum 
esse flentes sui rdspondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes ? 
Quumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit 
eam, qua erat transfixus, hastam. Ita multo sanguine profuso 
in laetitia et in victoria est mortuus. Leonidas autem, rex 
Lacedaemoniorum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos 
eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo 
riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt impe 
ratoriae.' (De Finib. II. 30.) 

8. Clarae mortes pro patria oppetitae, non solum gloriosae 
rhetoribus, sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab 
Erechtheo, cujus etiam filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro 
vita civium : Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes veste 
femulari, ne posset agnosci, si esset ornatu regio ; quod ora- 



NARRATIONES BREVIORm 95 

culum erat datum, si rex interfectus esset, victrices Athenas 
fore. Menoeceus non praetermittitur, qui oraculo edito largitus 
est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immo- 
landam jubet, ut hosiium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde 
ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aristogiton, Lacedaemo- 
nius Leonidas, Thebanus Epaminondas vigent. Nostros non 
norunt ; quos enuraerare magnum est : ita sunt multi, quibus 
videmus optabiles mortes fuisse pro patria. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 48 
ei 49.) 

9. Gluam me delectat Theramenes ! quam elato animo est! 
etsi enim flemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir 
clarus emoritur. Q,ui quum conjectus in carcerem triginta 
jussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum 
sic e poculo ejecit, ut id resonaret ; quo sonitu reddito, arri- 
dens, propino, inquit, hoc pulchro Critiae ; qui in eum fuerat 
teterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui 
poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egregius extremo spiritu, 
quum jam praecordiis conceptam mortefli contineret : vereque 
ei, cui venenum praebiberat, mortem est earn auguratus, quae 
brevi consecuta est. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 40.) 

IV. Opiniones de Diis impietatisque exempla. 

1. Natura duce intelligebant veteres deum esse, sed non 
conveniebat inter illos, quid deus esset. Itaque quum tyrannus 
Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, non poeta solum suavi, verum 
etiam docto sapienteque, quid deus esset, deliberandi causa sibi 
unum diem postulavit. Gluum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, 
biduum petivit. Gluum saepius duplicaret numerum dierum, 
admiransque Hiero requireret, cur itafaceret, quia quanta, in- 
nuit, diutius considero, ianto mihi res videtur obscurior: (De 
Nat. Door. I. ^2.) 

2. Protagoras Abderites, sophistes temporibus belli Pelo- 
ponnesiaci vel maximus, quum in principio libri sui sic posu- 
isset: deDiisnequeutsint,nequeutnon sint, habeodir ere, Athe- 
niensium jussu urbe atque agro est exterminatus, librique ejus 
in concione combusti. (De Nat. Deor. I. 23.) 

3. Diagoras quum Samothraciam venisset, Atheos (u^ws) 
ille qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, tu qui deos putas 
humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulrs pictis, 
quam multi votis vim tempestatis efTugerint, in portumque sal- 
vi pervenerint ? Itasit,\ni\vni: illi enim nusqvampicti sunt, qui 
naufragia fecerunt, in 7narique perierunt. — Idemqucquum ei 
naviganti vectores, adversa tempestate timidi et perterriti, dice- 
rent, non injuria sibi illud accidere, qui ilium in eandera navem 



96 jH caput PRIMUIkt, 

recepis^ent: ostendit eis in eodemcursu multas alias laboi antes; 
quaesivitque, num etiam in his navibus Diagoram vehi crede- 
rent. (De Nat. Deor. III. 37.) 

4. Diogenes Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui tem- 
poribus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium 
dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tam diu viveret. (De Nat. Deor. 
III. 34.) 

5. Dionysius quum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, 
navigabat Syracusas : isque quum secundissimo vento cur- 
sum teneret, ridens, videtisne, inquit, amici, quam bona a diis 
immortalihus navigatio sacrilegis detur ? Idem quum ad Pe- 
loponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Jovis 
Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum grandi pondere, quo 
Jovem ornarat ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo. 
Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum 
amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium injecit, quum 
id esse ad omne anni tempus diceret. Idemque Aesculapio 
Epidauri barbam aitream demi jussit : neque enim convenire, 
barbatum esse filium, quum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis 
esset. (De Nat. Deor. 1. c.) *• 

6. Mensas argenteas idem de omnibus delubris jussit au- 
ferri : in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum es- 
set, Bonorum Deorum, uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. 
Idem Victoriolas aureas, et pateras coronasque, quae simula- 
crorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tolle- 
bat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim stulti- 
tiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab iis porrigentibus et danti- 
bus nolle- sumere. 

7. Eundemque ferunt haec, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in 
forum protulisse, et per praeconem vendidisse, exactaque 
pecunia edixisse, ut, quod qu isque a sacris haberet, id ante 
diem certam in suum quodque fanum referret. Ita ad im- 
pietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam. (De Nat 
Deor. 1. c.) 

V. Exempla praesagiorum de rebus futuris. 

1. Apud Agathoclem scriptum inhistoria est, Hamilcarem 
Carthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse au- 
dire vocem, se postridie coenaturum Syracusis ; quum autem 
is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris ejus inter 
Poenos et Siculos milites esse factam : quod quum sensissent 
Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hamilcaremque 
ab iis vivum esse sublatum. Ita res somnium comprobavit. 
(De Divinat. I. 24.) 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 97 

2. Simonides quum ignotum quendam projectum mortuum 
Tidisset, eumque humavisset, haberetque in animo navem 
conscendere, moneri visus e^t, ne id faceret, ab eo, quem se- 
pultura affecerat : si navigasset, eum naufragio esse peritu- 
rum. Itaque Simonidem rediisse dicunt, periisse caeteros, qui 
turn navigassent. (De Divinat. I. 27.) 

3. Midae Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae 
in OS tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedic- 
tum est: quod evenit. At Platoni quum in cunis parvulo dor- 
mienti apes in labellis consedissent, responsum est, singulari 
lUum suavitate orationis fore : ita futura eloquentia provisa in 
infante est. (De Divinat. 1. 36.) 

4. Q,uid ? amores et deliciae tuae, Roscius, num aut ipse, 
aut pro eo totum Lanuvium mentiebatur? Qui quum esset 
in cunabulis, educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri 
Lanuvini, noctu, lumine apposito, experrecta nutrix animad- 
vertit puerum dormientemcircumplicatumserpentisamplexu: 
quo adspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit. Pater autem Ros- 
cii ad haruspices retulit: qui responderunt, nihil illo puero 
clarius, nihil nobilius for^ (De Divin. I. 36.) 

5. L. Paullus consul iterum, quum ei bellum ut cum rege 
Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum 
rediit, fiiiolam suam Tertiam, quae tum erat admodum parva, 
osculans animadvertit tristiculam. Quid est, inquit, mea Ter- 
tia ? quid tristis es ? Mi pater, inquit, Persaperiit. Tum ille 
arctius puellam complexus, accipio, inquit, mea filia, omen. 
Erat autem mortuus catelius eo nomine. (De Divin. I. 46.) 

6. Bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii 
summa inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auctori- 
tate et eloquentia et consilio princeps civitatis suae, quum ob- 
scurato Sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensiumque 
animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse cives suos dici- 
tur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora, cujus auditor fuerat, accepe- 
rat, certo illud tempore fieri ct necessario, quum tota se Luna 
sub orbem Solis subjecisset ; idque fieri non posse nisi certo 
intermenstruo tempore. Quod quum disputando rationibus- 
que docuisset, populum liberavit metu: erat enim tunc haec 
nova et ignota ratio, Solem Lunae oppositum solere deficere ; 
quo Thaletem IVIilesium primum vidisse dicunt. (De Republ. 
I. -16.) 



98 CAPUT PRIMUM. 

VI. Graecorum studia. 

1. Honos alit artes, omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria, 
jacentque ea semper, quae apud quosque improbantur. Sum- 
mam eruditionem Graecia sitam censebant in nervorum vo- 
cumque cantibus. Igitur et Epaminondas, princeps meo ju- 
dicio Graeciae, fidibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur. Themisto- 
clesque aliquot ante annis quum in epulis recusasset lyram, 
habitus est indoctior. Ergo in Graecia musici floruerunt, dis- 
cebantque id omnes, nee qui nesciebat satis excultus doctrina 
putabatur. (Tusc. Gluaest. I. 2.) 

2. Secundis suis rebus unusquisque volet mori: non enim 
tam cumulus bonorum jucundus esse potest, quam molesta 
decessio. Hanc sententiam significare videtur Laconis ilia 
vox, qui, quum Rhodius Diagoras, Olympionices nobilis, uno 
die duo suos filios victores Olympiae vidisset, accessit ad se- 
nem, et gratulatus, morere, Diagora, inquit, non enim in cae- 
lum adscensurus es. — Magna haec, et nimium fortasse Graeci 
putant, vel turn potius putabant ; isque qui hoc Diagorae dixit, 
permagnum existimans, tres Olym^ionicas una e domo pro- 
dire, cunctari ilium diutius in vita, fortunae objectum, inutile 
putabat ipsi. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 46.) 

VII. Acute dicta nonnulla. 

1. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab 
ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset, domi non esse: Nasi- 
ca sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Fau- 
cis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a 
janua quaereret : exclamat Nasica : se domi non esse. Tum 
Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, inquit, tuam 1 — Hie 
Nasica : homo es impudens : ego quum te quaererem, ancillae 
tuae credidi, te domi non esse : tu mihi non credis ipsi ? (De 
Orator. II. 68.) 

2. Scipioni majori coronam sibi in convivio ad caput ac- 
commodanti, quum ea saepius rumperetur, P. Licinius Varus, 
noli mirari, inquit, si non convenit : caput enim magnum est. 
(De Orator. II. 61.) 

3. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericordiam 
se movisse putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum : vide- 
returne misericordiam movisse? Ac magnam quidem, in- 
quit : neminem enim puto esse tam durum, cui non oraiio iua 
miseranda visa sit. (De Orator. II. 69.) 

4. Qlu. Catulus quum a Philippo interrogaretur, quid latra- 
ret? furem se videre, respohdit. (De Orator. II. 54.) 



NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 99 

5. Theophrastus moriens accusasse naturam dicitur, quod 
cervis et cornicibus vitam diuturnam, quorum id nihil interes- 
set, hominibus, quorum maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam 
vitam dedisset : quorum si aetas potuisset esse longinquior, 
futurum fuisse, ut omnibus perfectis artibus, omni doctrina 
hominum vita erudiretur. Q.uerebatur igitur, se tum, quum 
ilia videre coepisset, exstingui. (Q,u. Tusc. III. 28.) 

6. Siculus quidam, cui praetor patronum causae dabat 
hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum : 
quaeso, inquit, praetor, adversario 7neo da istum patronum, de- 
inde'mihi neminem dederis. (De Orator. II. 69.) 

7. -Granius patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudis- 
set, suadebat, ut muisum frigidum biberet, simulac domum 
rediisset : Perdam, inquit ille, vocem, si id fecero. — Melius 
est, inquit, quam reum. (De Orator. II. 70.) 



CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 

I. Generosus Fabricii animus. 

Cluum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset, 
quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac 
potente ; perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii, eique est pol- 
licitus, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se, ut clam venisset, 
sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum, et eum veneno necatu- 
rum. Hunc Fabricius reducendumcuravit ad Pyrrhum : id- 
que factum ejus a senatu laudatum est. (De Offic. III. 22.) 

II. Athenienses auctore Aristide honestatem utilitati praefe- 
runt. 

Themistocles post victoriam ejus belli, quod cum Persis 
fuit, dixit in concione: se habere consilium reipublicae sa- 
lutare, sed id sciri opus non esse. Postulavit, ut aliquem po- 
pulus daret, quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristides. 
Iluic ille: classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset 
ad Gythium, clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemo- 
niorum opes neces.se esset. Qiiod Aristides quum audisset, 

P\RT IT— 10 



100 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

in concionem magna cum exspectatione venit, dixitque : per 
utile esse consilium, quod Themistocles afferret, sed minima 
honestum. Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, 
id ne utile quidem putaverunt, totamque cam rem, quam ne 
audierant quidem, auctore Aristide repudiaverunt. (Offic. 
111.11.) 

III. Titi Torquati pietas. 

Lucio Manlio, quum Dictator fuisset, Marcus Pomponms 
tribunus plebis, diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad Dic- 
taturam gerendam addidisset. Criminabatur etiam, quod Ti- 
tum filium, qui postea est Torquatus nominatus, ab homini- 
bus relegasset, et rure habitare jussisset. Q,uod quum audi- 
visset adolescens filius negotium exhiberi patri, accunisse 
Romam, et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. 
Cui quum esset nuntiatum, quod ilium iratum allaturum ad se 
aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexite lectulo,remotisque 
arbitris, ad se adolescentem jussit venire. 

At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit, ju- 
ravitque, se ilium statim interfecturum, nisi jusjurandum sibi 
dedisset, se patrem missum esse facturum. Juravit, hoc co- 
actus terrore, Pomponius. Rem ad populum detulit : docuit, 
cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset : Manlium missum fe- 
cit. Tantum temporibus illis jusjurandum valebat. (Offic. 
III. 31.) 

lY. Reguli in jurejurando conservando religio. 

Attilius Regulus, primo Punico bello captus a Poenis, ju- 
ratus missus est ad senatum Romanum, ut, nisi redditi essent 
Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is, 
quum Romam venisset, in senatu mandata exposuit, sed red- 
di captives, negavit esse utile : illos enim adolescentes esse, 
et bonos duces, se jam cDnfectum senectute. Cujus quum 
valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt: ipse Carthaginem 
rediit ; neque eum caritas patriae retinuit, nee suorum. Ne- 
que vero turn ignorabat, se ac^ crudelissimum hostem, et ad 
exquisita supplicia proficisci: sed jusjurandum conservandum 
putabat. (Offic. III. 26.) 

V". Studio et disciplina vinci possunt innata vitia. 

Stilponem, Megareum philosophum, acutum sane homi- 
nem et probatum temporibus illis accepimus. Hunc scri- 



«ARRATIOXES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 101 

bunt ipsius familiares, et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse : ne- 
que hoc scribunt vituperantes, sed potius ad laudem. Vitio- 
sam enim naturam ab eo sic edomitam et compressam esse 
doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum ilium, nemo in eo li- 
bidinis vestigium viderit. duid? Socratem, nonne legimus, 
quemadmodum notarit Zopyrus, physiognomon, qui se pro- 
fitebatur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vul- 
tu, fronte pernoscere ? , Stupidum esse Socratem dixit et bar- 
dum, quod jugula concava non haberet ; addidit etiam, mulie- 
rosum: inquo Alcibiades cachinnum dicitursustulisse. Haec 
ex naturalibus causis vitia nasci possunt: exstirpari autem et 
funditus toUi, ut is ipse, qui ad ea propensus fuerit, a tantis vi- 
tiis avocetur, non est id positum in naturalibus causis, sed in 
voluntate, studio, disciplina. (Fat. 5.) 

VI. Lahore et studio superantur impedimenta naturae. 

Orator futurug imitetur ilium, cui sine dubio summa vis di- 
cendi conceditur, Atheniensem Demosthenem, in quo tantum 
studium fuisse tantusque labor dicitur, ut primum impedimenta 
naturae diligentia industriaque superarit ; quumque ita balbus 
esset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studeret, primam litteram non 
posset dicere, perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius eo locutus 
putaretur: deinde quum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum 
continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut una continua- 
tione verborum (id quod ejus scripta declarant) binae ei con- 
tentiones vocis et remissiones continerentur : qui etiam, ut 
memoriae proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce 
versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat, neque id 
consistens in loco, sed inambulans, atque adscensu ingrediens 
arduo. (DeOrat. I. 61.) 

VII. Exemplum spectatae amicitiae. 

Damonem et Pythiam, Pythagofeos, ferunt hoc animo inter 
se fuisse, ut, quum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem ne- 
cis destinavisset, et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi 
dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus 
sit alter ejus sistendi ; ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum 
esset ipsi. Qui quum ad diem se recepisset admiratus eorum 
fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium ascribe- 
rent. (Offic. III. 10.) 



102 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 



. VIII. Timothei de coena a/pud Platonem judicium. 

Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis, et principem civita- 
tis, ferunt, quum coenavisset apud Platonem, eoque convivio 
admodum delectatus esset, vidlssetque eum postridie, dixisse, 
vestrae quidem coenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam pos- 
tero die jucundae sunt. (Tusc. Q.u. V. 35.) 

IX. Philippus filio suo Alexandro largitionem exprobrat 

Praeclare epistolaquadam Alexandrum filium Philippus ac- 
cusat, quod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consectetur. 
Quae te, . malum, inquit, ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos 
tibi fideles putares fore, quos pecunia corrupisses % An tu id 
agis, ut Macedones non te regem suum, sed ministrum et 
praebitorem sperent fore? (De Offic. II. 15.) 

. X. Socratis de beatitudine sententia. 

Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdic- 
cae filium, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum 
putaret ? baud scio, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocu- 
tus sum. — Ain' tu ? an tu aliter id scire non potes ? — Nullo 
modo. — Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes 
dicere, beatusne sit ? — An ego possim, quum ignorem, quam 
sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? — Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam bea- 
tam putas ? — Ita prorsus existimo, bonos, beatos ; improbos, 
miseros, — Miser ergo Archelaus? — Certe, si injustus. (du. 
Tusc. V. 12.) 

XI. Phormio coram Hannibale de imperatoris officio disputat. 

Gluum Hannibal Carthagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antio- 
chum venisset exsul, proqufe eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna 
apud omnes gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phor- 
mionem, peripateticum, si vellet, audiret; quumque se non 
nolle dixisset ; locutus esse dicitur homo copiosus, aliquot bo- 
ras de imperatoris officio, et de omni re militari. Tum, quum 
caeteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, quae- 
rebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judi- 
caret. Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respon- 
disse fertur, multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse : sed qui 
magis, quam Phormio, deliraret, vidisse neminem. Neque 
mehercule injuria. Gluid enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM rARII GENERIS. 103 

fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos. de imperio cum po- 
pulo Romano omnium gentium victore certasset, Graecum 
hominem, qui numquam hostem, numquam castra vidisset, 
numquam denique minimam partem ullkis publici muneris 
attigisset, praecepta de re militari dare? (De Orat. II. 18.) 

XII. Cibi ci potionis condimenta fames et sitis. 

Q,uis non videt, desideriis condiri epulas? Darius in fuga, 
quum aquam turbidam, et cadaveribus inquinatam, bibisset, 
negavit umquam se bibisse jucundius. Numquam videlicet 
sitiens biberat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat : cui quum 
peragranti Aegyptum, comitibus non consecutis, cibarius in 
casa panis datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. 
Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad veaperum contentius ambu- 
laret, quaesitumque esset ex eo, quare id faceret ; respondis- 
se, se, quo melius coenaret, opsonare ambulando famem. 
Quid ? victum Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus? 
ubi quumtyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit se jure ii]o 
nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Tum is, qui ilia 
coxerat: minime mirum: condimenta enim defuere. Quae 
tandem ? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eu- 
rotam, fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epu- 
lae. condiuntur. (Q,u. Tusc. V. 34.) 

XIII. Splendida tyrannorum miseria. 

Dionysius major, Siciliae tyrannus, ipse indicavit, quam 
esset beatus. Nam quum quidam ex ejus assentatoribus, 
Damocles, commemoraret, in sermone copias ejus, opes, ma- 
jestatem dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aedi- 
um regiarum, negaretque, unquam beatiorem quemquam fu- 
isse : visne igitur, inquit, Damocle, quoniam haec te vita de- 
lectat, ipse eandem degustare, et fortunam. experiri meam? 
Quum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hominem in au- 
reo lecto, strato pulcherrime textili stragulo, magnificis ope- 
ribus picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque 
caelato. Tum ad mensam eximia forma pueros deloctos jus- 
sit consistere, eosquc nutum illius intuentes diligenter minis- 
trare. Aderant unguenta, coronae: incendebantur odores, 
mensae conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur. Fortunatus 
sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem 
gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti jussit, ut im- 
pendcret illius beati cervicibus. Itaque nee pulchros illos 
ministratores adspiciebat, nee plenum artis argentura: nee 
10» 



104 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 

manum porrigebat in mensam. Jam ipsae defluebant coro- 
nae. Denique exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, quod jam 
beatus nollet esse, Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, 
nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliquis terror impendeat? 
(Tusc. au. V. 21.) 

XIV. Dionysii tyranni ingenium. 

Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fun 
Dionysius, quum quinque et viginti annos natus dominatum 
occupavisset. Q,ua pulchritudine urbem, quibus opibus prae- 
ditam servitute oppressam tenuit civitatem! Atqui de hoc 
homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, summam 
fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis virum 
acrem et industrium, eundem tamen maleficum natura et in- 
justum. Ex quo omnibus, bene veritatem intuentibus, videri 
necesse est miserrimam. Ea enim ipsa, quae concupierat, 
ne tum quidem, quum omnia se posse censebat, consequeba- 
tur. Qui quum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco 
natus (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit,) abundaretque 
aequalium familiaritatibus et consuetudine propinquorum : 
credebat eorum nemini ; sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum 
servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, 
et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris, corporis custodiam 
committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem in 
carcerem quodammodo se ipse incluserat. Q,uin etiam, ne 
tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas docuit. Ita 
sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, 
tondebant barbam et capiilum patris. Et tamen ab iis ipsis, 
quum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit, instituitque, ut 
candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capiilum 
adurerent. Gluumque duas uxores haberet, sic noctu ad eas 
ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur, et perscrutaretur ante. Et, 
quum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque 
fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxisset : eum ipsum, 
quum forem cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque quum 
in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concionari 
ex alta turri solebat. Atque is, quum pila ludere vellet (stu- 
diose enim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret : adolescentulo 
tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie, quum quidam familiaris 
jocans dixisset : Huic quidem certe vitam tuam commiitis, ar- 
risissetque adolescens : utrumquejussitinterfici: alterum, quia 
viam demonstravisset interimendi sui, alterum, quia id dictum 
risu approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, ut nihil gravius 
tulerit in vita. Gluem enim vehementer amarat, occiderat. 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 105 

Sic distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates. 
(Tusc. au. V. 20.) 

XV. Mors ad divina pracmia rejertur. 

Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Biton, filii praedicantur. Nota 
fabula est. Q,uum enim illam ad solemne et statum sacrificium 
curru vehi jus esset, satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, moraren- 
turque jumenta : tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, vesie 
posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad jugum accesserunt. Ita 
sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus esset ductus a filiis, 
precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium daret pro pietate, quod 
maximum dari posset homini a deo. Pjst, epulatos cum ma- 
tre adolescentes, somno se dediese, mane inventos esse mor- 
tuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi dicun- 
tur : qui quum Apollini Delphis templum aedificavissent, ve- 
nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem ope- 
ris et laboris sui, nihil cerii, sed quod esset optimum homini. 
Quibus Apollo se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei 
diem tertium: qui ut illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. (T. Glu. I. 
47.) 

XVI. Pythii foeneratoris calliditas. 

G. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus et satis litteratus, 
quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat,) non ne- 
gotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos 
velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi so oblectare sine in- 
terpellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei 
quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit, venales 
quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere uti Canio, si vellct, 
ut suis: et simul ad coenam hominem in hortos invitavit in 
posterum diem. Quum ille promisisset, tum Pythius, qui es- 
set, ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines grati^sus, piscatores 
ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos post- 
ridie piscarentur; dixitque, quid cos facere vellet. Ad coe- 
nam tempore venit Canius: opipare a Pythioapparatumcon- 
vivium: cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque, 
quod ceperat, adferebat ; ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie- 
bantur. Tum Canius: Quacso, inquit, quid est hoc, Pythi? 
tanlumne j)i!fcium,tantumne r.ymharum? Et ille: quid mirum? 
inquit, hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : haex aqaa- 
tio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius cu- 
piditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. 
Quid multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuplcs tanti 



106 CAPUT SECUNDUM, 

quanti Pythius voluit, et emit instructos ; nomina facit, nego- 
tium conficit. Invitat Canius postridie familiares suos : venit 
ipse mature: scalmum nullum videt. Gluaerit ex proximo 
vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nul- 
los videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille ; sed hie piscari 
nulli Solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomacha- 
ri Canius. Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protu- 
lerat de dolo malo formulas. (Off. III. 14.) 

XVII. De insigni Themistoclis memoria. 

Fertur incredibili quadarn magnitudine consilii atque inge- 
nii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles : ad quem quidam 
doctus homo, atque imprimis eruditus accessisse dicitur, eique 
artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, pollicitus 
esse se traditurum. Q-uum ille quaesisset, quidnam illaars 
efRcere posset? dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia meminisset; 
et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratius sibi ilium esse fac- 
turum, si se oblivisci, quae vellet, quam si meminisse, docu- 
isset. Videsne, quae vis in homine acerrimi ingenii, quam 
potens et quanta mens fuerit ? qui ita respondent, ut intelli- 
gere possemus, nihil ex illius animo, quod semel^esset infu- 
sum, unquam effluere potuisse : quum quidem ei fuerit opta- 
bilius, oblivisci posse potius, quod meminisse nollet, quam, 
quod semel audisset vidissetve meminisse, (De Orat. II. 
74.) 

XV III. Inventor artis memoriae Simonides. 

Gratiam habeo Simonidi illi Ceio, quem primum ferunt ar- 
tem memoriae protulisse. Dicunt enim, quum coenaret 
Crannone in Thessalia Simonides apud Scopam, fortunatum 
hominem et nobilem, cecinissetque id carmen, quod in earn 
scripsisset, in quo multa ornandi causa, poetarum more, in 
Castorem scripta et Pollucem fuissent, nimis ilium sordide 
Simonidi dixisse, se dimidium ejus ei, quod pactus esset pro 
illo carmine, daturum : reliquum a suis Tyndaridis, quos ae- 
quo laudasset, peteret, si ei videretur. Paulo post esse fe- 
runt nuntiatum Simonidi, ut prodiret: juvenes stare ad 
januam duos quosdam, qui eum magnopere evocarent : sur- 
rexisse ilium ipsum, prodiisse, vidisse neminem. Hoc in- 
terim spatio conclave illud, ubi epularetur Scopas, concidis- 
se: ea ruina ipsum oppressum cum suis interiisse. Quos 
quum humare vellent sui, nee possent obtritos internoscere 
ullo modo : Simonides dicitur ex eo, quod meminisset, quo 



NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 107 

eorum loco quisque cubuisset, demonstrator uniuscuj usque se- 
peliendi fuisse. Hac turn re admonitus invenisse fertur, or- 
dinem esse maxime, qui memoriae lumen afferret. (De Orat. 
IL 86.) 



XIX. Delus insula. 

(Memoriae ae Uteris proditum est,) Latonam ex longo erro- 
re, et fuga, gravidam, et jam ad pariendum vicinam, tempori- 
bus exactis, confugisse Delum, atque ibi Apollinem Dianam- 
que peperisse. Qua ex opinione hominum ilia insula eorum 
deorum sacra putatur: tantaque ejus auctoritas religionis et 
est, et semper fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, quum bellum toti 
Graeciae, diis hominibusque, indixissent, et mille numero 
navium classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam conarentur, 
dut violare, aut attingere. (In Verr. Act. II. I. 18.) 



XX. Lautumiae Syracusanae. 

Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis: plerique nostis. 
Opus est ingens, magnificum, regum, ac tyrannorum. Totum 
est ex saxq^ in mirandam altitudinem depresso, et multorum 
operis penitus exciso. Nihil tam clausum ad exitus, nihil tam 
septum undique, nihil tam tutum ad custodias, nee fieri, nee 
cogitari potest. In has lautumias, si qui publice cusiodiendi 
sunt, etiam ex caeteris oppidis Siciliae ^^duci imperantur. 
(In Verr. Act. II. V. 27.) 

XXI. Mithridates, ex Ponio profugieiis, cum Medea com- 
'paratus. 

Ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto 
Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur : quam praedicant in 
fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequerc- 
tur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispcrsa, moerorque pa- 
trius, celcritatcm persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates 
fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti, pulcherrimarumque 
rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acceperat, et ipso bello 
superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, 
in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia 
diligentius, rex ipse e manibus cffugit. Ita ilium in perse- 
quendi studio moeror, hos laetitia, retardavit. (Pro Leg. 
Manil. 9.) 



108 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 



XXII. Caedes etfurtum miro indicio deteguniur. 

Strato medicus domi furtum fecit et caedem ejusmodi: 
Gluum esset in aedibus armarium, in quo sciret esse nummo- 
rum aliquantum et auri: noctu duos conserves dormientes 
occidit, in piscinamque dejecit : ipse armarii fundum exsecuit, 
et sestertium CL et auri quinque pondo abstulit, uno ex servis 
puero, non grandi, conscio. Furto postridie cognito, omnis 
suspicio in eos servos, qui non comparebant, commovebatur. 
Gluum exsectio ilia fundi in armario animadverteretur, quaere- 
bant homines, quonam modo fieri potuisset ? Q-uidam ex ami- 
cis Sassiae recordatus est, se nuper in auctione quandam vi- 
disse in rebus minutis aduncam, ex omni parte dentatam, et 
tortuosam, venire serrulam, qua illud potuisse ita circumse- 
cari videretur. Ne multa : perquiritur a coactoribus. Inveni- 
tur ea serrula ad Stratonem pervenisse. Hoc initio suspicion- 
is orto, et aperte insimulato Stratone, puer ille conscius perti- 
muit : rem omnem dominae indicavit ; homines in piscina in- 
venti sunt : Strato in vincula conjectus est, atque etiam in ta- 
berna ejus nummi, nequaquam omnes, reperiuntur. — Hoc uno 
modo saepe multorum improbitate depressa Veritas emergit, 
et innocentiae defensio interclusa respirat : quod aut ii, qui ad 
fraudem callidi sunt, non tantum audent, quantum excogitant; 
aut illi, quorum eminet audacia atque projecta est, a consiliis 
malitiae deseruntur. Quod si aut confidens astutia, aut calli- 
da esset audacia, vix ullo obsisti modo posset. (Pro Cluentio 
64. et 65.) 



NOTES 



Page 

1. Assyrii, a people of "Western Asia. Assyria is now Kurdistan. 1 

2. Bactriana, an extensive country of Northern India, on the 
river Oxus. 

3. Magicas artes. The iVfao^i were abody of priests amongthePer- 
sians, lo whom the care of worshipping the gods was consigned. 

4. Morem Testis, i. e. vestitum. 

5. Exinde, ab eo inde tempore. 

6. Semiramis {pb virilem vestitum) pro filio Ninya est hahita. 

7. Babylonia, the capital of the province Babylonia, on the Eu- 
phrates. 

8. Codo latere (later), "of bricks." 

9. Aethiopia, a general name for the southern parts of Africa, as 
India for the eastern countries of Asia. 

10. Rerum potita, not rebus. Potiri governs a genitive as well as 
an ablative, especially in the phrase rerum potiri, " to obtain su- 
preme dominion." 

11. Media, an extensive country between Assyria, Armenia, the 
Caspian sea, and Persis,then a province of the Assyrian monarchy. 

1. Feminae, i. e. regi,fcminae simillimo. fl 

2.-Negat, &c. i. e. dixit, se non posse obedire ejusmodi regi. 

3. Descendit, Scil. pervenit imperium. 

4. Enatam, (the participle instead of the infinitive,) depends upon 
vidit. 

5. The original race of the Persians was a pastoral people in the 
mountainous parts of Persis, a country of moderate extent between 
Media, the Persicus Sinus, and Carraania. 

1. Altero servato, i. e. alterumque {filium Mandanae) servaret. 3 

2. Pro, " instead of" 

3. Ingenui. Slaves only were allowed to be beaten, at least ac- 
cording to the custom of the Greeks and Romans. 

4. Tempora, quibus ipse puerum exponi jusserat. 

5. Siu), Harpagi. 

6. Pronam, i. e.facilem patentem, nullis dijlcultatibus impeditam. 

7. Nihil, instead of non. 

8. Fecissent, soil. ii. qui convocati erant. 

9. Si conditio esset proposita, i. e. si optio data esset. 

1. Summam belli, " the direction of the whole war, the chief com- 4 
mand." 

2. Oblitus, i. e. immemor. 

3. Hyrcania, a province on the eastern coast of the Caspian sea. 

4. I/ijdia, a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegean. 

5. Nullo negotio, i. t. facile, levi opera. 

6. Cauponias artes exercere, Gr. KaTr/jXrftii/, " to exercise a petty 
retail trade." 



110 NOTES. 

Page 

4r 7. Artes ludicras, i. e. ad luxuriam magis, quum ad vitae necesst- 
iatem periinentes. 

8. Araxes, a river of Armenia, which empties itself into the Cas- 
pian sea. 

9. Omissis, i. e. neglectiS, hostibus. 

10. Insuetos, scil. vini, non adsuetos vino. 

5 1. Cum hac exprohratione, i. e. hac exprobratione adjecta. 

2. Quern sitisti, i. e. cujusfuisti sitiens. Sitire sanguinem, as sUire 
honores^ instead of, vehementer cupere, avidum esse sanguinis. 

3. Offensus super stitionibus. The Persians abhorred the Egyptian 
custom of worshipping beasts, as indeed all idolatry, since they of- 
fered their adoration only to the Sun, the Moon, and the Elements. 

4. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an 
ox. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis. 

5. Templum. A sacred place in an Oasis of the Libyeui desert, 
a resting-place for the caravans, and a famous oracle. 

6. Per quietem, i. e. dormiens, somnians. 

7. Parricidium, " the murder of any near relation." 

8. Cunctantesque,ne. Understood hef ore ne,praemeki,. The idea 
of apprehension is conveyed by the word cunctanies. 

6 1. Fortuna ita regente, i. e.fortunapercussoris ictum ita moderante^ 
ut Gobryae corpus non tangeret^ sed magum Interficeret. 

2. Haec res, i.e. equi hinnitus ad solis orium. 

3. Nihil negotii superesse existima, i. e. jam totum illud negotium 
sic uti optas, actum et transactum puta. 

4. Pridie const, diem, i. e. pridie ante const, diem. 

5. Ad eundum locum, where the experiment was to be made. 

6. Firmaturus. Eo consilio, utjirmaret regnum, matrimoniojuncto 
cumfilia regis, regni Persarum auctoris seu conditoris. 

7. Pegi se inopin. offert, i. e. in conspeclum regis venit, qui nihil 
tale suspicatus fuerat. 

8. Transfugae titulo, i, e. se transfugam esse simulans. 

9. Dejide, i. e. de veritate eorum, quae narraibat. 

•y 1. Scythis. The north of Asia was known to the Greeks and Ro- 
mans by the generic name of Scythia, and divided into Scythia 
intra and extra Imaum, that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. 

2. Ister, the Greek name for the river which the Romans called 
Danicbius. The former name was used especially to denote the 
eastern part of the river. ' 

3. Trepidus, magna cum festinatione, nee timoris expers. 

4. lonibus. The lonians were a Grecian colony in Asia Minor, 
on the coast of the Aegaean. 

5. Narrabitur. See within, C. cap. 5, 6. 

6. Campus Marathonius, a plain in Attica. 

7. Et in regno et ante regnum, " both during his reign and pre- 
vious to its commencement." 

8. Susceptis, i. e. natis et educatis. 

9. Domi, i. e. privatim, not before the usual tribunal. 

10. Contentio. Haec contentio tam fraterna (i. e. tarn fratemis 
animis decertata) fuit. 

11. Eique apparatur, i.e. eique parando. 

12. Dux, emphatically, a leader, such as he ought to be. 

13. Tho-mopylae, a smiall pass Jeading from Thessaly into Locris, 
Phocis, and the southern parts of Greece. It has a part of the chain 
of MountOeta on the west,and the sea on the east,with deep and dan- 
gerous marshes, being m the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. 



NOTES. Ill 



1. Hortatur,recedanL After A^r^ri and similar verbs w< is often 8 
omitted. 

2. ATite congressionem, i. e. antequam cum Graecis navali praelio 
congrederetur. 

3. Delphi, in Phocis, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, one of the 
most celebrated oracles in Greece. 

4. Qjuim nullae, &c. ut hamines intelligerent, quam vanae tvuUivs- 
que momenti hominum vires essent adversus deos. 

5. Tkespiae and Pl^aeae, towns in Boeotia. 

6. Athenae, the capital of Attica. 

7. Noil poterat, scil, grassari. 

8. Salamis, an island in the Saronicus Sinus (now the Gulf of 
Engia), near the coast of Attica. 

9. Statuta, i. e. in statioTie collocata. 

10. Halicarnassus, a town of Caria, in the south-west of Asia 
Minor; it was governed by kings,and was tributary to the Persians. 

11. Cumrege, i. e. cumregiis copiis canjuncti. 

12. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a strait between Asia and 
Thrace, connecting the Propontis with the Aegaean. Xerxes had 
built across this a bridge of boats. 

1. Abydos, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont ; Sestos 9 
was opposite. 

2. Mycale, a promontory of Ionia. 

3. Ciman, son of Miltiades. 

4. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, tributary to the Per- 
sians. 

5. Phoenicia, a country on the coast of the Mediterranean. A 
great part of the Persian fleet consisted of Phoenician ships. 

6. Pausanias, the conqueror of Mardonius at Plataeae. 

1. Darius, an older son of Xerxes. lO 

2. Qui, i. e. hie autem. 

3. Recogniturus, i. e. simulans, se recogniturum esse. 

4. Vindicare caedem is equivalent to ulcisci : vindicare se abinsi- 
diis, is equivalent to servare se, et insidias vitare. 

5. Inclinari, i. e. ad ruinavi vergere. 

6. "Pair is judicium : haecpatris suprema voluntas, testamenio pro- 
dita, qvM, Artaxerxes, patre adhuc private genitus, ipsepraeferebatur. 

7. In praelio, near Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from 
Babylon. 

8. Quid^m — autem, like the Gr. iiiv — SL 

9. Eqiiifuga, i.e. velocitas. 

1. Revertuntur. This is the famous retreat of the ten thousand 1 1 
Greeks, (described by Xenophon), from the interior of Asia to the 
Aegaean, which they made through unknown and hostile nations, 
although constantly hara-ssed by a Persian army. 

2. Parricidii, scil. quod molilus fuerat. 

3. Conjuges. It was customary among the Persians to put to 
death the families of traitors, together Avith the criminal himself. 

4. Cadusii, a people of the most northerly region of Media, on the 
Caspian sea. ' 

5. Decora, the consequence instead of the cause, as often laus for 
laudabilc factum ; properly ob eg re gium hoc f acinus, quod ei laudem 
et decora paraverat. 

1 . Iiicrcmentis, i. e. magnitudine sua, qnafiorentUms jam rebus suis 12 
utebantur. 

PART II. — 1 I 



112 NOTES. 

Page 

13 2. Sordibus. Justin may be considered as alluding here to the 
origin of the Roman state. 

3. InTiata solo. They styled themselves avroxOovE?, indigenae. 

4. Lanificii et old. The olive was first produced here by Miner- 
va, the tutelar goddess of the Athenians ; to her they were also in- 
debted for the art of weaving. 

5. Vini. Bacchus taugh-t the mode of cultivating the vine to the 
Athenian Icarius. 

6. Sererefrmmnta. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, 
was taught agriculture by Ceres, and made it known throughout 
the world. Previously mankind had subsisted on acorns and olhei 
wild fruits. 

7. Glandem vesci, instead of glande vesci. 

8. Leges et civilis disciplina. These they considered also as the 
gift of Ceres, whence they styled her eEaixo<p6pog. 

9. Superfuerunt, etc. i, e. ii tantum servati sunt, qui in monies se re- 
ceperunt ; or, omnesperierunt,praetereos, qui in monies confugerunt. 

10. Aut. After aut understand qui. 

11. Thessalia, an extensive country in the north of Greece, hav- 
ing on its northern boundary the Cambunii Mantes, on the western 
the chain of Pindus, on its southern that of Oeta, and in the north- 
west Olympus. 

12. Initia, ijeXri) " the sacred rites, or mysteries, of Ceres." 

13. Nodes initiorum sacratae, i. e. mysteria, npctuhabenda, insti- 
tuta sunt. 

14. Theseus was distinguished by many glorious actions, but es- 
pecially by the destruction of the Minotaur. 

15. Adversus Trojanos. Homer makes Menestheus, not Demo- 
phoon, leader of the Athenians in the Trojan war. 

16. Dorienses, a branch of the Hellenes, who originally dwelt in 
the north of Hellas near Mt. Oeta. 

17. Superiores, etc. instead of victoriam reporiaturos esse {ni in- 
stead of nisi) si regem non occidisseni. 

18. Cusiodia regis, i. e. ut caverent, ne regem Atheniensium occi- 
derent. 

19. Permutato, instead of deposito, alioque {pauperis hominis ha- 
bitni) sumto. 

13 1. Regnavit, i. e. rexfuit. After the death of Codrus, the state 
was governed by perpetual Archons, of whom there were thirteen 
in succession. After the death of Alcmaeon, they were appointed 
for ten years; and finally nine archons, instead of one, were ap- 
pointed annually, {annul magistratus). 

2. Nullae leges. The institutions of Draco were not observed on 
account of their excessive severity, so that the state seemed desti- 
tute of laws. 

3. Deformis, instead of deformatus ; sumto habitu, quo deformis 
videretur. 

4. Vicissitudines. Pisistratus was more than once banished. 
14: 1. Religione. The Lacedaemonians had agreed to send aid to 

the Athenians, but would not march before full moon. They be- 
lieved that this planet had a particular influence on thfeir affairs, and 
could aid them only when in the height of its splendour. 

2. Campi Marathonii, the plains about the village of Marathon, 
a village situated on the eastern coast of Attica. 

3. Locus non aequus, i. e. iniquus ; as tempus aequum instead of 
aptum. 



NOTES. 113 

Paga 

4. Nee audaciae eventus defuit, i. e. res bene successit ; eventus 1 4 
audaci coTiatui respondit. 

5. Suppressae, i. e. demersae. 

6. Praemium. Combine thus, gw^iZg praemium hujus victoriae, i.e. 
propter hanc victoriam Miltiadi sit tributum. 

7. Poccile, JJoDciXr], the most remarkable of the Sroat, or porticoes, 

so called from the variety it contained of curious pictureSj drawn - 
by the greatest masters in Greece. 

8. Decern praetores. Ten commanders, Srparrjydt, were annually 
appointed, one from each tribe. They were employed not merely 
as leaders in war, but also for many other purposes in the state. 

9. Hortantis. In this picture Miltiades was placed in the front, 
milites hortans, i. e. eo habitu, ut milites hortari videretur, quum in eo 
esset, ut proelium committer et. 

10. Tenucs, i. c. exigui. 

1. Demetrius P/uilereus{^a\Ttpcvs), a celebrated philosopher and 15 
orator, who flourished B. C. 318, and became so popular in conse- 
quence of his munificence, that he was elected decennial archon. 
Notwithstanding this, his enemies raised a sedition against him, 
and he was sentenced to death. He escaped to the court of Ptolemy 
Soter, by whom he was kindly received; but Philadelphus, whom 

he had displeased, aftex his father's death, detained him in strict 
confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his 
life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. 

2. Consuluissent, scil. Athenienses. 

3. Quo valeret, i. e. quid signijicaret. 

4. Salamiiui and Troezena.Greek accusatives. Salamis, see above 
B. cap. 17. 5. Troezen, a town in Argolis in the Peloponnesus. 

6. Arx, the Acropolis (d/fpd7roX<s, or ») ai/wn-dXtj, " the upper city"), 
or the citadel of Athens, was built on a hill by Cecrops, from whom 
it was called Cecropia. On it the Parthenon, Uapdevdiv, or temple of 
Minerva, and temples of the other gods, were built. 

7. Reliquum oppidum, that part of the city which was not fortified. 

8. Art£misium, a promontory of Euboea, on the north-western 
side of the island. The coast was called Artemisium littus. 

9. Eiiboea, a large island on the eastern coast of Greece. 

10. Classiariis regiis, instead ofmilitibus classis regiae. 

11. Pariproelio, " with equal advantage." Aequo Marte pug' 
nare, is similar in meaning. 

12. Ancipiti periculo, i. e. ab utraque paHe hosiium navibus cir- 
cumventi. 

13. De servis stds, quern Jiabuitfidelissimum, i. e. servorum suoruvi 
fidelissimum. 

14. Suis verbis, " in his name." 

15. Longinquiore (more usually applied to space than time) tem- 
pore instead of majore temporis impendio. 

16. Confecturum. With this, and also oppresswum, understand 
esse, and also eum as the accusative of the subject. 

17. Hoc CO valebat, etc. i. e. hoc eo spectabat {eo consilio a Themis- 
tocle factum est) ut Graeci ingraliis, i. e. vel inviti^ adpugnam coge- 
rentur. 

18. Barbarus, i. e. rex Persarum. 

1. Alienissimo, i.e. iniquissimo. 16 

2. Quum PhaL. — ulerentur, instead of quum Phalercus porlus, quo 
tum temporis utebantur, neque magnus, nequc bonus esset. 

3. Piraei. Both Piraeus and Piraeeus were used. The former 



114 NOTES. 

Page 

16 is more usual in the ancient authors. The Greeks wrote Ueipaisvs, 

sometimes also rd Ueipaiov. 

4. Dignitate, i. e. splendore et magnificentia. 

5. JJltro. The Greeks, who had hitherto acted on the defensive, 
now commenced an offensive war. 

6. By zantium,now Constantinople. situate on the Bosphorus Thra- 
cius, which connects the Propontis with the Euxine. The Persians 
had taken possession of this city. 

7. Eretriensem, " of Eretria," a town of the island Euboea. 

8. Misit. The perfect is used in letters to express an action which 
is present to the writer, but considered as past in relation to the 
reader. Combine thus : Pausanias misit tibi eos, quos Byz. oepe- 
rat, postquam cognovit eos propinquos tuos esse. 

IT 1. Certum, i. e. cui confiderc possit. 

2. JTace (an old form instead of fac, which here renders the sen- 
tence more harmonious than/«c woiiid), mittas instead of curaut 
mittas, and this for mitte. 

3. Salute, i. e. libertate recnperata, 

4. Collaudat, i. e. valde laudat. 

5. Sifecerit, etc. i. e. si remperfecerit, nihil esse^ quod a se non sit 



6. Chalcioecus, " the brazen temple," or, " that has a brazen house 
or temple." Quae refers either to aedes or Minerva, and the epi- ' 
thet ;!^aXKtot/cof applies as well to the goddess as lo the temple. 

7. Epliori, the most powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were 
first created by Lycurgus, They were five in number, and held 
their office for a year. They were much the same as the tribunes 
of the people at Rome, appointed to watch with a jealous eye over 
the liberties and rights of the populace. Hence their name t<popoi, 
"overseers," from i(popav "to oversee, inspect." 

8. Inprimis, etc. i.e. inter primos fuisse, qui lapides afferrent. 

9. Testarum suffragiis, " by the Ostracism" ('Oo-rpa/cto-jwdj, " the act 
of voting with the shells," from barpaKov, testa, "a tile, a shell,") so 
called from the shells, or earthen tiles, on which the citizens wrote 
their votes. He, whose name was written on a majority of the tiles 
or shells given in, was banished from his country for ten years. 

10. Argos, (to "Apyos, in the singular a neuter, in the plural amas- 
euline), the principal city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 

11. Hoc crimine, i. e. hac criminatione. 

12. In dom/um tuam^ scil. in Xerxem, patrem, tuum, et omnino in 
Persas. 

13. Ille expertus est, scil. Xerxes. 

14. De his rebus, i. e, quod attinet ad has res. 

15. Annum temporis, instead of tempus unius anni. 

18 1 , Animi magnitudi?iem, the courage and resolution which he dis- 
played in throwing himself upon the protection of an enemy. 

2. Omn£ illud tempus, the whole year allowed him. 

3. Commodius, i. e. disertius, major e facilitate et elegantia. 

4. Asia, Asia Minor. 

5. Magnesia, a town in Lydia. 

6. Desperaret. According to others, because ^is returning love 
for his native land prevented him from performing his promise. 

7. Acerbitatem, i. e. severitatem. 

8. Confirmavit, " he confirmed in their good will those who were 
well disposed towards the Athenians." 

9. Alienatas, " those who had separated from the Athenians." 



NOTES. 115 

Pago 

10. Scyros, an island in the Aegean, lying east of Euboea. 18 

11. Civibus, i.e. Athenicnsibus eo missis. 

12. Thasos, an island near the southern coast of Macedonia, op- 
posite the mouth of the Nest us. 

13. His maniibiis, a concise form of expression for praeda, in his 
expeditionibus facta. 

14. QvM,, i. e. ea parte^ qua. 

15. Q,uam, instead of irt quam. The preposition is often omitted 
with the relative, when it has been a little before expressed with 
the demonstrative. 

16. Desiderium, scil. apud Athenienses. 

17. Post annum qulntum, quam expulsus crat, i. e. quinto annopost- 
quam expulsus fuerat. 

18. Satius, i. e. melius, utilius. 

19. Contendere, i. e, se conferrc. 

20. Sua sponte, ojyjosed to publice, " without a public commis- 
sion, of his own authority." 

1". Increme?ita invidentibiLS. Spartan vied the greatness and pro- 1 
gressive increase (incrementa) of Athens, her rival {aemula urbs), 
for precedence. 

2. Saepius susceptum et dcp. est. The Peloponnesian war lasted, 
with various interruptions, from Olymp. 87. 1. to 01. 93. 3. a pe- 
riod of 27 years. 

3. Navali proelio, oflf Naupactus, in the Sinus Corinthiacus {G. of 
Lepanio), under the command of Phormio. 

4. Post plures annos. In the ninth year of the war. 

5. Socinrum persona, instead oiper socios. 

6. Catina or Catdna at the foot of Aetna. The inhabitants of 
this town were called Cafnnenses, Catinienses, and Catinenses. 

1. Secundo Marte, i. e.fclici successu. 20 

2. De belli inclinato statu, " concerning the unfavourable turn of 
the war." Inclinatus is used in opposition to rectus, firmus. 

3. Quo cognito, i. e. quod quum cognovissent. 

4. Graeciae bellum, i. e. bellum quod civitates Graeciae inter se ge- 
rebant. 

5. Ex iitraque parte, scil. Lacedaemoniorum et Atheniensium. 

6. Inter angustias maris, where the Athenian fleet could not ex- 
tend itself sufficiently. 

1. Elis, a town in a district of the same name in the Peloponnesus. 21 

2. Thcbae, the capital of Boeotia. 

3. Eumolpidae, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of herfes- 
tivalsofEleu.sis, The Eumolpidae were descended fromEumolpus, 
a king of Thrace,who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king 
of Athens. The priesthood continued in the family for 1200 years. 

4. Decelia, AcKiXeia, on the boundaries of Boeotia and Attica. 

5. Tempus, scil. opportunum, opportunitatem. 

6. Regemfore. Theaccusative with the infinitive depends upon 
dixit, the idea of which is contained in pcrsuadct. 

7. Ne extwrnis vacet, i.c.ne otium Graecis suppctat ad externa bel- 
la gerenda. « 

8. Malign€,i.e.parce. 

9. Samos, one of the Sporades, off the coast of Ionia. At that 
time almost all the Athenian fleet was stationed here. 

1. Jmperiumtransfertur. This is the revolution of Pi.sandcr,which 32 
occurred, 01. 92. 1. By this revolution the government was taken 
from the people and committed to 400 tyrants, thereby changing the 

11* 



116 NOTES. 

SS2 previously existing democracy into an oligarchy. After a few 
months the oligarchy was in turn abolished, in the accomplishment 
of which the friends of Alcibiades were particularly active. 

2. Patria liberata, since he had abolished the oligarchy and re- 
stored the democracy. 

3. Viguerant, more expressive than fuerant. 

4. Tribus navalibus, especially in that of Cyzicus, which made 
the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and compelled the Lace- 
daemonians to abandon the whole sea. 

5. Consilio, i. e. prudentid, "by his prudent conduct." 

6. Adversas superiores, i. e. calamitates, quibus superioribus tem- 
poribus affiicti essent. 

7. Coronis donabatur. Crowns were given, as marks of distinc- 
tion,to citizens who had deserved well of their country. This seems 
to have been practised towards Olympic victors at their home,since 
a state thought itself peculiarly fortunate when one of its citizens 
obtained a prize in the higher games. It was usual in such cases, 
upon the entry of the victor, ito heap upon him flowers and wreaths. 

S.Resacrare or resecrare^liberare ab imprecationibus,revocatis dirts. 

23 \. Duvipopulatur. According to others, Alcibiades had left the 
fleet in order to procure subsidies, and the generals, whom he left in 
command, risked an engagement contrary to orders. 

3. Aegos fiumen (Atyos Trora/ids), i. e. " the goat's river," a stream 
in the ThracianChersonese, with a town called Aegos at its mouth. 

3, Indinata est, i. e. prostrata est. 

4. Nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium, instead of ti^c quidquam^ qtbod 
in ditione Atheniensiumfuit. 

5, Requirere. The infinitives currere, sciscitari, requirere, are 
used in place of the finite verb. This is called the historical infi- 
nitive, and is much employed in animated narration. 

6. Cum privatis casibus quer. pub. misc. instead of dum de suis 
quisque casibus queritur, etiam reipublicae calamiiatem defiet. 

24 1. Decem viros, " decemvirates," SeKaSapx^ai, by which the demo- 
cratical constitution was abolished, and an oppressive aristocracy 
introduced. 

2. Nomen Athen. a circumlocution for the Athenians, like nomen 
Romanum for the Romans. 

3. Negarunt, se passuros, i. e. dixerunt, se non passuros. 

4. Ex duobus oculis. Sparta and Athens were the two eyes of 
Greece. 

5. Longi muri brachia, to. cKiXri tov fxaKpov rsixovs. So they called 
the double walls, which connected the Piraeus with -Athens, and 
enclosed the way v/hich led to it. 

6. Triginta rectores, as if a triple decem virate. 

7. Mutari. Since the people had lost all their rights, the laws 
were given by an oligarchy, and the execution of their decrees was 
entrusted to mercenaries. 

8. A victoribus, i. e. Lacedaemoniis. 

9. Exhaustam, etc. urbem bello exhaustam caedibus et rapinis con- 
ficiunt. 

10. Tlieramenes had been very active in the trtinsactions with 
Sparta, and above all, had co-operated in effecting the adoption oi 
the hard conditions proposed by the Lacedaemonians, but at a later 
period resisted the violent measures of his colleagues. 

11. Domesticum terrorem, scil. imminentia a t/yrannis pericula. 
13. Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor, of great extent. 



NOTBS. U7 

Pace 

13. Critias, the most active and oppressive of the thirty tyrants. 

14. Batum, i. e. firmum,firmatum, " ratified, confirmed," opposed 
to irritum. 

1. Vicinitati, instead of vicinis ; qui homines illius regionis, ubi US 
Alcibiades habitabat, excitarent. 

2. Negotium dare, i. e. demandare,jubere. 

3. Interficerent. The plural is used in relation to the idea of plu- 
rality contained in the collective noun vicinitati. 

4. Siibalare telum, "a dagger," a weapon which may be carried 
under the arm, (svJ) ala). 

5. Id quod vestimentarum, instead of omnia vestimenta, quae turn, 
aderant. 

6. Mammae vim. The violence of the flames was checked for a 
moment by the clothes which were thrown upon them. 

7. Erect us ad spem, i.e. spem capiens, spe capta ; erigi and se erigere 
(opposed to dejici, dejectus) are used to denote reanimated courage. 

8. AduTuitis, i. e. contractis. 

9. Infinibus Atticae. On the northern boundary, which separates 
Attica from Boeotia. 

10. Piraeus, the town connected with the harbour. The Piraeus 
is now called Porto Leone. 

11. Munychia, a port of Athens. 

12. Jacentem, i. e. interfecium et prostratum. 

13. Eos, qui urbeni tenebant, i. e. the army of the oligarchy. 

14. Redderetur depends upon ut, which is contained in the pre- 
ceding ne. 

1. Victoriam. This victory was gained near Cnidas ; by it the 26 
Lacedaemonians lost their naval superiority. 

2. Regi Spartanorum. The Peloponnesus was recovered by the 
Heraclidae about 80 years after the fall of Troy, and 1104 B. C. 
From this period two kings of the race of the Heraclidae reigned 
jointly. 

3. Pietas has reference especially to those duties which one 
owes to the gods, his country, and his friends. 

4. Principes adjust, imp. form. i. e. principes ita informavit, ui 
justa imperia exercercnt. 

1. Compcnsatione mercium, " by an interchange of commodities." 21 

2. In luxuria, i. e. in molli ignavia. 

3. Haec quon. — -fingit. Quoniam intelligebat, kaec initio dura vi- 
sum iri, ob mores praeserlim hominum, luxuria solutos et corruptos, 
finxit, sibi has leges ab Apolline datus esse. Solutimores is opposed 
to adstricli arid severi. Lycurgus had his laws confirmed by the 
oracle at Delphi. 

4. Crela,n large island of the Mediterranean, between the Pelopon- 
nesus and Africa ; from it Lycurgus had derived a part of his laws, 

5. Mcssenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, lying west of Laco- 
nia. Its capital was Mcssene. 

6. Poeiiarum, i. c . malorum et calamitaium. 

7. Carmina, in quibus conscrips. Carviina, in quibus Spar- 

ianosad virtutcm hortabatur, propter damna, quae perpessi erant, 
solabatur, consifta denique dabat, quomodo bellum gercndum esset. 
Some of these poems are still extant. 

1. ZInumque, scil. the Peloponnesian war. 28 

2. Hunc adversuSy instead of adversus hunc. Versus and teims 
are placed after their cases. 



118 NOTES. 

Page 

28 3. Boeotios. The inhabitants of J?oeoiia were called J5oeo^u and 
Boeoti. So in Greek Boiwrioi and Botwrot, ^ 

4. Institutis patriae, i. e. the iaws which required that he should 
obey the command of the Ephori, 

29 1. Ex eo, soil. Agesilao. 

2. Dehilitatae viderentur, instead of dehilitatae essent. 

3. Insolentia gloriae, instead of insolenti gloriatione. 

4. Securis, i. e. Us Graecorurti, qui, quod se pacem existimabant 
habere, sine metu securi erant. 

5. ArcMdamus, son of Agesilaus. 

30 1. Principio noctis, i. e. node appetente, primis noctis tenebris. 

2. Aciem, hostium exercitum impetumque eorum, quibus antea 
robur copiarum Lace daemonio rum resistere non potuerat. 

3. Ex continenii, i. e. confestim, e vestigio. 

4. Victoria, in the battle fought near Mantinea in Arcadia. 
Olymp. 104. 2. 

5. Hunc ante, instead of ante hunc. 

6. Vir melior, instead of utrum vir melior. The omission of the 
first interrogative is not unusual 

7. Accipere, soil, ex honoribus. 

31 1. Muneris, i. e. benejicii a capris accepti. 

2. Aegae, from ai^, aiyos, a goat. 

3. Mortis postrema, instead of mors, rerum omnium postrema ; as 
in the language of Homer, TtXog Qavarov. 

4. Praefatus, i. e. diccns. 

'" 5. Stirpem, scil. stirpem regum illiusfamiliae. After the death of 

Alexander, the government of Macedonia devolved upon his gene- 
rals. 

6. Thracibus et lllyriis. The Thracians and Illyrians were the 
nearest neighbours of the Macedonians, the former on the east, the 
latter on the west. They were both rude and warlike nations. 
S2 1. Regem, emphatically; a king, such as he should be. 

2. Stistulit, i. e. suscepit et educavit. 

3. Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, m 
the district of Chalcidice, north of the peninsula of Pallene, and 
at the head of the Toronaicus Sinus, or (hdf of Cassandria. 

4. Occupatus fuisset, i. e. oppressus fuisset. 

5. Alexander occubnit. Diodorus (XV, 71) and others relate that 
he was murdered by PtolemyAlorites,hisyounger brother, who held 
the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. 

6. Pari . . . decipitur. According to Diodorus (XVI, 2) and 
others he was slain by the Illyrians. 

7. Serumque . . , erat, i. e. neqv£ exspectari poterat, donee puer 
adultus auxilium ferre posset. 

8. Hinc, i. e. ab una parte, scil. a matre Eurydice. 

9. Immaturam . . . urgeret, i. e. adolescent-em immaturae adhuc 
aetatis premeret. 

33 1. Redemit, i. e.pecunia data terminavit. 

2. AmpMpolis, an Athenian colony on the Strymon, between 
Macedonia and Thrace. 

3. Bello . . . caedit. Philip with an army of 10,000 foot soldiers 
and 600 horsemen, slew 7,000 of 10,000 foot soldiers and 500 horse- 
men, whom Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, had brought against 
him. Upon this a treaty of peace was made, by which Philip re- 
covered from the Illyrians all the cities that had been previously 
taken from the kingdom of Macedon, Diodor. XVI. 4. 



NOTES. 119 

Page 

4. Thessalorum equitum. The Thessalian horses were univer- 33 
sally esteemed. 

5. Methona, a town of Macedonia, on the Thermaicus Sinus, in 
the province of Pieria, above Pydna. Diodorus makes this to 
have been the third time that Philip had besieged this town. 

6. Jaxta sagitta, by Aster, whose offer of his services had been 
slighted by Philip, 

7. Inlerjectis diebus, i. e. post aliquot dies. 

8. Infcrioribus, i. e. imbecilliorihus. 

9. Coronas laureas, as to1:ens that they were devoted to the ser- 
vice of Apollo, to whom the laurel was sacred. 

10. Duos fratres ejus. Aridaeus and Menelaus, sons of Amyn- 
tas by his second wife, 

1. In Thracia. Especially in the vicinity of Crenides, after- 34 
wards called Philippi. 

2. Fratres duo, scil. Berisades and Amadocus, sons of Cotys, a 
Thracian king, 

3. Adhibiiis, i, e, ad causam suam defendendam assumtis. 

4. Bellum deprecabantur, i, e. helium a se averterc conabantur. 

5. His, scil. Pkocensibus. 

6. Vcniam belli pollicetur, i. e. se bellum remissurum neque hostile 
quidquam in eos suscepturum promittit. 

7. Captos, i, e, deceptos. 

8. Pacta salute, i, e. facta pactione, ut eorum vitae parceret. 

9. Dardani, the northern neighbours of the Macedonians. 

10. Ckersonensium urbes, the towns of the Thracian Chersonese, 
which formed the western coast of the Hellespont, and consequent- 
ly commanded the navigation to the Propontis and Euxine. 

11. Auri argentique nihil. The Scythians led for the most part 
a pastoral life, and possessed no other wealth than their herds,- 

1. Dissimulaturn properly refers to the hostile intentions, which 35 
Philip had long entertained, but knew how to conceal until he 
found a convenient opportunity to declare open war against them. 

2. Athenicnsibus. The Athenians had opposed him in many of 
his undertakings, and had baffled his designs in several instances. 

3. Legationibus Graeciamfat. i. e. plurimas legationes per iotam 
Graeciam mittunt. 

4. Chaeronaea, a town in Boeotia, on a small branch of the Ce- 
phissus. It was the birth-place of Plutarch, 

5. Adversis vulneribus, i. e. pectore, adverso corpore acceptis. 
■ 6. Ita vicit, 1. e, victoria ita usus est. 

7. Passus^i. e, ezpertus. 

8. Corinthus, one of the most celebrated cities of Greece, situate 
upon the isthmus which connects the Peloponnesus with Greece 
Proper. 

9. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epinis. 

10. Contcndcret, i. e. incedcret. 

1 1 . Attalus, one of the generals of Philip, and uncle of his wife 
Cleopatra. * 

1. Po/cra^, scil, ea:i°'er<?, which must be taken from the following 36 
exegit. 

2. Gaudere, the historical infinitive, 

1. Triballi, a people of Iljyria. 91 

2. Q7UI opinione, i. e. hoc nunlio, falsa illo ct inani. 

3. Bellum remisit. As above, cap. 6. belli veniam dedit ; i. e, bel- 
lum haud ulterius prosccutus est. 



120 NOTES. 

Page 

31 4. Ita, i. e. hac conditione proposita. 

5. Ex conti?ienti, i. e. vestigio, statim. 

6. Praefatus, i. e. dicens, addens. 

38 1. Suis rebus, i. e. regioni quampro sua jam nunc haberet. 

2. In campis Adrastiae,a. plain near the Granicus,a river of Mysia. 

3. Asiae, i. e. of Asia Minor. 

4. Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was 
raised to the throne. He consecrated in the temple of Jupiter the 
wagon in which he was riding when sajuted king. 

5. Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, the most southern province of Asia 
Minor. 

39 1. Indubitato, i. e. certo. 

2. Divitiarum, scil. quae illis expraeda hostium ohventurae essent. 

3. Nee inven. &c. instead of nullas vires inventas esse fares illo- 
rum viribus. 

*0 1. Sidoniae, scil. urbis. Sidon, the oldest and most powerful city 
of Ph oenicia,fi ve geographical miles north of Tyrus,on the sea-coast. 

2. Spretis, i. e. posthabitis. 

3. Ne...putarent, i. e. ne cives hujus urbis existimarent, regem, 
ipsis datum, hoc beneficium nobilitati generis sui potius, quam Alex- 
andri voluntati debere. 

4. Tyrus, the great trading town of the Phoenicians. This com- 
mercial city consisted of two parts or towns ; one of them was built 
on the main land, and called Palaetyros; the other, on a small island 
opposite to it. Its ancient Phoenician name, Tzur, is retained in 
the modern Sur. Hercules was the chief deity of the place 

5. Amman. See abote, B. cap. 9. note 5. 

6. Alexandria. See Part First, p. 56, n. 8. 

7. Babyloniam profugisset. After the battle of Issus. 

8. Facial. Understand ut after precatur. 

9. Sua sibi dari, i. e. his oblaiis conditionibus nihil sibi offerri, 
quod non jam. ieneret. 

10. Begni arbitria, i. e. arbitrium de regno, quam ejus partem, 
ipse sibi servaturus, quamque Dario relicturus esset. 

11. Victori, emphatically, instead oi sibi. 

41 1. Euphrates, one of the most considerable rivers in Asia, which 
rises in a part of the most northern branch of Taurus, and, flow- 
ing about 1400 British miles, finally empties itself into the Persian 
Gulf. In its course it washes the skirts of Syria, and divides Ara- 
bia, and also Chaldaea and Babylonia, from Mesopotamia. 

2. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where- 
Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Gaugamela 
being an obscure place, the battle was named after Arbela. 

3. Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. 
The ruins of Persepolis, now Estdker, or Shehel-MiTiar, still as- 
tonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. 

4. Cognovit, i. e. audivit. 

42 1. Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, situate to the south of the 
eastern part of the Caspian sea. 

2. Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. 

3. Propter quae crimina, instead of ob hanc causam, quod talibus 
in eum sermonibus esset usus. 

43 1 . Ex quibus cognitojudicio, i.e. quum ex his cognovissei judicium. 

2. Opinati fuerant, i. e. judicaverant. 

3. Consumturus eos, i. e. eo consili 
periculis objiceret, in quibus periret. 



NOTES. 121 

Paire 

4. Tanais. The proper Tanais, now the Don, formed the divi- 43 
sion line between European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and emptied it- 
self into the Pal us Maeotis. The laxarles, a large river of Asia, 
rising in the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of Aral, 
after a course of 1682 English miles,, was confounded with the Ta- 
nais in the time of Alexander. The laxartes is here meant. 

5. Sogdiana, a country of Asia, north of Bactria, between the 
Oxus and laxartes. Its capital was cdl\e& Maracandu, the famous 
Samarcand of Tartan history. 

6. ChorasTni el Dahae, nations of Scythia, on the laxartes. 

7. Argyraspidas, dpyvpacnTiSas. 

8. Liber, a name of Bacchus. 

1. Commisso praelio, at the river Hydaspes. 44 

2. Nicaea, from vUn, victory. 

3. Bucephdlen. This city was built by Alexander in honour of 
his favourite horse Bucephalus, killed in the battle against Porus. 

4. Ostendere, the historical infinitive. 

5. AccsiTies, a large and rapid river of India, falling into the Indus. 

1. GravioT, i. e. majore cum pericvZo conjuncta. 45 

2. SaliUi redditus, i. e. vuLnere sanato in pristinam sanitatem res- 
tit uius. 

3. Polijperchon, otherwise written Polysperchon. 

4. Oceano libamenta dedit ; Oceanum, ut deum, solemni libaiione 
%ibi propitium reddere studuit. 

5. Praedixit, i. e. monuit. 

C. Teslalus, i. e. dicens, affirmaTis. 

7. Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, the friend of Alexander. 

8. Commissatione, instead of compotatione. 

9. Domus, i. e. gentis. 

10. Aeacidarum. 01ympias,the mother of Alexander, was daugh- 
ter of Ncoptolemus, a king of the Molossi, who was descended from 
Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles ; Achilles was grandson of Aeacus, 

1. Acerrimus, i. e. vividissimi ingenii. 46 

2. Litterarum studiis, a periphrasis for litteris. 

3. Vidorianimjiore, i. e. in media cursu vidoriarum. 

4. Talentum, instead oi talentorum. 

1. Ad forvuindum rerum praesentium statum, i. e. ad capiendum 4T 
consilium de forviando rerum statu. 

2. Negat expectandum. i. e. dicebat, minime expectandum. 

3. Valctudinem, oh animi imbecilliti/tem. 

4. I/i txttorum obsequia jurani, i. e. jurant, se iutoribus illis obse- 
quium praestituros esse. 

5. Nidlas sild consiliorum partes relictas, instead ofse non in con- 
silioru'm societatem esse vocatos. 

1. Jiimercatu Olijmpiaco, at the Olympic games, which were at- 48 
tended with much traffic, (mercatu). 

2. Libertatcm . . . fremebant, i. e. voces jaciebant, dicebant, liberta- 
tem, recuperatam, bello contra Macf.donas suscepto tuendam esse. 

3. Lamia, a town of Thessaly, at the bottom of the Sinus Maii- 
acnsor Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius. 

4. Discurrentibus, instead of disccd/:ntibus. 

5. Incivilcm sanguitiem, instead o( in cives. 

6. Plokmaais, Lagi/Uius, also styled Sotcr. 

7. Dcvidrius, surnamcd Poliorcetes, " destroyer of cities." 

8. Gamala, a town in Palestine. 

9. Jnstrumentum, i. e. omnem supellectilem, opes privatas. 

10. Familiam, i. e. servos. 



122 NOTES. 

Page 

49 1. Navali praelio, near Salamis, Olymp, 118.3. 

2. Iterato, adverbially instead of iterum. 

3. Bellumfinitimum, instead of cum Jinitimis. 

4. Callisikenes, a philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alex- 
ander ; he was tortured in the shocking manner here described 
for refusing to pay honours to the king. 

5. Propter constantiam tantae virtutis, i. e. propter tardam tamque 
constantem virtuiem. 

50 1. Proelium, the battle of Ipsus, a town of Phrygia, fought 
Olymp. 119. 4. 

2. Continitae mortes, i. e. qiuie se exiguo admodum intervallo tem- 
ports secutae fuerant. 

3. Ei, scil. Demetrio. 

51 1. Minima natu ex filiis. To Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

2. Strenue, i. e.forti animo. 

3. Moritur. Lysimachus fell in a bloody battle, fought in Phry- 
gia, near the Hellespont. 

4. Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, son of Ptolemy Soter, was prevented 
succeeding to the throne of Egypt by his father's partiality for his 
younger brother Philadelphus. He fled to the court of Seleucus in 
Macedonia, and, notwithstanding the kindness of his reception, per- 
fidiously murdered his protector, and ascendfed his throne, B. C. 280. 

5. Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. 

6. Antigonus Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

7. Campus Cirrhaeus, so called from Cirrha, a maritime town 
of Phocis, at the top of the Sinus Crissaeus, serving as a port to 
Delphi, and being 60 stadia distant from it. 

52 1 . Romam incendit, after the battle fought at the Allia, in which 
the Romans were totally defeated, B. C. 387. See Part I. V. Lib. 
I. Cap. 32. 

2. Pan7ionia, a large country of Europe, bounded on the north 
by the Danube, east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, and 
west by Noricum. In the time of Antonine it was divided into 
Superior and Inferior, the former answering to part of Hungary, 
the latteii to Sclavonia. 

3. Saudi, i. e. ebrii. Saucius is used of every kind of hurt or 
damage; thus it is applied to a drunken man, qui mente non est 
Integra. 

53 1. Diis antesignanis, i. e. diis ipsis ducentibus. 

2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 

3. Statuta, i. e. Constituta, composita. 

4. Opinio, instead offama et existimatio. 

5. Ex Sicilia. See Part I. V. Lib. II. Cap. 5. et seqq. 
54: 1. Ptolemaei. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus is here meoJoX. 

2. AJluxisset, instead of insuper accepisset, supervenisset. 
♦ 3. Transitione militum destitutus, i. e. Militum ad hostes transe- 

untium defectione copiis destitutus, instead of solus relictus. 
55 1. Antiochus, surnamed Hierax. 

2. Supra aetatem avidus, i. e. avidior quam pueri hac aetate esse 
sclent. 

3. Amisso regno. He had been for some time a prisoner in Par- 
thia. 

4. Doson, Awo-wr, Daturus, from his promising much, and giving 
nothing. 

5. Dardani, a northern tribe of Upper Moesia, inhabiting the 
territory now called Servia. 



NOTES. 123 

P«80 

1. Vidi Lacedaeinonii. This battle was fought in the vicinity 56 
of Sellasia, a town in Laconia, north-ea&t of Sparta. 

2. Saluti. Instead of viiae. 

3. Ad Ptolemaeum, to Ptolemy Evergetes, who had aided hirn 
against the leaders of the Achaean league. 

4. AfUio ejus. The 4th Ptolemy, son of Evergetes, was surna- 
med PkilopdtoT. 

5. Seleucus, the 3d, sumamed Ceraunus, by autiphrasis, as he 
was a very weak and irresolute monarch. He was son of Seleu- 
cus the 2d, surnamed Callinicus. 

0. Antiochus,\>vol\ic.v of Seleucus Ceraunus, though only 15 }■ ears 
old when he ascended the throne, rendered himself so celebrated 
that he acquired the name of Great. 

7. Philopator, by autiphrasis ; ^^iXoTrarojp, parenlum amans. 

1. Imperium ioiius orbis spe complexly i. e. sper antes, fieri posse, ut 5'\ 
imperio orbis ierraruni potirentur ; or, imperio totius terrarum orbis 
inhiantcs. 

2. ILli, (scil. regi Philippo) i. e. in Philippo gratiam; regno (iu 
the ablative) a Romanis occupato. So below, C. 68. Ut Rex Asia 
Romanis cederet. 

3. Gratius habilurus^&c. i. e. se malle socium (Philippum) quam 
kostes (Romanos) in imperii su^possessione videre. 

4. Minus ncgotii, i. e. id bellum facilius profiigari posse. 

5. Trasimenics, or Trasymenus, or Tkrasymenus, now the lake 
of Perugia,a. lake of Italy near Perusia,celebi ated for abattle fought 
there between Annibal and the Romans under Flaminius, B.C. 217. 

1. Injuries Pkilippi, instead of de injur iis a Philippo acceptis. 58 

2. l^itulo, i. e. siib praetextu. 

1. Abstin^ret. Understand ii^. 59 

2. Scripsit, i. e.per literas jmperavit, ut. 

3. Assiduo colloquio, i. e. Crehris sermonibus cum Hannibale mix- 
tis ; frequente cum eo colloquendi occasione quaesita. 

4. Reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam, instead of reconci- 
lialum ejus cum Romanis animum ; vel, cum cum Romanis hi gra- 
tiam rediis.se. • 

5. Congressione, near Thermopylae in Greece. 

6. Praelium co7rt7?a7/i7wr,nearPhocaea,on the coast of AsiaMinor. 

1. llion. AVhere formerly Troja (Ilium) stood. 60 

2. Post praelium commissum, near Magnesia, in Lydia. 

3. Ambiguo, i. e. lUrimque ivimincnte. 

4. Aeloli. The Aetolians rendered themselves conspicuous, as 
the allies of Rome, in the war against Philip of Macedon; but 
when they did not receive the whole of his kingdom as their re- 
ward, they went over to their former enemies. 

1. Velut in illo omne bellum confccissent, i. e. quasi illo caplo, omiu 6 1 
bellum confecLum essel. Philopoemen was one cf the greatest gene- 
rals of liis age. He has been styled the last of the Greeks. 

2. Quaesito. Ablative absolute ; i. e. quum prius quacsivisset. 

3. Consultum, i. e. provisum afortuna. 

4. Pudorem, i. e. mudcstiam {(Toxppoaivnv). 

1. Jnvidiosum, i. e. kominum invidiac obnoxium. 63 

2. Omne serpentium genus. Instead of serpcntes omnis generts. 

3. In pacem cogerent, i. e. abello desisLcrc jid)erent. 

4. Ne usu eveniret, quod accidit, i. e. ne idfierct, quod turn factum 
tst, ut scil. Romani ipsum comprehensum veniraU. Usu and usus 
venit, equivalent lo fit, auidit. 

PART II. 12 



124 NOTES. 



32 5. SensiL scil. Hannibal. 



6. Dimitteret, instead of amiiteret, deponeret. 

7. Sus'pensa, i. e. /7aiae adhuc dubia ei avihigua fuerat. 

8. Z^^e ■yft^i, i. e. Aait^i izZi^er ac si victus essel. 

9. Quam victo, quam si victus esset. 

€3 1. Pro elium. This battle was fought near Pydna, in Macedonia. 

2. ^amothracia, now Sama'oaraki or Mandraki, an island in the 
Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of 
Thrace. 

3. Conspirationem. In a good sense, " unanimity.^' 

4. Praedam, non proelium agitantes, i. e. non de proelio, sed de 
p?-aeda cogitantes. 

5. Proelio commisso. Near Leucopetra,on the Isthmus of Corinth. 
SjI 1. Novarum rerum. A railder expression for seditionum. 

2. AttaliLs, the third. He reigned only five years. 

3. Summiltit. Instead of promiUit. 

4. Parihia, the country of the Parthi, was a small province 
south-east of the Caspian sea. In this restricted sense, Parthia 
must not be confounded with what the ancients called the Parthian 
empire. This last was of vast extent, being bounded on the east 
by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris, on ^e south by the Mare 
Erythraeum, and on the north by Caucasus. 

5. Binisbellis. Orodes, a prince of Parthia, defeated Crassus, 
the Roman triumvir. His son and successor, Phraates the 4th, 
made war against M. Antony with great success, and obliged him 
to retire with much loss. 

6. Ncni pares solum, scil. Romanis. 

C5i5 1. SuimoriSji. e. ipsis propria etpeculiaris. 

2. Pluida, "flowing, loose, very wide." 

3. Ut incautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant, i. e. earn 
oh causam, ut insequentes hostes minus a vulneribus caveant. The 
art which the Parthians possessed of discharging their arrows 
while retiring at full speed, gained them many victories. 

4. Came nonn. ven. quaes, vesc. i. e. nulla came vescuntur nisi 
feraruvi, fuas venantes ceperunt. 

5. Illis, scil. vcctati. 

6. I7i supers, praec. amn. ven. est. i. e. quod ad eorum supersH- 
tiones attinet, amnes praecipue venerantur. 

7. Taciti, scil. homines, the idea of which is contained in gerUi. 

8. Pudore, i. e. reverentia. 

9. /SeZewcws, king of Syria. 
Ci6 1. Praeteritis, i. e. postpositis. 

2. Elymaei, the inhabitants of Elymais, a province of Persia, 
lying to the south of Media, and forming the northern part of the 
large district of Susiana. 
€fi 1. T/io^«ru, a people of Scythia. 

2. Insultare, scil. sibi ; i. e. Confidentia viriitm suarum ipsuvi 
contemnere. 
^?8. 1. Ex dolore infurorem vertitur, properly, ejus dolor infurorem 
versus est ; or, tantum animo dolorem concepit, ut nihil a furore 
abesset. 

2. JJpi dolor vocem laxaverat, i. e. ubi d'-l-ris vehementia nonnihil 
imminuta vocis cdendae potestatem fecit. So Virgil (Aen. XI. 151.) 
says of Evander, who was overwhelmed with grief at the loss oi 
his son ; Ei via viz tandem voci laxatu dolore est. 

3. Ad Cacmrem. To Octavianus. 



NOTES. 125 

Page 

1. Cum signis rnilitaribus. These were the ensigns and stand- 69 
ards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus. 

2. Trijiacria. So called from its three promontories {jpcii dKpat). 

3. Sicania. This name was derived from the Sicani. a people 
of Iberian origin, who came from Upper Asia. They settled first 
in Italy, whence they passed to Sicily, and took possession of the 
western parts of the island. 

4. Graeci nominis. A periphrasis for Graecos, as Rnrtumum 
nnincn for Romani. The lower part of Italy was settled chiefly by 
Grecian colonies, whence the name oi Magna Graeda. 

1. RoTnam incendera.'nt. See above, E. cap. 51. 7 

2. Ncxorum, i. e. captivorum.. Nezi is sometimes used in a more 
limited sense for qui ob a£s alienum next, i. e iu serviluUm detrusi 
sunt. 

3. Solliciiat, i. e. siM conciliare studet. 

4. Dithitavit. Understand uirum. 

5. Iti qv/im, rem miss. prim, in care. ret. i. e. quod quum Syracu- 
sani fecissent, principes que cives pads conciliandae causa ad cum 
misi^scni, Dionysius hos retinuit. 

1. Locri, called Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near Tl 
the promontory of Zephyrium, at the southern extremity of the 
Bruttiorum ager. 

2. Sine fide fuit, i. e. nemo ei fcdem hnbnit ; omnibus suspectusfuit. 

1. Murgantium, a town of Sicily, in the eastern part of the island. 7 2 

2. Leontium vel Leontini, a town on the coast, north of Syracuse. 

3. Auxilio fugae ademto, i. e. ademia spe fugac, qua se periculis 
svMraherent. 

4. Dun, scil. millia. 

5. Specularentnr, scil. Carthaginienses, the idea of which is con- 
tained in the word Carthagine. 

6. Poeni . . . ocddionc caesi nuntiabaniur, instead of nuntiahtm 
est Poenos . . . occidione caesos esse. 

7. Aitctus, scil. Agathocles. 

1. Err ore noctis, i. e. nocie et ienebris in err or em induclus. T3 

2. AmpUandi, i. e. augendi. 

3. Magnis viribus, i. e. muUis cum copiis. 

4. Beilum gerebat. See Part First, V. Lib. II. cap. 5—9. 

1. //ier<7, the 2d. The first of that name lived two centuries 74 
earlier. 

2. Ad spem majestaiis, quae promitlebatur, i. e. ad dignitatis fas- 
tigium, quod aruspices euvi sperare jubebant. 

3. Hispanus, a son of Hercules. 

1. Nee summae tantum terrae bona, i. e. ea bona (those produc- 7.5 
lions) quae e superficie terrae nascuntur. 

2. Vineis campisque irrigui, instead ofcampos et tineas irrigantes. 

3. Ad inediam, i. e. ad famem preferendam. 

4. Extromeus, scil. hostis. 

5. Arma sanguine ipso cariora, i. e. sanguincm et vitam, quam 
arma, perdcre malunt. 

G. Ipsi, scil. viri. 

7. ServiunJ,, i. e. operam dant. 

1. Gades. a flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the moutli 70 
of one of the arms of the Baetis, now Cadiz. It was foimded by 

a Phoenician colony. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus, had here 
a celebrated temple. 

2. I.isTvrcs. Thi<; nn'ion was ?p*flo'l nn \]\f^ snnthern coast of 



126 ^ NOTES. 

Page 

TO Gaul. They gradually extended themselves into Italjr, and ob» 
lained exclusive possession of that part of Gallia Cisalpina which 
lay between the Padus or Po on the north, the Ligusticus Sinus 
or G. of Genoa on the south, the river Macra on the east, and the 
Varus on the west. 
8. Illic, i. e. inteT epulas. 

IT 1. Fatigabant, i. e. vexabant. 

2. In tantum, i. e. tantopere. 

3. Quandoque, instead of aliquando, inpostervm. 

4. Domestico praesidio fortem, i. e. adjutam ccUulorum, qiws ad 
domus praesidium educaverat, auxilio. 

5. Floralia, games celebrated in honour of Flora. 

6. Apertae forent, scil. ab Us quos clam in urbem miserat. 

7. SepuUam, soil, oppressam. 

8. Becognoscere, i.e. diligenter inspicere, num arma celarenl aliave 
de causa suspecii essent. 

T8 1. Nomen Massiliensium, instedid of Massilienses. 

2. Petitoque, the ablative absolute, instead ofei quum petivissei. 

3. Eos ad cur. deor. imm. pert. i. e. eos deorum cura haberi dig" 
nos, i. e. deos eorum curam habere. 

4. Urb. Rom,, incens. See Part First, V. Lib. I. cap. 32. 

5. Fhinere, i. e. luctu. 



THE END. 



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